VYDEHI SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE

ACADEMIC YEAR (2021-22)

STUDY MATERIAL
MONTH: APRIL
CLASS VII

ENGLISH
I. NOTEBOOK WORK:

UNIT 1 - SECTION I: FOOTLOOSE IN AGRA

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

A travelogue is a piece of writing about travel. This present extract is a prose piece written by Ruskin Bond,
where he describes his visit to the historically famed city of Agra. It is an excerpt from a journal that Bond
maintained in the mid-1960s, when he travelled extensively across north India.

KEYWORDS:
1. freewheels: rides (the cycle rickshaw) freely without worrying about traffic.
2. averted eyes: turning one’s way away to avoid something you don’t want to see.
3. jade: a hard stone that is usually green and is used in jewellery and decorative objects.
4. jasper: a hard, reddish–brown semi-precious stone.
5. lapis-lazuli: a bright blue stone, used in making jewellery.
6. shimmering: shining with a soft light that seems to move slightly.
7. musty: smelling damp and unpleasant because of the lack of fresh air.
8. placid: calm and peaceful, with little movement.
9. antiquity: the ancient past.
10. grove: a small group of trees.
11. wrought: the past tense of work-an old form.
12. itinerant: travelling from place to place.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. The pace of life in Agra is Hectic

2. Match the following

a. Cold and blue - Foothills of Kalsi

b. Generally calm - Flat plains of Uttar Pradesh.

c. muddy banks - Delhi

d. alive with huge turtles- Mathura

3. Give reasons

a. The cycle rickshaw is the best way of getting about in Agra.

Its smooth gliding motion and leisurely rate of progress are in keeping with the pace of life in this old-world
city.

1
b. The subject of kite makers and kite-fliers bores the rickshaw boy.

It is an everyday sight to him

c. The writer stands with averted eyes in front of the Taj.

He is awe-struck by the formal gardens, the surrounding walls of red sandstone, the winding river.

d. The gardener’s son comes to the Taj every day.

His father was the head gardener and to eat fruits

e. Bernier, in his description of Taj, said: ‘Nothing offends the eye.’

‘No part can be found that is not skillfully wrought or that it has no peculiar beauty.’

4. Answer briefly.

a. What does Bond learn about kite-flying in Agra?

Kite flying is a usual sight in Agra. There are kite-flying competitions every Sunday and heavy bets are
sometimes placed on the outcome.

b. What is it that the gardener’s son finds interesting when he sees the Taj every day?

He wonders what magic it possess to attract people from all corners of the earth, to bring them walking
through his father’s well-kept garden so that he can have something new and fresh to look at each day.

c. Describe the Taj, based on the text you have just read.

Taj has formal gardens, and surrounded by red sandstone, the winding river. Very solid and real, perfectly
preserved, with every jade, jasper or lapis lazuli playing its part in the overall design.

5. When you see something every day, even if it is something remarkable, you don’t feel excited about it.
Can you identify two instances of this fact in the text?

Two instances are:

a) If you see it once, or a hundred times, it is the same. It does not change.

b) You can see kites every day, you had better see the Taj today, sahib.

6. Ruskin Bond was certainly impressed by the magnificent Taj. But he was also struck by some other things
during his trip. What were they? What do you learn about the writer from them?

Ruskin Bond was impressed by the passage of the river and the sharp flavor of the Ashoke fruit. In this
work, Ruskin Bond explores that Agra is not actually about Taj and historical monuments, it is much more
than that, he explores the laid-back Agra of 1960s in the shadow of everlastingly mesmerizing Taj Mahal.

II. WORKSHEET:

UNIT I - CHAPTER 1: FOOTLOOSE IN AGRA

I. Read the extracts and answer the following:

2
a. He does not even bother to look up. ‘You can see kites every day, sahib.’

i. Name the lesson and writer.

ii. Who is the speaker of the above line?

iii. Whom does ‘you’ refer in the above line?

iv. Why doesn’t he even bother to look up?

b. “I like looking at the people who come here. They are always different. In the evening there will be

many people”

i. Name the lesson and the writer.

ii. Who is the speaker of the above line?

iii. What kind of people come in the evening?

iv. Why will there be many in the evening?

III. HOMEWORK:

UNIT 1 - SECTION I: FOOTLOOSE IN AGRA

1. Life in big cities is very busy and rushed. The leisurely pace of smaller towns provides opportunities

for simpler joys. Can you think of some hobbies or interests that you would like to pursue if you had

the time and space for it?

