WDM Principles

Foreword

⚫ The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology is an advanced

technology for optical fiber communication. It is mature and has entered
the commercial use stage.
⚫ This course will help you gain a basic understanding of WDM principles.

2 Huawei Confidential
 Objectives

⚫ On completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Understand the basic concepts, principles, transmission modes, and basic
composition of WDM.
 Know the WDM transmission media.
 Have a good command of WDM technical principles and key technologies.

3 Huawei Confidential
 Contents

1. System Overview

2. WDM Transmission Media

3. Key Technologies of WDM

4 Huawei Confidential

• On the completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

▫ Understand the basic concepts of WDM.

▫ Have a good command of the basic principles, transmission modes, and

composition of WDM.
▫ Know the background and technical characteristics of WDM.
 How to Increase Network Capacity?

◼ TDM+WDM
◼ Largest rate
◼ Largest
◼ TDM ◼ WDM number of
◼ Higher bit ◼ Economic channels
rates ◼ Fast ◼ Largest system
◼ STM-16 -> ◼ Mature capacity
STM-64
◼ Higher cost
◼ SDM
and
◼ New optical
complexity
cable layout
◼ Time and cost

Capacity expansion solution

5 Huawei Confidential

• The linear transmission capability increase of space division multiplexing (SDM) is

implemented by adding optical fibers and transmission devices.
• Time division multiplexing (TDM) evolves from primary rate multiplexing into
quaternary groups in legacy PDH to STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, and STM-64
multiplexing in SDH. The capacity expansion has the following disadvantages:
▫ Disadvantage 1: Services are affected.

▫ Disadvantage 2: The rate upgrade is not flexible.

▫ Disadvantage 3: For a higher-rate TDM device, the cost is high, and the 40
Gbit/s TDM device has reached the rate limit of electronic components.
• WDM multiplexes optical signals at multiple rates (wavelengths) over one fiber
for transmission. The digital signals carried by these optical signals can have the
same rate and data format or different rates and data formats. New wavelengths
can be deployed on a network to expand the network capacity based on
customer requirements.
 What is WDM?

Refueling station

Highway

Patrol car

6 Huawei Confidential

• Legend:

▫ Highway: optical fiber

▫ Patrol car: supervisory signal

▫ Refueling station: optical regeneration (amplifier) station

▫ Gray car: client service

▫ Colored car: service on a different channel (wavelength)

▫ Lane: optical wavelength

• If an optical fiber is regarded as a multi-lane highway, a traditional TDM system

uses only one of the lanes. To improve the bit rate of the traditional system, the
speed on the lane must be increased to increase the traffic within a time unit.
However, a dense WDM (DWDM) system uses all these lanes on the highway to
fully utilize the fiber transmission capacity.
 WDM Concept
⚫ WDM refers to a technology that allows optical signals at multiple wavelengths to
transmit over one optical fiber.

λ1
SDH signal λ1 λ2 λn
IP package
λ2
ATM cells …

…
λn

7 Huawei Confidential

• The DWDM technology uses a number of wavelengths as carriers and transmits

the carrier channels over the same optical fiber. Generally, the DWDM
technology is in use with single-mode optical fibers because they have low loss
but provide large bandwidth. In contrast to a single channel system, DWDM
considerably enlarges the network capacity by fully utilizing optical fiber
bandwidth. It features simple expansion, reliable performance, and especially
direct access of multiple services, showing a bright future in application.
 WDM System Structure
⚫ Components of a WDM system that multiplexes N wavelengths:
 Optical transponder unit (OTU)
 Optical multiplexer unit/Optical demultiplexer unit (OMU/ODU)

Optical amplifier (OA) (Note: BA is short for booster amplifier, LA is short for line amplifier, and PA
is short for pre-amplifier.)
 Optical supervisory channel/Electrical supervisory channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU OTU
OM

OD
TU LU OA OA OA LU TU

TU LU LU TU
OSC OSC OSC

Cross-connect unit Cross-connect unit

8 Huawei Confidential

• An OTU converts diverse wavelengths to standard wavelengths specified by ITU-T

using the optical to electrical to optical (O/E/O) scheme. That is, a positive-
intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiode or an avalanche photodiode (APD) converts
received optical signals to electrical signals, and the electrical signals are
modulated based on the standard wavelength output by the laser to obtain new
optical signals over ITU-T-compliant WDM wavelengths.
• An OMU, located at the transmit end, is a component that has several input
ports and one output port. Each input port receives one optical signal. These
signals are transmitted together through the output port. An ODU, located at the
receive end, has one input port and several output ports and separates signals at
multiple wavelengths.
• An OA (such as BA/LA/PA) amplifies optical signals. An all-optical amplifier
features real-time, high gain, broad bandwidth, on-line, low noise, and low
attenuation. It is an essential component in a next-generation optical fiber
communication system. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and fiber Raman
amplifiers (RFAs) are commonly used in practice. Particularly, EDFAs have
outstanding performance and are extensively used as BAs, LAs, or PAs in optical
fiber communication systems that support long-haul, large-capacity, and high-
speed transmission.
• An OSC is set up to monitor WDM optical transmission systems. ITU-T
recommends the use of 1510 nm wavelength at 2 Mbit/s. The OSC can work
properly at low rates based on high receiver sensibility (better than –48 dBm).
However, it must be dropped before reaching an EDFA and be added after
reaching the EDFA.
 Transmission Mode (1)
⚫ Single-fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX DMUX

OTU
OTU

T
U

9 Huawei Confidential

• A single-fiber unidirectional WDM system uses two optical fibers. One fiber is
used to transmit optical signals in only one direction, and the other fiber is used
to transmit optical signals in the reverse direction.

