BJT AC ANALYSIS : Part 2

Prepared by: Justin C. Pabatang

TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH

• A two-port network is an electrical network model with one pair of

input terminals and one pair of output terminals.

Input side Output side

TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the two-port system, the polarity of the voltages and the
direction of the currents are as defined.

the data surrounding a packaged system is the no-load data.

TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
• The input and output resistance of a packaged amplifier are normally
provided along with the no-load gain. They can then be inserted as
shown in this figure 5.62 to represent the seated package.
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the no-load applied situation:
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied load situation:
The effect of applying a load to a two-port system will result in
the configuration of this figure shown.
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied load (RL ) situation:
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied source resistance (Rs ) situation:
In this Fig. 5.64 , a source with an internal resistance has been applied to the
basic two-port system.
• The parameters Zi and AVNL of a two-port system are unaffected by the internal resistance of the
applied source. However, the output impedance may be affected by the magnitude of Rs .
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied source resistance (Rs ) situation:
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied source resistance (Rs ) and applied load (RL)
situation:
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
For the applied source resistance (Rs ) and applied load (RL)
situation:
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
EXAMPLE PROBLEM :
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
SOLUTION :
TWO-PORT SYSTEMS APPROACH
SOLUTION :
CASCADED SYSTEM
Cascaded system is a circuit in which two or more amplifiers are connected in a
series such that the output one amplifier is fed as input to the next amplifier. This
configuration is used to achieve a high gain, which is not possible with a single stage
CASCADED SYSTEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM :
CASCADED SYSTEM
SOLUTION:
CASCADE SYSTEM
SOLUTION:
CASCADE SYSTEM
SOLUTION:

(Loaded gain of CB)

DARLINGTON CONNECTION
A very popular connection of two bipolar junction transistors for operation as one
“superbeta” transistor is the Darlington connection shown in Fig. 5.73 .
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
Emitter-Follower Configuration:
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
Emitter-follower Configuration (DC Bias):
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
Example Problem:
Calculate the dc bias voltages and currents for the Darlington
configuration.
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
SOLUTION:
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Input Impedance (EFC)
The ac input impedance can be determined using the ac equivalent network of
Fig. 5.77
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Current Gain (EFC)
The current gain can be determined from the equivalent network of Fig. 5.78 . The output impedance
of each transistor is ignored and the parameters for each transistor are employed.
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Voltage Gain (EFC)
The voltage gain can be determined using Fig. 5.77
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Output Impedance (EFC)
The output impedance will be determined by setting Vi to zero volts as shown in Fig. 5.79 . The resistor R
B is “shorted out,” resulting in the configuration of Fig. 5.80 .
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
Voltage-Divider Amplifier
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
DC Bias (VDA)
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Input Impedance (VDA)
DARLINGTON CONNECTION
AC Current Gain (VDA)

AC Voltage Gain (VDA)

AC Output Impedance (VDA)

FEEDBACK PAIR
DC Bias
FEEDBACK PAIR
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Calculate the dc bias currents and voltages for the circuit of Fig. 5.89to provide V o at one-half the supply
voltage (9 V).
FEEDBACK PAIR
AC Operation & AC Input Impedance
FEEDBACK PAIR
Current Gain & Voltage Gain
FEEDBACK PAIR
Output Impedance
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
• The hybrid equivalent model was used in the early years before the popularity
of the re model developed.
• The re model has the advantage that the parameters are defined by the actual
operating conditions, whereas the parameters of the hybrid equivalent circuit
are defined in general terms for any operating conditions.
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
H-parameters
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model
(APPLICABLE TO ALL THREE BASIC BJT MODELS)
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Common-emitter Configuration
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Common-base Configuration
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Model (removing hr and ho)
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Comparison of Hybrid vs re Model
HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Given IE = 2.5 mA, hfe = 140, hoe = 20 µS (µmho), and hob = 0.5 µS, determine the
common-emitter hybrid equivalent circuit.
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Fixed-Bias Configuration
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Example Problem
For the network shown, determine Zi, Zo, Av, and Ai.
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Voltage-Divider Configuration
For the voltage-divider bias configuration of Fig. 5.109 ,
the resulting small-signal ac equivalent network will
have the same appearance as Fig. 5.107 , with R B
replaced by
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Unbypassed Emitter-Bias Configuration
For the CE unbypassed emitter-bias configuration of Fig. 5.110 , the small-signal ac model will be the
same as Fig. 5.30 , with βre replaced by hie and βIb by hfeIb. The analysis will proceed in the same
manner.
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Emitter-Follower Configuration
For the emitter-follower of Fig. 5.38 , the small-signal ac model will match that of Fig. 5.111 ,
with βre = hie and β = hfe. The resulting equations will therefore be quite similar.
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Common-Base Configuration
APPROXIMATE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Example Problem:
For the network shown, determine Zi, Zo, Av and Ai.
 COMPLETE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
In this section, we employ the complete equivalent circuit to show the effect of hr and
define in more specific terms the effect of ho .
COMPLETE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Current Gain

Voltage Gain

Input Impedance

Output Impedance
COMPLETE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
Example Problem:
For the network shown, determine the following parameters using the complete
hybrid equivalent mode.
COMPLETE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
SOLUTION:
COMPLETE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL
SOLUTION:
HYBRID ∏ Model
The resistors r∏, ro , rb , and ru are the resistances between the indicated terminals of
the device when the device is in the active region. The resistance r∏ is simply βre as
introduced for the common-emitter re model.
HYBRID ∏ Model
C∏ and Cu
For low to mid frequencies all the capacitors that appear in Fig. 5.123 can be
considered open circuit because their reactance is very large.