2. We have all undertaken trips to places for sightseeing. When we visit such places, we often have

interesting experiences with people whom we chance to meet there. Share one such experience that

you had.

MATHEMATICS
CH-1: RATIONAL NUMBERS

I CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

RATIONAL NUMBERS
The word rational arises from the term ratio. We know that 3:2 can also be written as 3/2. Here 3 and 2 are
natural numbers.
𝒑
A rational number is defined as a number that can be expressed in the form 𝒒, where p and q are
integers and q≠0.
3
 𝟐 −𝟒
Ex- 𝟑 , 𝟓

Hence rational numbers include integers and fractions.

EQUIVALENT RATIONAL NUMBERS

By multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator with a same non zero integer, we can obtain
equivalent rational numbers.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RATIONAL NUMBERS

𝟐 𝟕
Examples of positive rational numbers are ,
𝟑 𝟗

−𝟐 𝟓
Examples of negative rational numbers are ,
𝟑 −𝟗

RATIONAL NUMBBER ON A NUMBER LINE

All the positive rational numbers are marked on the right side of the zero and all negative rational numbers are
marked on the left side of the zero in a number line.

RATIONAL NUMBER IN STANDARD FORM

A rational number is said to be in standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the numerator and the
denominator have no common factor other than 1.

5 1
For example, Standard form of is
−15 −3

−3 1
Standard form of is
−15 5

COMPARISON OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

To compare two rational numbers, first we need to convert them to equivalent rational numbers and then compare.

4
If the equivalent rational numbers are

a. Both positive, then number with greater numerator is the greater number.
b. Both negative, then number with lesser numerator is the greater number.
c. One negative and one positive, then positive number is the greater number.

II TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1(A)

Question 1. Express as rational numbers.

a) 12 b) -83 c) -91

Solution:
12 24
a)12 = or etc.
1 2

−83 −116
b) -83 = or 2
etc.
1

−91 −182
c) -91 = or etc.
1 2

Question 2. Express the following numbers in standard form.

8 −28 63 −22
a) b) c) d)
24 72 −140 −99

Solution:

8 4×2 1
a) = =
24 4×2×3 3

−28 −7×4 −7
b) = =
72 18×4 18

63 7×9 −9
c) = =
−140 −7×20 20

5
 −22 −2×11 2
d) = =
−99 −9×11 9

Question 3. Express the following as a rational number with given denominator:

−3
a) with denominator 49
7

−5
b) with denominator 60
12

Solution:

−3 −3×7 −21
a) = =
7 7×7 49

−5 −5×5 −25
b) = =
12 12×5 60

Question 4. Fill in the blanks.

−14 ? −18
a) = =
63 9 ?

−5 ? −35
b) = =
−12 60 ?

Solution:

−14 −2 −18
a) = =
63 9 81

−5 25 −35
b) = =
−12 60 −84

Question 5. Check which of the following are equivalent:

−9 81 −12 36 −5 −15
a) , b) , c) ,
11 −99 15 −60 11 −33

6
Solution:

−9 −9
a) =
11 11

81 −9×9 −9
= =
−99 11×9 11

Therefore, these are equivalent rational numbers.

−12 −3×4 −4
b) = =
15 3×5 5

36 −3×3×4 −3
= =
−60 5×3×4 5

Therefore, these are not equivalent rational numbers.

−5 −5
c) =
11 11

−15 −3×5 5
= =
−33 −3×11 11

Therefore, these are not equivalent rational numbers.

Question 6. Which of the two rational numbers is greater in the given pair?

9 −3 −3 1
a) or 0 b) or 0 c) or
14 11 4 4

−1 −9 −6 5 6
d) or -1 e) or f) or 9
2 7 7 6

Solution:

7
 9
a) is a proper fraction whose value lies between 0 and 1.
14

9
Therefore, is greater than 0.
14

−3
b) 0 is greater than , as all the negative numbers are less than 0.
11

1 −3
c) is greater than as all positive numbers are greater than negative numbers.
4 4

−1 −1 −1
d) lies between -0 and -1. So is to the right of -1. Therefore is greater than -1.
2 2 2

9 6 −9 −6 −6
e) We know that is greater than , and therefore is less than . So is the greater number.
7 7 7 7 7

f) LCM of 6 and 9 is 18.

5 15 6 12
= and = .
6 18 9 18

15 12 5 6
is greater than . Therefore is greater than .
18 18 6 9

Question 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct symbol out of >, < and =.

−11 33 −12 60
a) ______ b) ______
8 −24 9 45

75 −150 3 −8
c) ______ d) ______
−100 250 −8 12

Solution:

a) LCM of 8 and 24 is 24.