• The WDM system can use the huge bandwidth resources of optical fibers, so that
the transmission capacity of each optical fiber can be increased by several to
dozens of times. In a long-haul transmission network, wavelengths can be added
gradually based on the actual service volume to implement capacity expansion.

• Most WDM systems on the live network use the single-fiber unidirectional
transmission mode.
 Transmission Mode (2)
⚫ Single-fiber bidirectional transmission

MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX

O O
OTU

OTU
T T
U U

10 Huawei Confidential

• A single-fiber bidirectional WDM system uses only one optical fiber to transmit
optical signals in two directions at the same time. The optical signals in the two
directions should use different wavelengths.

• When optical signals need to be amplified to extend the transmission distance,

components such as bidirectional optical fiber amplifiers and optical circulators
must be used. However, the noise figure is relatively poor.
 Application Mode (1)
⚫ Integrated system

MUX DMUX

Client device Client device

11 Huawei Confidential

• An integrated DWDM system does not use the wavelength conversion

technology. It requires that the wavelengths for optical signals of multiplexing
terminals comply with the DWDM system specifications. Different multiplexing
terminals send different ITU-T-compliant wavelengths. In this way, they occupy
different channels when connecting to a multiplexer for wavelength multiplexing.
• You can select different application modes according to the requirements of the
project. In practice, open DWDM and integrated DWDM can be used together.
 Application Mode (2)
⚫ Open system

MUX DMUX

O O
T T
OTU

OTU
U U

Client device Client device

12 Huawei Confidential

• An open DWDM system requires that the optical interfaces of multiplexing

terminals comply with ITU-T standards.
• The DWDM system uses the wavelength conversion technology to convert the
optical signals of multiplexing terminals into specified wavelengths. The optical
signals of different terminals are converted into different ITU-T-compliant
wavelengths, and then are multiplexed.
 Advantages of WDM
⚫ Ultra-large capacity and ultra-long haul transmission
⚫ Transparent transmission of data
⚫ Maximum investment protection during system upgrades
⚫ High networking flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and reliability
⚫ Compatibility with all-optical switching

13 Huawei Confidential

• Currently, a common optical fiber provides high bandwidth, but its utilization rate
is very low. The DWDM technology increases the transmission capacity of an
optical fiber by several, dozens of, or even hundreds of times the transmission
capacity of a single wavelength. Currently, the highest capacity of an optical fiber
transmission system in commercial use is 48 Tbit/s. Multiple Raman amplifiers
(forward/backward Raman + enhanced Raman) and a remote optical pumping
amplifier (ROPA) can implement a maximum single-span transmission distance of
400+ km over low-attenuation optical fibers.
• The DWDM system multiplexes and demultiplexes signals by optical wavelength,
regardless of the signal rate and electrical modulation mode. That is, the
multiplexing and demultiplexing are transparent to data. The WDM system can
carry service signals in various formats, such as ATM, IP, and possible signals in the
future. The WDM system transmits signals transparently. For service-layer signals,
each wavelength channel in the WDM system is similar to a virtual optical fiber.
• During network expansion and development, only optical transmitters and optical
receivers need to be replaced, and optical cables do not need to be reconstructed.
This is an ideal expansion method and also a convenient method for introducing
broadband services (such as CATV, HDTV, and B-ISDN). In addition, any new
service or capacity can be introduced by adding a wavelength.
• The new communication network using WDM technologies is more simplified than
that using traditional electrical TDM technologies, and has clear network layers.
The grooming of various services can be achieved by only adjusting the
wavelengths of corresponding optical signals. The simplified network structure,
clear network layers, and convenient service grooming bring about high flexibility,
cost-effectiveness, and reliability.
• All-optical switching: Service signals are directly groomed at the optical layer
without optical-to-electrical conversion.
 DWDM

Extended C band
Even wavelengths: 192.10 THz to 196.00 THz Even wavelengths: 191.30 THz to 196.00 THz
C band

Odd wavelengths: 192.15 THz to 196.05 THz Odd wavelengths: 191.35 THz to 196.05 THz

ITU-T G.694.1 Extended C band: 192 wavelengths at a 25 GHz channel spacing

C band: 160 wavelengths
32 wavelengths extended

196.075 THz 192.100 THz 192.075 THz 191.300 THz

14 Huawei Confidential

• The 160 wavelengths in the C band are classified into odd and even wavelengths.
The details are as follows:
▫ C-band odd wavelengths: There are 80 odd-numbered wavelengths in total.
The center frequency ranges from 192.150 THz to 196.050 THz (the center
wavelength ranges from 1529.16 nm to 1560.20 nm) and the frequency
spacing is 50 GHz.

