12

GRADE
SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

San Fabian National High School

San Fabian, Pangasinan

MODULE
in
GENERAL
PHYSICS 2
Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics

Quarter 4 Week 1 Module 1

For queries, please contact:

Name of Teacher Contact Number Messenger
SHIELA MARIE S. QUIAMSON 09461547755 Shiela Marie Baltazar Sibayan-Quiamson

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Lesson Electromagnetic Waves

1
You have learned from your previous grade level that electromagnetic waves
are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a magnetic field which are
perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. They are also perpendicular to the
direction of the EM wave. In this lesson, you will learn more about its properties. But
before that, try to answer the questions below.

What’s In

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F it is incorrect.

_____1. EM waves travel with a constant velocity of 3.00 x 10 8 m/s in vacuum.

_____2. EM waves need a medium to propagate or travel from one place to another.
_____3. EM waves are longitudinal waves.
_____4. EM waves can be split into a range of frequencies known as the
electromagnetic spectrum.
_____5. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, and x-rays are some examples of
EM waves.

What is It

What are the properties of Electromagnetic Wave?

Electromagnetic waves can be described by their wavelengths, energy, and
frequency.

Wavelength
The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is the distance between wave
crests or troughs. It is measured in terms of a micrometer or micron (unit symbol is
µm).The wavelengths of the different electromagnetic waves are shown below:

Figure 1. Wavelengths of the different electromagnetic waves

Source: http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys222core/modules/m6/The%20EM%20spectrum.html

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Energy
Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system by virtue of their electric
and magnetic fields. The amount of energy in the wave increases as wavelengths get
smaller and tighter.

Frequency

The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is the number of sinusoidal cycles

(oscillations or complete wavelengths) that pass a given point per second. It is usually
measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps).
Frequency is proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. Thus, longer
wavelengths correspond to lower frequency radiation and shorter wavelengths
correspond to higher frequency radiation. The quantity of frequency remains the
same when light passes from one medium to another.

Speed
The electromagnetic waves at different wavelengths and frequencies are
fundamentally similar in that they all travel at the same speed, also known as the
speed of light, which is equivalent to 3 x 10-8 m/s (186,000 mi / s).

The wavelength of electromagnetic wave is related to the frequency by a simple

equation:
𝑐
f=
λ

where:
c is the speed of light (measured in meters per second),
f is the frequency of the light in hertz (Hz), or per second ( / s),
and
λ is the wavelength of the light measured in meters.

Sample Problem:

Calculate the wavelength of an EM wave with a frequency of 900 Hz.

Given:
f = 9 x 108 Hz

Unknown:
λ=?

Formula:
λ = c/f

Solution:

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
λ=
9 x 108 Hz
= 0.3 m

What’s More

Activity 1. Complete the table below which shows the different properties
of electromagnetic waves.

Quantity Unit Symbol of the Unit

Wavelength
Frequency
Energy
Speed

Activity 2. Solving for the Wavelengths and Frequency

Directions: Solve for the unknown. Show your complete solutions .

1. What is the wavelength of a microwave with a frequency of 2.5 x 10 8 Hz.

Given:
Unknown:

Formula:

Solution:

2. What is the frequency of a green light with a wavelength of 3.5 x 10 -7 m?

Given:
Unknown:

Formula :

Solution:

3. An electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 76 Hz. Find its wavelength.

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Given:
Unknown:

Formula :

Solution:

Lesson
2
Properties of Vacuum and
Optical Medium
Unlike mechanical waves like water and sound waves, electromagnetic waves
do not require a medium for to propagate. They could travel in a vacuum or empty
space.

You have learned from the previous lesson the different properties of an
electromagnetic wave. This time, you will learn how these different properties change
when it is travels from one medium to another.

What is It

Optical Density
When light travels from one medium to another, like from air to water, it slows
down and changes direction. It starts to bend between the borderline of the two
media. This bending is called refraction. This is because the speed and wavelength
of light changes when it enters new medium, but its frequency remains constant.

It is important to understand the factors that affect the speed at which a light
wave is transported through a medium. The optical properties like the optical density
of the medium, are to be considered.

The optical density of a medium is not the same as its physical density. The
physical density of a material refers to the mass/volume ratio. The optical density of
a material is the tendency of the atoms of a material to maintain the absorbed energy
of an electromagnetic wave in the form of vibrating electrons before reemitting it as
a new electromagnetic disturbance. The more optically dense that a material is, the
slower that a wave will move through the material.

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Index of Refraction
One indicator of optical density of a material is called the index of refraction
(represented by the symbol n). The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the
ratio of the phase velocity of a wave phenomenon such as light or sound in a reference
medium to the velocity in the medium itself. When the amount of bending is bigger,
the difference in n is bigger for the two materials.