−11 −33
=
8 24

8
 33 −33
=
−24 24

−11 33
Therefore, =
8 −24

−12 60
b) is negative and is positive.
9 45

All negative numbers are less than positive numbers.

−12 60
Therefore, <
9 45

75 −750
c) =
−100 1000

−150 −600
=
250 1000

75 −150
We know that -750 < -600. Therefore, <
−100 250

d) LCM of 8 and 12 is 24.

3 −9
=
−8 24

−8 −16
=
12 24

−3 −8
We know that -9 > -16. Therefore, >
8 12

Question 8. Arrange the following rational numbers in ascending order.

2 −2 4 5
a) , , ,
9 9 −7 63

9
 2 −3 −1 7
b) , , ,
−5 7 −9 −10

−3 7 −5
c) , ,
5 −10 8

−3 7 −11 17
d) , , ,
10 −15 20 −30

Solution:

2 −2 4 5
a) , , ,
9 9 −7 63

LCM of 9,7 and 63 is 63. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

14 −14 − 36 5
, , , .
63 63 63 63

− 36 −14 5 14
We know that < < <
63 63 63 63

4 −2 5 2
Therefore, the rational numbers in ascending order = < < <
−7 9 63 9

2 −3 −1 7
b) , , ,
−5 7 −9 −10

LCM of 5, 7, 9 and 10 is 630. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

−252 −270 70 −441

, , , .
630 630 630 630

−441 −270 −252 70

We know that < < < .
630 630 630 630

10
 7 −3 2 −1
Therefore, the rational numbers in ascending order = < < <
−10 7 −5 −9

−3 7 −5
c) , , 8
5 −10

LCM of 5, 8 and 10 is 40. So, converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

−24 −28 −25

, ,
40 40 40

−28 −25 −24

We know that < < .
40 40 40

7 −5 −3
Therefore, the rational numbers in ascending order = < <
−10 8 5

−3 7 −11 17
d) , , ,
10 −15 20 −30

LCM of 10, 15, 20 and 30 is 60. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

−18 −28 −33 −34

, , , .
60 60 60 60

−34 −33 −28 −18

We know that < < < .
60 60 60 60

17 −11 7 −3
Therefore, the rational numbers in ascending order = < < <
−30 20 −15 10

Question 9. Arrange the following rational numbers in descending order.

−4 −9 13 −23
a) , , ,
7 14 −28 42

−3 5 −7 9
b) , , ,
4 −12 16 −24

4 −5 7 −2
c) , , ,
−9 12 −18 3

11
 4 −2 −1 −4
d) , , ,
5 3 2 7

Solution:

−4 −9 13 −23
a) , , ,
7 14 −28 42

LCM of 7,14, 28 and 42 is 84. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

−48 −54 − 39 −46

, , , .
84 84 84 84

− 39 −46 −48 −54

We know that > > >
84 84 84 84

13 −23 −4 −9
Therefore, the rational numbers in descending order = > > >
−28 42 7 14

−3 5 −7 9
b) , , ,
4 −12 16 −24

LCM of 4, 12, 16 and 24 is 48. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

−36 −20 − 21 −18

, , , .
48 48 48 48

−18 −20 − 21 −36

We know that > > >
48 48 48 48

9 5 −7 −3
Therefore, the rational numbers in descending order = > > >
−24 −12 16 4

4 −5 7 −2
c) , , ,
−9 12 −18 3

LCM of 9, 12, 18 and 3 is 36. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

12
 −16 −15 − 14 −24
, , , .
36 36 36 36

− 14 −15 −16 −24

We know that > > >
36 36 36 36

7 −5 4 −2
Therefore, the rational numbers in descending order = > > >
−18 12 −9 3

4 −2 −1 −4
d) , , ,
5 3 2 7

LCM of 5, 3, 2 and 7 is 210. So converting each of the rational numbers to equivalent rational numbers, we get

168 −140 − 105 −120

, , , .
210 210 210 210

168 − 105 −120 −140

We know that > > >
210 210 210 210

4 −1 −4 −2
Therefore, the rational numbers in descending order = > > > .
5 2 7 3

Question 10. Say, True or False.

a) Every rational number is a whole number.

b) 0 is a rational number.

c) There exists a largest rational number.

0
d) is a rational number.
0

e) Every integer is a rational number.

f) Every rational number is a fraction.

Solution:

1
a) False. For example, rational number, is not a whole number.
2

0
b) True. 0 can be written as .
1

c) False, there is no largest rational number.