▫ C-band even wavelengths: There are 80 even-numbered wavelengths in

total. The center frequency ranges from 192.100 THz to 196.000 THz (the
center wavelength ranges from 1529.55 nm to 1560.61 nm) and the
frequency spacing is 50 GHz.
• The 192 wavelengths in the extended C band are classified into odd and even
wavelengths. The details are as follows:
▫ Extended C-band odd wavelengths: There are 96 odd-numbered
wavelengths in total. The center frequency ranges from 191.350 THz to
196.050 THz (the center wavelength ranges from 1529.16 nm to 1566.72
nm) and the frequency spacing is 50 GHz.

▫ Extended C-band even wavelengths: There are 96 even-numbered

wavelengths in total. The center frequency ranges from 191.300 THz to
196.000 THz (the center wavelength ranges from 1529.55 nm to 1567.13
nm) and the frequency spacing is 50 GHz.
 CWDM

(dB/km)

(nm)
Coarse WDM (CWDM) systems generally work on bands ranging from
1271 nm to 1611 nm at a 20 nm spacing.

15 Huawei Confidential

• Compared with a DWDM system, a CWDM system provides a certain number of

wavelengths and a transmission distance within 100 km, which improves
flexibility while reducing system costs. Therefore, the CWDM system is mainly
applied to metro networks. CWDM provides high access bandwidth with low
costs. It is applicable to various popular network structures, such as point-to-
point, Ethernet, and SONET rings, especially for short-distance, high-bandwidth,
and dense access points. For example, CWDM applies to network communication
within buildings or between buildings.
 Quiz

1. (Multiple-answer question) Which of the following are the components of a

WDM system?
A. Optical transponder unit (OTU)

B. Optical amplifier (OA)

C. Optical multiplexer unit/Optical demultiplexer unit (OMU/ODU)

D. Optical supervisory channel/Electrical supervisory channel (OSC/ESC)

16 Huawei Confidential

• Answer: ABCD
 Contents

1. System Overview

2. WDM Transmission Media

3. Key Technologies of WDM

17 Huawei Confidential

• This chapter describes the structure, types, and features of optical fibers.

• Through this chapter, you will have a basic understanding of G.652, G.653, G.654,
and G.655 optical fibers as well as concepts such as dispersion.
 Optical Fiber Structure
⚫ An optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass fiber core and a glass cladding. The
outer layer is a flexible and wearable plastic sheath, and the entire optical fiber is
cylindrical.
Refraction

n2 Cladding
θ

Total reflection n1 Fiber core

Sheath

18 Huawei Confidential

• Factors, such as the fiber core diameter and refractive index of fiber and cladding
materials, determine optical fiber characteristics.
• The fiber core refractive index n1 must be higher than the cladding refractive
index n2, which is a necessary condition for transmitting optical signals in optical
fibers.
• Optical fibers can be classified into single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers by
transmission mode.

▫ In the case of a single-mode optical fiber, the diameter of the fiber core is
extremely small and generally smaller than 10 μm.
▫ In the case of a multi-mode optical fiber, the diameter of the fiber core is
large and generally about 50 μm.
 Light Guide Principles of Optical Fibers (1)
⚫ Light is transmitted in a straight line in a homogeneous medium, but reflection and
refraction occur on the boundary surfaces of two different media, as shown in the
following figure.

Incidence angle θ1 Reflection angle θ3

Air: n1 = 1

Glass: n2 = 1.5

Refraction angle θ2

Reflection and refraction of light

19 Huawei Confidential

• When a beam of light radiates to the surface of an object (such as glass) through
the air, the transmission speed slows down, and the transmission direction
changes at the same time. Therefore, the refractive index is measured by the
bending degree of light transmitted from one medium into another. In general,
when a beam of light radiates to the boundary of two media, it splits into two
beams as reflected light and refracted light, as shown in the preceding figure.
• According to the Snell's law, the incidence angle and refraction angle are equal
(θ1 = θ3), and the relationship between the incidence angle and refraction angle
meets n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2.
• Light travels at different rates in different media, which seem as if different
transmission media resist transmitting light at different levels. The parameter
used to describe this feature for the medium is named refractive index or index
of refraction. Therefore, if ν is the speed of light in a medium, and с is the speed
of light in vacuum, the refractive index can be determined by using the following
formula: n = с/ν.
• The following figure lists the refractive indexes of different media.

Material Air Water Glass Quartz Diamond

Refractive
1.003 1.33 1.52-1.89 1.43 2.42
Index
 Light Guide Principles of Optical Fibers (2)
⚫ Optical fiber transmission uses the principle of total reflection of light, as shown in
the following figure.

Air: n1 = 1

Glass: n2 = 1.5

Critical angle: θ

Total reflection of light

20 Huawei Confidential

• According to the Snell's law, the incidence angle and refraction angle are equal
(θ1 = θ3), and the relationship between the incidence angle and refraction angle
meets n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2. When the incidence angle is greater than a critical
angle θc, the light is completely reflected on the contact surface, and no
refraction light exists.
• Then, what will happen when light radiates from a medium with large refractive
index (such as the glass) into a medium with small refractive index (such as the
air)?

▫ As shown in the preceding figure, when the incidence angle θ (shown as

the dashed arrow in the figure) reaches a specific value, the refraction
angle (shown as the dashed arrow in the figure) is equal to 90°, and the
light no longer enters the second medium (air in this example). In this case,
the incidence angle is called critical angle θc. If the angle is further
increased to reach θ > θc, all the light will be reflected back to the incident
medium (shown as the solid arrow in the figure). Because all light is
reflected back to the incident medium, this phenomenon is called total
reflection.