βI’b or gm v∏
VARIATIONS OF TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS
TROUBLESHOOTING
if a system is not working properly, first disconnect the ac source and check the dc
biasing levels.
TROUBLESHOOTING
In a typical laboratory setting, the ac response at various points in the network is checked with an oscilloscope as
shown in Fig. 5.128 .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

• Audio Mixer
• Preamplifier
• Random-Noise Generator
• Sound-Modulated Light Source
SUMMARY
1. Amplification in the ac domain cannot be obtained without the application of dc
biasing level .
2. For most applications the BJT amplifier can be considered linear, permitting the
use of the superposition theorem to separate the dc and ac analyses and designs.
3. When introducing the ac model for a BJT:
a. All dc sources are set to zero and replaced by a short-circuit connection
to ground.
b. All capacitors are replaced by a short-circuit equivalent .
c. All elements in parallel with an introduced short-circuit equivalent should
be removed from the network.
d. The network should be redrawn as often as possible.
4. The input impedance of an ac network cannot be measured with an ohmmeter.
SUMMARY
5. The output impedance of an amplifier is measured with the applied signal set to
zero . It cannot be measured with an ohmmeter.
6. The output impedance for the re model can be included only if obtained from a
data sheet or from a graphical measurement from the characteristic curves.
7. Elements that were isolated by capacitors for the dc analysis will appear in the
ac analysis due to the short-circuit equivalent for the capacitive elements.
8. The amplification factor (beta, β, or hfe ) is the least sensitive to changes in
collector current , whereas the output impedance parameter is the most sensitive.
The output impedance is also quite sensitive to changes in VCE, whereas the
amplification factor is the least sensitive . However, the output impedance is the
least sensitive to changes in temperature , whereas the amplification factor is
somewhat sensitive.
SUMMARY
9. The re model for a BJT in the ac domain is sensitive to the actual dc operating
conditions of the network . This parameter is normally not provided on a
specification sheet, although hie of the normally provided hybrid parameters is
equal to βre , but only under specific operating conditions.
10. Most specification sheets for BJTs include a list of hybrid parameters to
establish an ac model for the transistor. One must be aware, however, that they are
provided for a particular set of dc operating conditions.
11. The CE fixed-bias configuration can have a significant voltage gain
characteristic, although its input impedance can be relatively low. The
approximate current gain is given by simply beta , and the output impedance is
normally assumed to be RC .
12.The voltage-divider bias configuration has a higher stability than the fixed-bias
configuration, but it has about the same voltage gain, current gain, and output
impedance . Due to the biasing resistors, its input impedance may be lower than
that of the fixed-bias configuration.
SUMMARY
13. The CE emitter-bias configuration with an unbypassed emitter resistor has a larger input
resistance than the bypassed configuration, but it will have a much smaller voltage gain than the
bypassed configuration. For the unbypassed or bypassed situation, the output impedance is
normally assumed to be simply RC .
14. The emitter-follower configuration will always have an output voltage slightly less than the
input signal . However, the input impedance can be very large , making it very useful for situations
where a high-input first stage is needed to “pick up” as much of the applied signal as possible. Its
output impedance is extremely low , making it an excellent signal source for the second stage of a
multistage amplifier.
15. The common-base configuration has a very low input impedance , but it can have a significant
voltage gain. The current gain is just less than 1, and the output impedance is simply RC .
16. The collector feedback configuration has an input impedance that is sensitive to beta and that
can be quite low depending on the parameters of the configuration. However, the voltage gain can
be significant and the current gain of some magnitude if the parameters are chosen properly. The
output impedance is most often simply the collector resistance RC .
SUMMARY
17. The collector dc feedback configuration uses the dc feedback to increase its stability
and the changing state of a capacitor from dc to ac to establish a higher voltage gain than
obtained with a straight feedback connection. The output impedance is usually close to RC
and the input impedance relatively close to that obtained with the basic common-emitter
configuration .
18. The approximate hybrid equivalent network is very similar in composition to that used
with the re model . In fact, the same methods of analysis can be applied to both models.
For the hybrid model the results will be in terms of the network parameters and the hybrid
parameters, whereas for the r e model they will be in terms of the network parameters
and β, re , and ro .
19. The hybrid model for common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector
configurations is the same. The only difference will be the magnitude of the parameters of
the equivalent network.
20. The total gain of a cascaded system is determined by the product of the gains of each
stage . The gain of each stage, however, must be determined under loaded conditions .
21. Because the total gain is the product of the individual gains of a cascaded system, the
weakest link can have a major effect on the total gain.
THANK YOU!