13
d) False, any number divided by 0 is not defined.

𝑎
e) True. Every integer, “a” can be written as .
1

−1
f) False. For example, rational number is not a fraction.
2

EXERCISE 1(B)

Question 1.Represent each of the following numbers on the number line.

2 3 2 1
a) 7 b) 24 c)-35 d)62

Solution:
2
(a) 7

3
b) 2
4

2
c) -35

1
d) 62

14
Question 2: State whether True or False.
9
(a) − lies to the left of 0 on the number line.
13
−15
(b) −13 lies to the left of 0 on the number line.
−8 3
c) The rational numbers −5 and 5 lie on the opposite sides of zero on the number line.

Solution:
a) True
b) False
c) False

III WORKSHEET

1. Fill in the blanks using <, > or =.

𝟐 𝟐
a. - ________ -
𝟗 𝟑

𝟐 𝟗
b. - _____ -
𝟓 𝟓

𝟐 −𝟐
c. _____
𝟓 −𝟓

−3 5 −9 7
2. Arrange the following rational numbers in ascending order. , , ,
4 −12 16 −24

3. Write two equivalent rational numbers for the following.

𝟗 −𝟑
a. b.
𝟓 𝟓
4. Rewrite the following rational numbers in the standard form
−𝟐𝟕 −𝟑
a. b.
𝟑𝟔 −𝟏𝟓

𝟗
5. Draw the number line and represent on it.
𝟒

IV HOMEWORK

3 −4 −2 1
6. Identify the rational number which is different from the other three : , , , . Explain your reasoning.
9 5 −6 3
4 𝑥
7. Find the value of x for which the two rational numbers and are equivalent.
9 54

WORKSHEET ANSWERS

1. a) >
b) >
c) =

15
 −3 −9 5 7
2. , , ,
4 16 −12 −24

𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕 −𝟗 −𝟏.𝟓
3. a. , b. ,
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟐.𝟓

−𝟑 𝟏
4. a. b.
𝟒 𝟓

5.

−𝟒
6. , as all other rational numbers are equivalent rational numbers.
𝟓

7. x=24.

SCIENCE

CONCEPT:

1. Force:

Explanation: In our daily life, we apply force on many objects, due to which the objects change their
position or shape. E.g.: When a football is kicked, it moves. When we throw a smash a fully inflated balloon
in between our palms, it breaks. When a cricket fielder catches the ball, it stops. A man cycling. In this
chapter, we will study about force and its characteristics.
A push or a pull on an object is called a Force. Push refers to the force which tends to 'move the object
away’ from the direction of the force applied. Pull refers to that force which tends to 'move the object
towards’ the direction of the force applied.
Examples of Push:
(i) Pushing a door open, (ii) Man pushing his luggage trolley, (iii) Man hitting a golf ball
Examples of Pull:
(i)Opening the drawers, (ii) Child pulling a wagon, (iii) Crane pulling up an object
As we can see in all of the above cases, 2 or more objects must interact for force to come into play. E.g., 1:
In the case of man pulling his luggage trolley, there is an interaction between the man and his trolley. The
man is applying a 'push' on his trolley to make it move forward. E.g., 2: In the case of the crane pulling the
object, there is an interaction between the crane and the object. The crane is applying force of the object to
pull it up.

16
From the above figures, we can understand the following characteristics of Force

Force has both magnitude and direction.

Case (i) Magnitude of forces: F1, F2, Direction of forces: Left to Right (--->)
Case(ii) Magnitude of forces applied: F1, F2.
Direction of force F1 is Left to Right (--->).
Direction of Force F2 is Right to Left (<---)
More than one force can be applied on an object.
Forces applied in the same direction add up to each other.
If forces are applied in the same direction, the total force adds up in the same direction. In case(i), forces are
applied in the same direction. So, the total force applied on the 'Heavy Object' is F1+F2 towards Right (--->)
If forces are applied in the opposite direction, then the net force acting on the object is the difference
between the forces and the object tends to move in the direction of the greater force.
In case(ii), if F1=F2, the net force on the object is F = F1-F2=0. The object does not move in any direction.
If F1>F2, the net force on the object is F = F1-F2. The object moves in the direction of F1 i.e. towards Right
(--->)
If F2>F1, the net force on the object is F = F2-F1. The object moves in the direction of F2 i.e. towards Left
(<---), if the magnitude or direction of the force changes, its effect also changes.
Effects of force:
Force can change the speed of an object (Batsman hitting a ball very hard)
Force can change the direction of motion of an object (Batsman hitting a ball very hard)
Force can change the shape of an object. (When an elastic is pulled hard, it breaks)
Force can move an object from rest to a state of motion (Bowler picking up a ball and then bowling it)