• It is easy to understand that the attenuation of an optical fiber can be greatly

reduced when all light is completely reflected in the optical fiber, because the
light is basically transmitted in the fiber core area and does not enter the
cladding.
 Number of Fiber Modes
⚫ According to the number of transmission modes, optical fibers can be classified into
single-mode optical fibers and multi-mode optical fibers.

2b
2a
Light transmission inside a single-mode fiber

2b

2a
Light transmission in a step-index Light transmission in a graded-index
multi-mode fiber multi-mode fiber

21 Huawei Confidential

• Light is a kind of high-frequency electromagnetic wave. Based on the wave optics

and electromagnetic field theory, according to Maxwell's equations, in an optical
fiber, light is transmitted in tens and even hundreds of modes if the geometry
size of the fiber core is much larger than the optical wavelengths. The number of
transmission modes of an optical fiber varies depending on the fiber diameter.
Therefore, step-index fibers or graded-index fibers can be further classified into
single-mode optical fibers and multi-mode optical fibers by number of
transmission modes. A single-mode optical fiber transmits only one mode of
optical signals. The diameter of the fiber core is small and is generally within the
range of 5 μm to 10 μm. A multi-mode optical fiber transmits multiple modes of
optical signals. The diameter of the fiber core is large and has a typical size of
about 50 μm.
 Attenuation

dB/km

Multi-mode (850–900 nm)

O E S C L U
4

3 OH
-

800 900 12001300 1400 15001600 1700 nm

23 Huawei Confidential

• The attenuation of an optical fiber depends on absorption attenuation, scattering

attenuation, and bending attenuation.
• Absorption attenuation: This type of attenuation is caused by the fiber materials,
because the fiber materials absorb a fraction of the light passing through them.
It specially refers to the absorption caused by the presence of impurities, such as
metallic ions and OH- ions.
• Scattering attenuation: Generally, a microscopic bit of change in the fiber
material density and uneven concentration of SiO2, GeO2, and P2O5 ions can
cause uneven refraction in some parts inside an optical fiber. As a result,
scattering occurs. Some light power is scattered outside the optical fiber, and this
is scattering attenuation. Scattering attenuation also occurs due to impurities at
the core-cladding interface, strains, or bubbles generated in the optical fiber
during optical fiber manufacturing. The defect size is much greater than the
optical wavelength, and the scattering attenuation caused by these defects is
irrelevant to the wavelength. The attenuation curve moves upward, which means
that the attenuation increases. However, this type of attenuation is much lower
than the first type of attenuation.
• The attenuation coefficients of single-mode fibers (SMFs) in the 1310 nm and
1550 nm ranges are generally 0.3–0.4 dB/km and 0.17–0.25 dB/km respectively.
According to ITU-T G.652, the attenuation coefficients of optical fibers in the
1310 nm and 1550 nm ranges should be less than 0.5 dB/km and 0.4 dB/km
respectively.
 Dispersion

⚫ Chromatic dispersion (CD)

Power
Optical pulse signal

Transmission Transmission
L1 (km) L2 (km)

Time

24 Huawei Confidential

• When signals are carried over optical fibers, different mode components or
frequency components present in the signals have different group velocities.
Therefore, the signals diffuse during transmission, causing signal distortion. This
phenomenon is called dispersion.

• CD: The group velocities vary according to frequencies (or wavelengths) in the
light source. Light with different frequencies arrives at the fiber end with
different time delays. This type of dispersion is known as CD.
 CD Compensation
⚫ To mitigate the impact of CD, dispersion compensation modules (DCMs) are mainly used to
compensate for accumulated CD through their dispersion compensation fibers (DCFs).
⚫ The difference between a DCF and a common optical fiber is that the DCF has a negative
dispersion coefficient in the 1550 nm window. Because of this feature, the DCF is connected
to counterbalance the positive dispersion of the G.652/G.655 optical fiber.

Dispersion coefficient

G.652

Wavelength
Common DCF

Dispersion slope compensation fiber (DSCF)

25 Huawei Confidential

• DCF: dispersion compensation fiber

 PMD
⚫ Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)

Fast

Elliptical fiber core

Fiber profile
Slow
Delay difference

26 Huawei Confidential

• PMD is the dispersion caused by different speeds of two orthogonal polarization

states of optical signals.
• In an actual optical fiber, the fiber core cross section has a specific locality due to
the fiber manufacturing process. The uneven thermal expansion coefficients of
the fiber material cause anisotropic stresses on the fiber cross section, which
results in the fiber refractive index anisotropy. Therefore, the two polarized
modes have different propagation speeds, and the delay difference of group
velocities occurs, leading to PMD. PMD is a random value because it is caused by
random factors.

• In an actual WDM system, the system with a rate of 10 Gbit/s or lower is slightly
affected by PMD. For a 40G system, coding technologies can be used to improve
the PMD tolerance.
 Optical Fiber Categories
G.655: It has small dispersion
G.652: It is widely used in in the 1550 nm window
China and has zero and effectively controls the
dispersion in the 1310 nm non-linear effect.
window.

Dispersion coefficient

G.652 G.653: It has zero dispersion in the

1550 nm window and severe four-
17 ps/(nm·km) G.655 wave mixing (FWM).