Each material has a specific index of refraction. The table below shows the
index of refraction of some materials:

Figure 2. Index of Refraction of Various Materials

Source: http://www.reefedition.com/refractometers-salinity-measurement/

Index of refraction could be calculated using the following formula:

𝑐
n=
𝑣

where n = index of refraction

c = speed of light (3 x 108 m/s)
v = speed of light in the material

Sample Problem:
The speed of light in an unknown medium is measured to be 2.76 x
10 m/s. What is the index of refraction of the medium?
8

Given: v = 2.76 x 108 m/s

Unknown: n =?
𝑐
Formula to be Used: n =
𝑣

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Solution:

3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
n=
2.76 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
= 1.09

Optical properties of materials could also be determined from their electrical

properties. The refractive index could also be determined through the permittivity
and permeability of the material through the equation below:

where

εr = permittivity of the material

μr = permeability of the material

The table below shows the comparison between the permittivity and
permeability of materials.

Basis for
Permittivity Permeability
Comparison

Definition The permittivity measures the The permeability measures the

resistance offer by the material ability of the material to allow
in the formation of an electric the magnetic lines of force to
field. pass through it.

Symbol ε μ

Formula Ratio of displacement field Ratio of magnetic field density

strength to the electric field and magnetic field strength.
strength.

SI Unit Faraday/meter Henry/meter

Physical Basis Polarization Magnetization

Free Space The permittivity of the free The permeability of the free
space is 8.85 F/m. space is 1.26 H/m.

Field Electric Field Magnetic Field

Used in Capacitor Inductor and Transformer core

Figure 3. Comparison between the permittivity and permeability of materials.

Source: Difference Between Permittivity & Permeability (with Comparison Chart) - Circuit Globe

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

What’s More

Directions: Solve for the index of refraction or the speed of light in the material in
the following problems.

1. What is the speed of light traveling inside a diamond? (n = 2.42)

Given:

Unknown:
Formula:

Solution:

2. The speed of light in chloroform is 1.99×108 m/s. What is the index of refraction
of the material?

Given:

Unknown:
Formula:

Solution:

3. What is the speed of light in water which has an index of refraction of 1.33?

Given:

Unknown:
Formula:

Solution:

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

Grade GENERAL PHYSICS 2

12
Quarter 4- Module 1
Module Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Subject Teacher: SHIELA MARIE S. QUIAMSON
6
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.

_____1. Which of the following refers to the number of waves passing through a given
time?
A. amplitude B. frequency C. wave speed D. wavelength

_____2. What is the unit of wavelength?

A. Hz B. J C. m D. m/s

_____3. What happens to the speed of the wave as it enters a new medium with higher
optical density? The speed of the wave____________________.
A. increases C. is at maximum
B. decreases D. is at minimum

______4. What is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of
light in the material called?
A. Frequency B. Index of refraction C. Speed D. Wavelength

_____5. Which of the following pertains to the measure of resistance offered by the
material in the formation of an electric field?
A. index of refraction C. permeability
B. optical density D. permittivity

_____6. Which of the following is the formula for finding the frequency of light?
𝑐 λ n c
A. f= B. f= C. f= D. f=
λ 𝑐 𝑐 𝑛
_____7. Which of the following is NOT a property of an electromagnetic wave?
A. Frequency B. Index of refraction C. Speed D. Wavelength

_____8. When light crosses a boundary between air and water, which of the following
quantity of light remains the same?
A. Wavelength C. Frequency
B. Speed D. All of the given choices

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 SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Fabian, Pangasinan
smsq™

_____9. When the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave increases, the energy

__________________.
A. increases C. is at maximum
B. decreases D. is at minimum

_____10. Light travels fastest in which of the following materials?

A. Air B. Diamond C. Glass D. Vacuum

_____11. Which of the following is the formula for finding the index of refraction?
𝑐 v f c
A. n= B. n= C. n= D. n=
v 𝑐 𝑐 𝑓

_____12. The speed of light in an unknown medium is measured to be 2.3 x 10 8 m/s.

What is the index of refraction of the medium?
A. 0.95 B. 1.21 C. 1.30 D. 1.45

_____13. Which of the following refers to the tendency of the atoms of a material to
maintain the absorbed energy of an electromagnetic wave in the form of
vibrating electrons before reemitting it as a new electromagnetic
disturbance?
A. index of refraction C. permeability
B. optical density D. permittivity

_____14. Which equation should be used to find the index of refraction using the permittivity
and permeability of the materials?
A. B. C. D.

_____15. If the index of refraction of a material is 1.52, what is the speed of light in
the material?
A. 1.14 x 108 m/s C. 1.97 x 108 m/s
B. 1.65 x 10 m/s
8 D. 2.34 x 108 m/s

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