Activity Materials Method Observation Conclusion

required

Force can Ball Place a ball on the What happens It changes direction
change the floor. when you apply
position of Move the ball. force on the ball?
Now push it harder.
an object

17
 The greater Coin • Place a coin on What difference Greater the force, greater the
the force, the table. do you observe in change in the distance
the greater • Observe the the two cases? covered by the object
the distance position of the
coin.
covered by
• Push the coin
an object
gently. Note the
new position as
well as the
distance covered
by the coin.
• Now push the
coin with more
force.
Force Kitchen • Take a kitchen • What happens • It changes its shape by
changes sponge/rubb sponge/rubber when you applying force
shape of er band band squeeze it. squeeze it?
objects • It regains its original
• Now release it. • What happens shape
when you
release it?

Some Balloon • Take an inflated What happens It changes its shape

objects balloon. when you press
return to • Press the balloon the balloon?
their gently by hands.
It regains its shape after the
original • Now release it. What happens
when you release removal of force
shape after
the release it?
of force and
some not What happens
Clay Its shape changes
• Take a ball of when you press
clay and press it the clay ball with
with hands. their hands.

• Remove hands Does it return to No

from the clay. its original shape
when hands are
removed?

Contact forces: Force that arises with the contact of 2 or more objects involved. Examples: Muscular force
and Frictional Force

Muscular force is the type of force wherein we use our physical strength to change the state of motion of an
object. E.g., Man pushing a car, Bullocks pulling a cart of load, Cycling, Weight Lifting

18
Frictional Force is a force that acts on all moving objects by the surface which it is in contact with. E.g.: A
ball rolling on the ground encounters friction by the ground surface and it eventually comes to a halt. When
the rowing of the boat has stopped, the boat comes to a stop because of the frictional force exerted by water
on it. The Frictional force is always in the direction opposite to the applied force.

Non-contact forces: Forces that arise without the contact of 2 or more objects involved. Examples:
Magnetic Force, Electrostatic Force, Gravitational force.

Magnetic Force is a force that attracts certain metal objects (like iron and iron filings) towards a magnet.

Electrostatic force is the force exerted by a charged body on another charged

or uncharged body. E.g.: Take a comb and brush it on a hair 3-4 times and then take it near some small bits
of paper. Do not touch the comb with the paper. The bits of paper would get attracted to the comb. This is
because the comb is charged because of the rubbing on your hair and it attracts uncharged objects like paper.

Gravitational force is a force exerted by the earth on all objects on it. When a ball is thrown up, it falls to the
ground because of gravitational force. The water from a tap always flows downwards because of
gravitational force.

19
 Activity Materials required Method Observation
• Take a pair of bar magnets. Does the magnet on the
Magnetic A pair of bar • Place the longer side of one of the rollers begin to move when
force magnets, three magnets over three round shaped the other magnet is brought
wooden pencils. pencils or wooden rollers as near it?
shown in following figure.
• Now bring one end of the other Does it always move in the
magnet near the end of the magnet direction of the approaching
placed on the rollers. magnet?
• Make sure that the two magnets
do not touch each other. Observe What do these observations
what happens. suggest?
• Next, bring the other end of the
magnet near the same end of the Does it mean that some force
magnet placed on the rollers as must be acting between the
shown in following figure. two magnets?
• Note what happens to the magnet
placed on the rollers every time
another magnet is brought near it.

Electrostatic A plastic straw, • Take a plastic straw and cut it into What do you observe?
Force thread nearly two equal pieces.
• Suspend one of the pieces from
the edge of a table with the help of
a piece of thread as shown in
following figure.
• Now hold the other piece of straw
in your hand and rub its free end
with a sheet of paper.

20
 • Bring the rubbed end of the straw
near the suspended straw. Make
sure that the two pieces do not
touch each other.
• Next, rub the free end of the
suspended piece of straw with a What do you observe now?
sheet of paper. Again, bring the
piece of straw that was rubbed
earlier with paper near the free
end of the suspended straw.

Gravitational Coin • Hold a coin in your hand. Observe its motion (it is at
rest).
Force
• Release it.
Observe its motion (it begins
to move downwards).

SOCIAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER 2: INSIDE OUR EARTH (GEOGRAPHY)

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

The Earth
The earth is a dynamic planet i.e.it undergoes changes constantly. These changes are:
➢ Inside the earth
➢ Outside the earth
Inside Our Earth
The earth is made up of several concentric layers. Concentric means having a common Centre. The earth has
one layer inside another.
Broadly, there are three layers of the earth:
➢ Crust
➢ Mantle
➢ Core
The Crust
➢ The outermost layer is the thinnest layer, called the solid crust, further classified into oceanic crust and
continental crust.

21
➢ The oceanic crust, the crust beneath the oceans, is only 5 kilometers thick while the continental crust is
around 35 kilometers thick.
➢ The oceanic crust, is made up of silica and magnesium, and is called sima while the continental crust is
composed of two minerals: silica and alumina and called sial.
Mantle
➢ The next layer is a highly viscous layer called the mantle. The mantle is 2,900 kilometres deep and is
thickest among all the layers forming 83% of the earth’s volume. The material inside the mantle is
known as magma.
➢ When the earth’s crust gets ruptured, hot molten magma, ash and gases come out from the core to the
surface of the earth. This results in the formation of a volcano and the magma released on the surface of
the earth is called lava.
Core
➢ Below the mantle is the core of the earth divided into outer core and inner core. The outer core is mainly
made up of nickel and iron, called as Nife. The materials in the outer core are in a liquid state.
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks:
A rock is a natural mass of minerals found within the earth’s crust while minerals are substances that have a
definite chemical composition and occur freely in nature.
Types of Rocks
Rocks can be classified in three types on the basis of their texture and the process of formation
➢ Igneous rock
➢ Sedimentary rock
➢ Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
The word igneous is derived from the Latin word Ignis which means fire. The rocks formed by the
solidification on the cooling of molten magma, are called igneous rocks. Depending on where the molten
magma cools, they are of the following types:
➢ Intrusive Rocks
➢ Extrusive Rocks
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
➢ When the molten magma cools deep inside the earth’s crust, intrusive igneous rocks are formed. They
➢ Cool down slowly
➢ Form large grains
➢ Granite is intrusive igneous rock.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
➢ When the molten magma (lava) comes on the earth's surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid.
Rocks formed in such a manner on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks.
➢ They have a very fine-grained structure.
➢ Basalt is an example of extrusive igneous rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks:
➢ These rocks get their name from the Latin word sediment which means settle down. These rocks are
formed by the settling down of sediments.
➢ Sediments are the smaller particles / fragments that are formed by the breaking down of rocks when they
roll down, crack and hit each other.
➢ These sediments are transported by wind, water etc. These sediments; when compressed and hardened;
form sedimentary rocks.
➢ Sandstone is an example of sedimentary rock. It is made up of grains of sand. The sedimentary rocks
may also contain fossils of plants, animals and other micro – organisms that once lived on them.
Metamorphic rocks:
➢ The Greek word 'metamorphose' which means change of form, is the root of the word metamorphic.
➢ In other words, these are the rocks that are formed when the igneous and sedimentary rocks change their
form under the following two circumstances:
a) Great heat and

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b) Great pressure
The following are the examples of metamorphic rocks:
a) Slate: Clay becomes slate after metamorphosis.
b) Marble: Limestone becomes marble after metamorphosis
Uses of rocks:
➢ Hard rocks are used for making roads, houses, factories, buildings etc.
➢ Red sandstone and marble are used in making buildings.
➢ Many rocks are used as gemstones.
➢ Stones are also used in many games.
Minerals
Rocks are made up of different minerals.
➢ Minerals are naturally occurring substances
➢ Have certain physical properties
➢ Have a definite chemical composition
Types of Minerals:
There are two types of minerals:
➢ Organic minerals
➢ Inorganic minerals
Organic minerals:
➢ Organic minerals are formed when dead and decayed animal and plant material trapped underground.
➢ Examples: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
➢ These are also called fossil fuels. They are important sources of energy.
Inorganic minerals:
➢ Inorganic minerals are either metallic or non-metallic in nature.
➢ Examples: Iron, Aluminum, gold, silver, copper, lead (metallic minerals)
Uses of minerals:
➢ They are used as fuels, for example: coal, petroleum and natural gas.
➢ They are used in industries for making medicines, fertilizers and many other items. Iron, bauxite, mica,
gold, silver, etc. are examples of minerals.
Rock Cycle
A cyclic manner is followed in transformation of one type of rock to another type under certain conditions.
This process of transformation of the rock from one to another is called the rock cycle.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

Question 1 Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What are the three layers of earth?
Answer: Three Layers of the Earth
➢ Crust
➢ Mantle
➢ Core

(ii) What is a rock?

Answer: A mass of mineral matter that makes up the crust of the earth is called rock.
Or
Aggregates of minerals are termed as rocks.