G.653

Wavelength
1310 nm 1550 nm

27 Huawei Confidential

• The G.652 fiber is the widely used single-mode fiber that has the best 1310 nm
performance. It is also called the dispersion-unshifted fiber.
• The G.653 fiber has the best 1550 nm performance and is called dispersion-
shifted fiber (DSF). With the design of the fiber refractive index profile, the zero-
dispersion point is shifted to the 1550 nm window to match the minimum
attenuation window of the fiber. This makes the fiber transmission at an ultra-
high rate and for an ultra-long distance possible.

• The G.654 fiber is the cut-off shifted single-mode fiber. The design of this fiber
aims to decrease the attenuation in the 1550 nm window. The zero-dispersion
point is still around 1310 nm. Therefore, the dispersion in 1550 nm is high, and
can reach 18 ps/(nm·km). In this case, single-longitudinal mode lasers are
required to eliminate the impact of dispersion. The G.654 fiber is mainly applied
to submarine fiber communication that requires long regeneration sections.
• The G.655 fiber is a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber, which is
similar to the G.653 fiber. Therefore, a specific dispersion value is maintained
around 1550 nm, which avoids FWM during DWDM transmission. The fiber is
applicable to DWDM systems.
 Quiz

1. (Multiple-answer question) Which of the following statements about fiber

features are true?
A. The G.652 fiber is the single-mode fiber that has the best 1310 nm performance.

B. The G.653 fiber has the best 1550 nm performance and is called dispersion-unshifted
fiber (DSF).

C. The G.654 fiber is mainly applied to submarine fiber communication that requires long
regeneration sections.

D. The G.655 fiber is a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber and is applicable to

DWDM systems.

28 Huawei Confidential

• Answer: ACD
 Contents

1. System Overview

2. WDM Transmission Media

3. Key Technologies of WDM

29 Huawei Confidential

• If we want to turn DWDM into a commodity, how can we implement it on

hardware? This chapter describes the key technologies and implementation
methods of DWDM, including the light source, optical amplifier, and WDM
components.

• On the completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

▫ Understand the requirements and solutions of DWDM light sources.

▫ Understand the optical amplification technologies of DWDM.

▫ Understand the multiplexing and demultiplexing technologies of DWDM.

▫ Understand the optical supervisory channel (OSC) of DWDM.

 Key Technologies of WDM

⚫ Light source ⚫ Optical multiplexing

technologies and demultiplexing
technologies

Key technologies

⚫ Optical amplification ⚫ Supervisory technologies

technologies

30 Huawei Confidential

• In a WDM system, the key technologies are mainly classified into four major
technologies: light source technologies, optical multiplexing and demultiplexing
technologies, optical amplification technologies, and supervisory technology.
 Requirements on WDM Light Sources

1 High dispersion tolerance

Output of standard and stable

2
wavelengths

31 Huawei Confidential

• The dispersion tolerance is described as follows: If the dispersion tolerance of a

10 Gbit/s OTU board is 800 spa/nm, the dispersion coefficient is 20 ps/(nm·km)
(considering the dispersion redundancy of the system) and the dispersion limit
(L) is 40 km (L = 800/20 = 40) over the G.652 fiber. That is, when the
transmission distance exceeds 40 km, a DCM must be added for compensation.
Therefore, the larger the dispersion tolerance, the better.
 Modulation Technology
⚫ Modulation is a process in which information of a signal source is processed and added to a carrier to
make the information suitable for channel transmission. It is a technology in which a carrier changes
with a signal.
⚫ There are two types of modulation signals: analog signals and digital signals. Analog modulation
controls the parameters of carrier signals by analog signals. Digital modulation controls the parameters
of carrier signals by digital signals.
⚫ Digital modulation is an important method of modern communication, and it has many advantages
compared with analog modulation. Digital modulation has better anti-interference performance, better
performance withstanding the channel loss, and higher security. Error control techniques can be used in
digital transmission systems to support complex signal conditions and processing techniques such as
source coding, encryption, and equalization.

32 Huawei Confidential

• Modulation is a process in which information of a signal source is processed and

added to a carrier to make the information suitable for channel transmission. It is
a technology in which a carrier changes with a signal.

• Generally, information of a signal source (or information source) includes a direct

current component (DC component) and a frequency component with a
relatively low frequency, and is called a baseband signal.

• A baseband signal cannot be used as a transmission signal. It must be converted

into a signal with a very high frequency relative to the baseband frequency so
that it is suitable for channel transmission. This signal is called modulated signal,
and the baseband signal is called modulation signal.
• Modulation is implemented by changing the amplitude, phase, or frequency of a
high-frequency carrier (or carrier signal of a piece of information), so that the
carrier signal changes with the amplitude of a baseband signal. Demodulation is
a process in which a baseband signal is extracted from a carrier for a
predetermined receiver (or information sink) to process and understand.
 Modulation Mode
⚫ Non-coherent modulation
 Direct modulation
 Electro absorption (EA) modulation
 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) modulation
⚫ Coherent modulation

