~The Origin and Grand unification

➢ gravity was separated from the

Structure of the unification
➢ Elementary particles were formed

Earth~ like quarks and electrons.

Astronomy
Inflationary Epoch & Electroweak Epoch
The study of extraterrestrial and heavenly
bodies. ➢ Strong Nuclear force was separated
causing the expansion of the
Cosmology singularity.
➢ It is followed by EM and weak force.
Is a branch of astronomy that involves the
➢ Temperature started to decrease.
origin and evolution of the universe, from
the Big Bang to today and into the future.
Quark epoch

Big Bang Theory ➢ Quark and antiquark will annihilate

each other returning energy back to
-current accepted model space
➢ Subatomic particles have not yet
-The universe originated from an infinitely formed.
tiny, infinitely dense point of singularity
around 13 to 14 billion years ago. It is
associated to the discovery of the cosmic
Hadron epoch & lepton epoch
microwave background radiation by Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson. ➢ Quarks combined to form protons
and neutrons
- it is attributed by Georges Henri Joseph
➢ electrons dominated around this
Edouard Lemaitre in 1927.
time.

Timeline of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis epoch

━━━━━━Radiation Era━━━━━━ ➢ protons and neutrons fused to form
Planck epoch the nucleus of atoms like helium.

➢ All things are compressed in the

singularity ━━━━━━Matter Era━━━━━━
➢ Temperature is very hot
➢ Forces: Recombination (Atomic) epoch
➢ Gravity, Electromagnetic Force,
➢ nucleus of the formed elements
Strong Nuclear Force, and Weak
attracted electrons to be stable and
Nuclear Force
become atoms.
➢ H=75% HE=22% other D
elements=3% C
E
Galactic epoch A
B
➢ times between atoms and star
formation.

➢ although there were photons, the Evidences of Big Bang

universe is literally dark. The Expanding universe
Back in 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered
Stellar epoch galaxies were moving away from each other
as he observed a group of galaxies.
➢ first stars were formed.

➢ They were massive and short-lived.

Star and galaxy formation Abundance of elements

Astronomers measured the composition of
elements in particular stars and galaxies
and found out that it is closed to what the
big bang theory predicted.
Cosmic microwave background
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson had seen
a constant signal that washed out there of
the galaxy. This signal or radiation is
believed to be the afterglow or remnants of
the Big Bang theory 400,00 years after that
Solar system formation
said event.
➢ some million years later, earth was
formed and other planets too.

Planetary Models
Present day
Ptolemy
➢ 13.8 billion years from the Big Bang. ➢ Was an astronomer and
➢ galaxies are still moving away from mathematician
each other ➢ He believed that the Earth was the
center of the universe.
➢ Lowest temperature recorded is ➢ In Geocentric Model, it states that all
around 3 K = -270 degrees Celsius celestial bodies orbits the Earth.
Aristotle
➢ Studies under the great philosopher
Plato and later started his own
school, the Lyceum at Athens.
➢ Believed in a Geocentric Universe
and that the planets and stars were
perfect spheres though Earth itself
was not.

Nicolaus Copernicus
Protoplanet Hypothesis
➢ Came up with a radical way of
looking at the Universe
➢ Copernicus who brought it to the
world of the Renaissance and used
his own observations of the
movements of the planets to back up
his idea.
➢ In Heliocentric Model, it states that
all objects in the solar system orbits
the sun.

The Solar System

➢ Located in the Milky way’s onion’s
spur/Orion’s star cluster Formation of Solar System
➢ Terrestrial Planets: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars Late Heavy Bombardment
➢ Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn,
About 3.8 to 4 million years ago, a period of
Uranus, Neptune
intense comet an asteroid bombardment is
➢ Age of the solar system and that of
thought to have peppered all the planets
the planet earth is approximately 4.6
including the Earth. Many of the numerous
billion years old. This is based on
craters found on the Moon and other bodies
the meteorites which are believed to
in the Solar System record in this event.
have been formed the same time as
the rest of the Solar System.

Factors to make a planet habitable

Nebular Hypothesis ➢ Temperature:
Average temperature is
approximately 140C.
Adding energy (heating) atoms and
molecules increases their motion,
 resulting in an increase in
temperature.

➢ Water:
About 71% of the surface is water-
covered.
The presence of water allowed the
first photosynthetic organisms to
thrive.
Scientists believe that water on
Earth came from two possible
sources: through volcanism and
from icy meteors. Earth’s Subsystems

➢ Atmosphere: A system is a set of connected things that

is a thin layer of gases that hover comprises a whole.
above our planet’s surface, that is For Earth, these four parts are connected to
held in place by the gravity of that each other.
body.

Geosphere
➢ Solid earth
➢ Composed of rocks and regolith
➢ Includes all landforms

Hydrosphere
➢ Energy: ➢ It is the totality of Earth’s water
Heat coming from earth is caused by ➢ Cryosphere – permanently frozen
radiogenic heat from radioactive parts
decay of materials in the core, and
mantle, and extruded via active
tectonic activities, such as volcanism Atmosphere
and plate movement.
Heat radiated by the sun is mostly ➢ Mixture of gases that surrounds a
trapped by the atmosphere. This planet
creates the heat needed by ➢ Composed of 78% nitrogen, 21%
organisms on Earth. oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.10%
Having an atmosphere capable of other gases.
providing heat like in a greenhouse,
the atmosphere is therefore a vital
part of photosynthesis. Biosphere
➢ Includes all life forms and even
organic matter that has not yet
Earth as a Close System
decomposed.
 ➢ The zone where interactions
between subsystem is most
dynamic.

The Interaction of each Subsystem

As a closed system, earth do not add or
create matter by itself.
It is why matter is recycled on the four
subsystems by Biogeochemical Cycle.

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