(iii) Name three types of rocks.

Answer:
➢ Igneous Rocks
➢ Sedimentary Rocks
➢ Metamorphic Rocks.

(iv) How are Extrusive and Intrusive rocks formed?

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Answer: Due to extreme heat in the interior of the earth, rocks are found in the form of molten material
called magma.
➢ When magma comes out on the surface of the earth, it cools down and turns into solid rocks. Such rocks
are termed as extrusive rocks. For example, Basalt.
➢ When the molten magma cools down within the interior of the earth, it becomes solid to form intrusive
rocks. For example, Granite.

(v) What do you mean by a rock cycle?

Answer: The change of one kind of rock into another, under specific conditions and in a cyclical way is
alluded to as the rock cycle. For instance, igneous rocks, framed as an aftereffect of the cementing of molten
magma, may separate into little particles, which might then be transported and saved to structure
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary and igneous rocks change into changeable rocks when subjected to heat and
pressure. These changeable rocks might themselves get broken down to structure sedimentary rocks, or they
may liquefy under extraordinary pressure and heat to become molten magma, which would then by and by
set to structure igneous rocks.

(vi)What are the uses of rocks?

Answer: Certain uses of rocks are as follows:
➢ Construction of roads, houses and buildings.
➢ Making of jewelry
➢ Cutting and drilling.
➢ The mineral constituents of rocks are used in medicines, fuels, fertilizers and industrial purposes.
➢ Animal and plant fossils help in scientific research.

(vii) What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer: When under heat and pressure igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks change their form and more
precious rocks are formed to be known as metamorphic rocks.
Examples:
➢ Granite into granite gneiss.
➢ Coal into slate.
➢ Slate into schist.
➢ Limestone into marble.

Question 4:
Give reasons.
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the Earth.
Answer: We cannot go to the centre of the earth because of the following reasons:
➢ The thickness (from crust to the core) is 6371 km. (Radius of the earth).
➢ Temperature increases with depth @ 1°C per 32 metre.
➢ There is extreme heat and pressure of overlying rocks, everything is in a molten state.
➢ There is no oxygen to survive.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
Answer: Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments because of the following reasons:
Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, decompose, disintegrate and wear down due to weathering.
➢ This material is carried away by running water (rivers), wind, glacier.
➢ The material is then deposited in low lying areas and is called sediments.
➢ When sediments are solidified into layers due to pressure from overlying sediments, they are called
sedimentary rocks.
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.
Answer: Limestone is changed into marble due to the following reasons:
➢ The overlying layers of rocks put pressure on the underlying rocks.
➢ From the surface to the interior of the earth, temperature and heat go on increasing.
➢ Due to pressure and heat, the original limestone changes into marble.

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III.A. WORKSHEET:

1. The uppermost layer of the earth’s surface is called_________. (fill in the blank)
2. The temperature is the highest in this layer of the earth (Choose the correct answer)
a) Mantle
b) Core
c) Crust
3. Rocks that contain fossils are: (Choose the correct answer)
a) Metamorphic rocks
b) Igneous rocks
c) Sedimentary rocks
4. Name the following:
a) A type of rock that is named after a Latin word meaning settling down.
b) Main constituents of the core.
5. The radius of the earth is 3500 km. (Correct the statement)
6. Define minerals. How are they useful for mankind?
7. Write a note on the various types of rocks.
8. Explain the interior of the earth with the help of a diagram.
9. Explain Sial and Sima with a help of a diagram.
10. Draw a neat diagram of Rock Cycle.
III.B. WORKSHEET ANSWERS:
1. Crust
2. Core
3. C) Sedimentary rocks
4.
a) Sedimentary rocks.
b) The main constituents of the core are nickel and iron. It is usually known as nife.
5. The radius of the earth is 6371 km.
6. Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have certain physical properties and definite
chemical composition.
Minerals are very useful for mankind. Some minerals like coal, natural gas and petroleum are used as
fuels. They are also used in industries. Iron, aluminium, gold, uranium etc. are used in medicine, in
Fertilizers, etc.
7. Rocks are of the three types:
➢ Igneous rocks
➢ Sedimentary rocks
➢ Metamorphic rocks
Igneous rocks. When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are
called igneous rocks.
They are also called primary rocks. They are of two types—intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.
Sedimentary rocks. Small fragments of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are
transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments are compressed and
hardened to form sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand.
Metamorphic rocks. When igneous and sedimentary rocks Eire subjected to great heat and
pressure they change into metamorphic rocks. For example, clay changes into slate and limestone
into marble.
8. Our earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another.
These layers are three in number—crust, mantle and core.

