1) Tissues :-

Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function.

In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out
specific functions.
Eg :- In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue contract and
relax and help in movements.
In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water and food
from one part of the plant to the other.
a) Plant tissues :- Plants do b) Animal tissues
not move from place to place. Animals move from place to
place and need more energy
than plants.
tissues consists of dead cells
because they provide Cells and tissues in animals are
mechanical support and living cells.
strength to the plant.
•
The growth of plants takes place The growth of animals is more
only in some regions. uniform.
•
They do not have separate and
Have tissues called meristematic non dividing cells.
tissues which divide and help •
in growth. similar Cells come together to
Have permanent tissues which do form tissues which in turn form
not divide. organs which perform specific
functions.
Plant Tissue
 Plant tissues are of two main types. They are Meristematic tissues
and Permanent tissues.
 i) Meristematic tissues :- are of three types. They are Apical
meristematic tissues, Intercalliary meristematic tissues and
Lateral meristematic tissues.
 ii) Permanent tissues :- are of two types . They are Simple
permanent tissues and Complex permanent tissues.
 Simple permanent tissues are of three types. They are Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex
 permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem
.
Plant tissues

Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues

Apical Intercalliary Lateral

meristematic meristematic meristematic
tissues tissues tissues

Simple permanent Complex permanent

tissues tissues

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Xylem Phloem

Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma
 Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the plant like the tips of root,
stem and branches. They divide continuously and help in the growth of the plant. They
are of three types.
i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips of stems and roots.
They help in the growth of stems and roots.
ii) Lateral meristematic tissues(cambium) :- are present in in the sides of stems and
roots. They help to increase the girth of the stems and roots.
iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at the base of leaves and
internodes and help in the growth of those parts.
Why meristematic cells lacks vacoule?
b) Permanent tissues :-
Permanent tissues are formed from
meristematic tissues. They do not divide
and have permanent shape and size. They
differentiate into different types of
permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are of
two main types. They are Simple
permanent tissues and Complex permanent
tissues.
Simple permanent tissues :- are made up of one type
of cells. They are of three types called
Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
consists of loosely packed thin
walled cells having more
intercellular spaces.

Some parenchyma cells in leaves

contain chloroplast and prepares
food by photosynthesis.They are
called Chlorenchyma.

Some parenchyma cells have

large air cavities which help the
plant to float on water and are
called Aerenchyma.

Some parenchyma cells of roots

and stem store water and
minerals
consists of elongated cells
having less intercellular
spaces and thicker at the
corners.

They give flexibility and allows

easy bending of different
parts like stem, leaf etc.

They also give mechanical

support to the plant.
consists of long, narrow, dead
thick walled cells.

The cell walls contain lignin a

chemical substance which act
like cement and hardens
them. It gives strength and
hardness to the plant parts .

This tissue is present in

stems, around vascular
bundles ,in the veins of the
leaves and in hard covering of
seeds and nut.
Husk of coconut is made up of
sclerenchymatous tissues.
Sclerenchyma cells are of two main types-Fibers
and slereids.
Function-provide mechanical strength to plant
Forms a protective covering around
seeds and nuts.
Gives rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to
the plant body.
Complex permanent tissues :- are made up of more than one type
of cells. There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem. They are
called vascular or conducting tissues.
 It consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parechyma and xylem
fibres.

The tracheids and vessels help to

transport water and minerals
from roots to all part of the plant.

Xylem parenchyma stores food

Xylem fibres help in support.

•
It consists of sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem
parenchyma and phloem
fibres.
•
The sieve tubes and
companion cells transports
food from leaves to all parts
of the plant.
•
Phloem parenchyma stores
food. Phloem fibres help in
support.
 Animal tissues-
Animal tissues are of four main types . They are :-
Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue, Connective tissue and
Nervous tissue.
i) Epithelial tissues :- are of different types. They are :-
Squamous, Columnar,
Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
ii) Muscular tissues :- are of three types. They are :-
Striated, Unstriated and
Cardiac.
iii) Connective tissues :- are of different types. They are :-
Blood, Bone,
Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
iv) Nervous tissue :- consists of nerve cells
Epithelial tissue is the covering
or protective tissue in animals.

It forms the outer covering like

skin, outer covering of organs,
inner lining of blood vessels,
lungs, oesophagus, etc.

It protects the body and controls

the movement of materials
between the body and the
surroundings and between the
parts of the body.

The cells are closely arranged

and have a fibrous basement
membrane.
It consists of a layer of thin
flat cells.

It is present in the linings of

blood vessels, lungs, mouth,
oesophagus etc.

The skin has several layers of

epithelial cells to prevent
wear and tear. Since the y are
arranged in layers so called
Stratified squamous tissue.
It consists of tall pillar like
cells. It is present in the walls
of the intestine.

The columnar epithelial tissue

in the respiratory tract has
hair like projections called
cilia. This tissue is called
Ciliated columnar epithelial
tissue.This cilia can move and
pushes the mucus forward to
clear it.
consists of cone shape cells
having a basement
membrane.

it forms the lining of kidney,

tubules and ducts of salivary
glands

It provide mechanical support.

Sometimes epithelial tissue
folds inwards and forms a
multicellular gland which
secretes substances. This
tissue is called Glandular
epithelial tissue.
b) Muscular tissue :-

• Connective tissue helps in

the movements of the body.
• It consists of elongated cells
called muscle fibres.
• It contains a protein called
contractile protein which
contracts and relaxes and
helps in movements.
• Muscles which can move
under our will are called
voluntary muscles.
• Muscles which do not move
under our will are called
involuntary muscles.
They are voluntary muscles
having light and dark
striations.
The cells are long, cylindrical,
unbranched and are
multinucleated.
They are also called skeletal
muscles because they are
attached to bones.
They help in voluntary
movements of the body.
They are involuntary muscles
having no striations.
The cells are long and spindle
shaped and are uninucleated.
They are present in
alimentary canal, blood
vessels, bronchi of lungs, iris
of eye etc.

They help in involuntary

movements.
They are involuntary muscles
having faint striations.
The cells are long, cylindrical,
branched and Uninucleated.
They are present in the heart
and helps in the contraction
and relaxation of the heart.
c) Connective tissue :-
Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body
together. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed and the
space between the cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
i) Blood :- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which
contains red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and
platelets. The blood transports gases, digested food, hormones,
waste materials etc.
ii) Bone :- is a hard and strong tissue. It consists of cells which are
embedded in a hard matrix containing calcium and phosphorus
compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports
the body and the main organs.
iii) Ligaments :- are flexible tissues but considerable strength which joins
Bones together and helps in movements.
iv) Tendons :- are fibrous tissues ,strong and joins muscles to bones and
helps in movements.
v) Cartilage-has widely spaced cells.Matrix is composed of proteins and
sugar.It smoothens the bone surface and can be bent. found in nose,ear,
trachea and larynx.
vi) Areolar tissues :- fills the space between skin and muscles,
inside the organs, around blood vessels etc. It helps to
repair the tissues.
vii) Adipose tissue :- is found below the skin and between
internal organs. It contains fats and helps to store fats.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS
 Aerolar tissue
Adipose tissue
d) Nervous tissue :-
Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part of the body to
the other and responds to stimuli. It is found in the brain, spinal cord and
nerves. It consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Neuron (Nerve cell) :- has a cell body containing a nucleus and cytoplasm.
It has hair like structures called dendrites and a long part called axon
having nerve endings. The axon has a protective covering called myelin
sheath. The neurons are joined together to form nerve fibres. The junction
between two neurons is called synapse.