33 Huawei Confidential

• Direct modulation: It is also called internal modulation, and is used to directly

modulate the light source signal. This modulation mode controls the injection
current of the semiconductor laser to change the intensity of light waves output
by the laser.
▫ Generally, direct modulation on common G.652 fibers can implement
transmission at a rate up to 2.5 Gbit/s over a distance up to 100 km. It
generally applies to CWDM systems.
• EA modulation: It does not directly modulate the light source. In this modulation
mode, an external modulator is used on the output path of the light source to
modulate the light wave. This modulator is equivalent to a switch.
▫ The laser of EA modulation is complex, the loss is large, and the cost is
high. However, EA modulation has a small modulation frequency chirp, and
can be applied to a system with a transmission rate of 2.5 Gbit/s or higher
and a transmission distance of over 300 km. Therefore, in a DWDM system
that uses an optical line amplifier, a laser of the transmitter part is
generally a laser in EA modulation mode.
• Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) modulation: An M-Z modulator splits input light into two
equal channels of signals, which enter its two optical paths. On the two optical
paths, electro-optic material is used and the refractive index of the material
varies with the strength of the externally fed electrical signal. Because a
refractive index change on the optical paths will cause a change in the signal
phase, the combined optical signal at the output end of the two optical paths is
an interference signal with varying strengths. In this manner, information carried
on electrical signals is transformed onto optical signals, achieving modulation
based on the strength of optical signals. The frequency chirp of a separated
externally modulated laser can be equal to zero. Compared with an EA
modulated laser, the separated externally modulated laser has high cost.
 PDM Modulation Technology (1)
⚫ Pulse density modulation (PDM)
 A polarization beam splitter (PBS) splits a beam of laser light into two perpendicular
polarizations: x-pol and y-pol.

Polarization of a
photon
Transmission Splitting polarized
di rection of optical signals to the x-pol
si gnals

Splitting polarized
signals to the y-pol

a. Laser signal (electromagnetic wave) b. Passing through the PBS c. Signals split into the x -pol and y-pol

34 Huawei Confidential

• PDM modulation

▫ Step 1: At the transmit end, the PBS splits the laser light into two
perpendicular polarizations (x-pol and y-pol).

• 40G/100G coherent modulation technologies:

▫ ePDM-QPSK, short for enhanced Polarization Division Multiplexing-
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, is the best solution for 100G WDM
transmission.

▫ ePDM-BPSK, short for enhanced Polarization Division Multiplexing-Binary

Phase Shift Keying, is the solution for 40G ultra-long haul WDM
transmission.
 PDM Modulation Technology (2)
⚫ PDM modulation
 A polarization beam combiner (PBC) combines the modulated optical signals in
polarizations on the x-pol and y-pol into one optical fiber.

QPSK-modulated signal
on the x-pol

QPSK-modulated signal
on the y-pol

35 Huawei Confidential

• PDM modulation:
▫ Step 2: After the laser at the transmit end is split into two parts in
polarizations x and y, QPSK/BPSK modulation is performed on the two
polarized light (on the x-pol and y-pol). The PBC combines the modulated
optical signals in polarizations x and y into one optical fiber, and then the
signals are multiplexed and amplified for optical cable transmission.
• Traditional WDM modulation implements amplitude modulation. Both PDM-
BPSK and PDM-QPSK modulate signal phases.
• The 100G coherent transmission system uses the PDM and QPSK technologies to
reduce the electrical-layer processing rate. For the current electrical technology,
the 40 Gbit/s rate is close to the bottleneck limit. Higher rate brings about more
signal loss, power consumption, electromagnetic radiation (interference), and
impedance match problems, which cost much financially and technically.
▫ In PDM, one optical signal is divided into two polarizations, and the signal
is then modulated onto the two polarizations. This procedure is equivalent
to splitting a data stream into two parts, reducing the data rate by half.
▫ For QPSK, a phase equals to two bits, which has the same effect as dividing
data into two parts, and therefore the rate is reduced by half.
▫ For 100G (112 Gbit/s) signals, the actual data baud rate is only 28G baud
(112/2/2 = 28).
• A 40G coherent transmission system can use PDM-BPSK modulation, and a phase
of the BPSK indicates a digital bit. In this way, the decision accuracy and
transmission nonlinear capability are improved.
 QPSK Modulation Technology
28 Gbit/s
data I
Pre- Input Signal Signal Output Phase
coder Cosωt
I Q θ
+
Optical signal on 0 0 π/4
the x-pol Σ
- 0 1 3π/4
π/2
Pre- Sinωt s(t) = I x Cosωt – Q x Sinωt = √2 Cos(ωt+θ) 1 1 5π/4
28 Gbit/s coder Q 1 0 7π/4
data

Mapping relationship (constellation diagram)

Stream Q
01 00
θ I
I

11 10

Q
The distribution diagram of signal vector endpoints is
called a constellation diagram. The constellation
diagram completely and clearly expresses the
QPSK mapping relationship of digital modulation, and
digital modulation is often referred to as
constellation modulation.

36 Huawei Confidential

• QPSK first converts two channels of 28 Gbit/s digital signals (2 bits) into the I-
channel component (real part) and Q-channel component (imaginary part) in
the optical field, and then converts them into a phase signal θ after calculation
using the following formula: s(t) = I x Cosωt – Q x Sinωt = √2 Cos(ωt + θ). This
phase signal contains 2 bits. The value of θ can be π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4, and 7π/4,
which represent 00, 01, 11, and 10 respectively.
 Coherent Detection Technology
⚫ Coherent detection
 At the receive end, the received signal light is divided into two parts. One is allocated to
the x-pol and the other is allocated to the y-pol.