Crust. It is the uppermost layer over the earth’s surface. It is the thinnest of all the layers. It is about
35 km on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors. The continental crust is also
known as Sial and the oceanic crust is known as Sima.
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 Mantle: It is just beneath the crust. It extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust

Core: It is the innermost layer. Its radius is about 3500 km. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is
known as nife (ni-nickel and fe-ferrous, Le., iron). The central core has a very high temperature and
pressure.

9. The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the thinnest of all the layers. It is
about 35 km. on the continental masses and only 5 km. on the ocean floors. The main mineral
constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. It is thus called sial (si-silica and al-
alumina). The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima (si-
silica and ma-magnesium)

10. The Rock Cycle

IV. HOMEWORK:
1. What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?

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 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS

CURRENT AFFAIRS

1) ‘Medaram Jatara’ is a fair celebrated in which Indian state?

[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Telangana
[C] Gujarat
[D] Bihar
Correct Answer: B [Telangana]

Notes: Medaram Jatara is the second-largest fair of India, after Kumbh Mela, celebrated by Koya
Tribal Community of Telangana, for four days The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has sanctioned ₹2.26
Crores for various.

2) Luc Montagnier, who passed away recently, won Nobel Prize for Medicine for which discovery?
[A] Human Immunodeficiency Virus
[B] Ebola
[C] Chikungunya
[D] Rotavirus
Correct Answer: A [Human Immunodeficiency Virus]

Notes: Veteran Nobel-winning virologist Luc Montagnier died in Paris recently. He won the Nobel
Prize for Medicine in 2008 for the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency.

3) Which institution launched agro ecology-based programme named ‘JIVA’?

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 [A] NITI Aayog
[B] NABARD
[C] ICAR
[D] CSIR
Answer Correct Answer: B [NABARD]

Notes:The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) recently launched an
agro ecology-based programme JIVA. It aims to promote natural farming under NABARD’s
watershed and wadi programmes in 11 states covering five Agro-EcologicaL.

4) Which international institution approved a mandate to draft ‘Global Plastics Treaty’?

[A] UNFCCC
[B] UN Environment Assembly
[C] IPCC
[D] WWF
Correct Answer: B [UN Environment Assembly]

Notes:The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) with 175 member countries, signed a
mandate which makes it legally binding for the signatories to end plastic pollution. The Global
Plastics ..

5) What is the theme of the ‘National Science Day 2022’?

[A] Integrated Approach in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future
[B] Science and Technology for Atmanirbhar Bharat
[C] Vigyan Sarvatra Pujyate
[D] Amrut Kaal Vigyan
Correct Answer: A [Integrated Approach in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future]
Notes:National Science Day is celebrated on February 28 ..

6) Which space mission/ satellite of ISRO has detected ‘Solar proton events’ for the first time?
[A] Chandrayaan-1
[B] Chandrayaan-2
[C] Mars Orbiter Mission
[D] Mangalyaan 2
Correct Answer: B [Chandrayaan-2]
Notes: Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter has detected solar proton events, via its Large Area Soft X-ray
Spectrometer (CLASS). The proton events are said to increase the radiation exposure.

7) Which Union Ministry implements the ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)’ scheme?
[A] Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
[B] Ministry of Rural Development
[C] Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
[D] Ministry of Panchayati Raj
Correct Answer: B [Ministry of Rural Development]
Notes: Union Ministry of Rural Development implements the ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

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8) Where is the headquarters of the ‘United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’ located?
[A] Geneva
[B] Washington
[C] Paris
[D] Brussels
Correct Answer: A [Geneva]

Notes: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is an intergovernmental organisation,

established in 1964 at Geneva, Switzerland, with an aim to promote trade among developing
countries. Recently, the organisation.

9) White Cheeked Macaque, a new mammal species in the country, has been discovered in which
state?
[A] Uttarakhand
[B] Assam
[C] Arunachal Pradesh
[D] Sikkim
Correct Answer: C [Arunachal Pradesh]

Notes:Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have found a

new mammal species in the country namely the White Cheeked Macaque, in Arunachal Pradesh

10) Which country has been recently added to the Grey List of ‘Financial Action Task Force’?
[A] Belarus
[B] Russia
[C] UAE
[D] Ukraine
Correct Answer: C [UAE]
Notes: Paris-based Financial Action Task Force has added the UAE in its Grey List. It is a list of
23 countries of increased monitoring including fellow Middle-East nations Jordan, ..

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