Splitting polarized
signals to the x-pol

Splitting polarized
signals to the y-pol

37 Huawei Confidential

• Coherent detection:

▫ Step 3: A local oscillator (LO) laser that has the same frequency as the
received signal is used to implement coherent processing between the LO
laser signal and received signal to restore the amplitude, phase, and
polarization state information from the received signal.
A coherent light consists of two light waves that meet the coherent condition.

Coherent condition: In the area where they meet, the two light waves
① Have the same oscillation direction.

② Have the same oscillation frequency.

③ Have the same phase or maintain a constant phase relationship with each
other.

Two coherent light waves interfere with each other within the area where they
meet.
Comparison Between Modulation Technologies

Modulation Technology Direct modulation EA modulation M-Z modulation Coherent modulation

Dispersion Tolerance
1200~4000 7200~12800 > 12800 40000
(ps/nm)

Cost Medium High Quite high Quite high

Wavelength Stability Good Relatively good Very good Excellent

38 Huawei Confidential
 OA Types

EDFA Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

RFA Raman fiber amplifier

OA

OA
39 Huawei Confidential

• Optical fiber amplifiers (OFAs) can be classified into rare earth ion doped OFAs
and non-linear OFAs. Rare earth ion doped OFAs amplify optical signals using the
simulated radiation mechanism, and non-linear OFAs amplify optical signals
using the non-linear effect of optical fibers. Among OFAs, EDFAs and RFAs are
practical.
• OAs do not need to convert optical signals to electrical signals and then convert
electrical signals back to optical signals. This feature helps form two advantages
over regenerators for OAs.

▫ First, OAs support any bit rates and signal formats, and simply amplify all
received signals. This attribute is generally described as that OAs are
transparent to any bit rates and signal formats.

▫ Second, OAs not only support the amplification of a single signal

wavelength, which is similar to a regenerator, but also support optical
signal amplification within a specific wavelength range. In addition, only
OAs support the TDM and WDM networks with multiple bit rates, various
modulation formats, and different wavelengths.

• Actually, WDM technologies play an important role in optical fiber

communication only after OAs, especially EDFAs, become available. The EDFA is
the most popular OA. It has transformed the theories of WDM and all-optical
network into reality.
 Working Principles of EDFAs

E3 excited state

1550 nm
signal photon
E2 metastable state
Stimulated radiation

1550 nm
signal photon
980 nm
pump photon
E1 ground state

⚫ Er3+ ion energy level diagram

40 Huawei Confidential

• Erbium-doped fibers are the key components of EDFAs and contain Er3+ ions of a
certain concentration. Before illustrating the working principle of EDFAs, this
course introduces the energy level diagram of erbium ions. The outer-shell
electrons of an erbium ion occupy three energy levels (E1, E2, and E3). E1 is the
ground state, E2 the metastable state, and E3 the high-energy state.
▫ When a high-energy pump laser is used to simulate an erbium-doped fiber,
a large number of bound electrons of the erbium ion are simulated from
the ground state to high-energy state (E3).

▫ However, the high-energy state is unstable, and therefore the erbium ion
soon undergoes radiationless decay (photons are not released) and enters
the metastable state E2.

▫ E2 is a metastable energy state, at which a particle can exist for a long

time. The particles simulated by the pump laser continuously assemble to
this state in radiationless transition mode, achieving distribution for
population inversion.

▫ When optical signals with a 1550 nm wavelength traverse the erbium-

doped fiber, particles at the metastable state transit to the ground state in
stimulated radiation mode and generate the same photons as incident
signal photons. In this way, photons in the signal light are increased, and
signals are continuously amplified when traversing the erbium-doped fiber.
 EDFA Structure

Signal input Optical splitter Isolator Coupler Isolator Optical splitter Signal output

TAP TAP

Erbium-doped fiber

Pump light source

Photoelectric Photoelectric
detection PIN detection PIN

41 Huawei Confidential

• EDFA: It is a key component of the next-generation optical communication

system. It has the advantages of high gain, high output power, large working
optical bandwidth, independent of polarization, low noise figure, and
independent of system bit rates and data formats. It is an indispensable key
component in a large-capacity DWDM system.
• Erbium-doped fiber: It is one of the most important parts of the EDFA. The fiber
length is about 10 m to 30 m. During manufacturing, erbium is doped to the
quartz fiber core. Therefore, the fiber is called an erbium-doped fiber.

• Isolator (ISO): One isolator is configured before the erbium-doped fiber and
another is configured after the erbium-doped fiber to transmit optical signals in a
single direction.

• Pump light source: 980 nm and 1480 nm pumping supplies are the most
common ones. This is because the 1480 nm pump light source has the highest
laser efficiency, and the 980 nm pump light source has a low noise figure and the
second highest efficiency. The function is to enable the erbium ion to transit from
the low-energy state to the high-energy state.

• Coupler: It combines signal light and pump light and injects them into the
erbium-doped fiber.

• Photoelectric detector: It converts optical/electrical signals. There are two kinds of

commonly used semiconductor photodetectors: PIN photodiode and APD
avalanche photodiode.
 EDFA Characteristics

Advantage Disadvantage

⚫ Operating wavelength
⚫ Fixed gain range
consistent with the minimum ⚫ Gain unflatness
attenuation window of ⚫ Optical surge problem
single-mode fibers
⚫ High coupling efficiency
⚫ High energy conversion
efficiency
⚫ High gain, low noise figure,
and high output power
⚫ Good gain stability

42 Huawei Confidential

• Main advantages of EDFAs:

▫ High coupling efficiency: EDFAs can be easily interconnected with
transmission fibers.
▫ High energy conversion efficiency: The diameter of the erbium-doped fiber
core is smaller than that of the transmission fiber core, and both the signal
light and pump light are transmitted over the erbium-doped fiber.
Therefore, the light energy is concentrated, enabling adequate interaction
between light and gain medium (Er ions). With the erbium-doped fiber of a
proper length, the light energy conversion efficiency is high.
▫ Good gain stability: EDFAs are insensitive to temperature, and the gain is
independent of polarization. The gain is independent of system bit rates
and signal formats.
• Main disadvantages of EDFAs:
▫ Fixed gain bandwidth range: Due to the differences between energy levels
of Er ions, the operating wavelength range of EDFAs can only be in the
1550 nm window.
▫ Gain unflatness: The gain bandwidth of EDFAs is large but not flat. During
application in WDM systems, a special technology must be used to optimize
the gain flatness.
▫ Optical surge: The input optical power can be increased quickly using
EDFAs, but the dynamic gain of the EDFAs changes slowly. Therefore,
optical surge may occur in case of a step change of the input signals. That
is, an input optical power peak occurs. Optical surge is more severe when
EDFAs are cascaded. The peak optical power can be several walts, which
may damage O/E converters and optical connector endfaces.
 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
λ1~ λn

λ1~ λn Gain

EDFA
Pin Pout

The gain remains unchanged.

Gain = Pout/Pin, which remains unchanged

Input optical power: Pin Coupler EDF Output optical power: Pout

Splitter Pump Splitter

PIN DSP PIN

43 Huawei Confidential

• The gain locking of an EDFA is an important issue. As a WDM system is a multi-

wavelength working system, if the signals of certain wavelengths are lost, the
energy of the WDM system is shifted to the signals that are not lost due to gain
competition, thereby increasing the power of other wavelengths. At the receive
end, the sudden level increase may cause bit errors. In extreme cases, if seven of
the eight wavelengths are lost, all the power will be concentrated on the
remaining wavelength, and the power may reach about 17 dBm. This will result
in a strong nonlinear effect or the receive power overload of the receiver, as well
as a large number of bit errors.

• There are many technologies for locking the EDFA gain. The typical method is to
control the gain of a pump light source. The internal monitoring circuit of the
EDFA monitors the ratio of the input power to the output to control the output
of the pump source. When some signals of the input wavelengths are lost, the
input power decreases and the ratio of the output power to the input power
increases. Through the feedback circuit, the output power of the pump source is
reduced to keep the EDFA gain (output/input) unchanged. In this way, the total
output power of the EDFA is reduced, and the output signal level is stable.
 Working Principles of a Raman Amplifier
⚫ Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)

Gain
Pump

30 nm

13 THz (70–100 nm)

Gain
Pump 1Pump 2 Pump 3

30 nm
70–100 nm

44 Huawei Confidential

• In a common optical fiber system, the optical power is low, and the optical fiber
has linear transmission characteristics. When the incident optical power of the
light into an optical fiber (non-linear optical medium) is rather high, the high-
energy (short-wavelength) pump light scatters to transfer a small portion of the
incident optical power to the beam whose frequency is down shifted. The amount
of frequency shift depends on the vibration mode of the medium. This process is
called Raman effect. In quantum mechanics, the process is described as that a
photon of the incident wavelength is scattered to a low-frequency photon, and
the molecule performs the transition between the vibration states. The incident
photon is referred to as pump light, and the low-frequency frequency-shift
photon is called Stokes wave.
• Common Raman scattering requires very high laser power. However, in optical
fiber communication, the diameter of a single-mode fiber as a nonlinear medium
is very small (generally less than 10 μm). The single-mode fiber can be used to
restrict the interaction between the high-strength laser field and the medium to
a very small sectional area. This greatly increases the optical power density of the
incident optical field. In a low-loss fiber, the action between the optical field and
the medium can be kept in a long distance. The energy coupling in the process is
very robust, which makes it possible to utilize SRS in the fiber.
• The quartz fiber has a wide SRS gain spectrum with a wide gain peak around 13
THz that the pump light frequency is down shifted. If a weak signal and a strong
pump light are transmitted in an optical fiber simultaneously, and the
wavelength of the weak signal is within the range of Raman gain bandwidth of
the pump light, the weak signal light can be amplified. An optical amplifier based
on the SRS mechanism is called a Raman amplifier. The gain of the Raman
amplifier is on-off gain, which is the difference of the output power values when
the amplifier is enabled and disabled.
 Raman Amplifier Characteristics

Advantage Disadvantage

⚫ Flexible gain range ⚫ High pump power

⚫ Simple structure ⚫ Low energy conversion

efficiency
⚫ Use of the non-linear effect
⚫ High costs
⚫ Low noise

45 Huawei Confidential

• The Raman amplifier has three prominent characteristics:

▫ The gain wavelength of a Raman amplifier is determined by pump light

wavelengths. Theoretically, optical signals of any wavelength can be
amplified if only the pump light wavelengths are proper. Raman fiber
amplifiers or RFAs can amplify optical signals in the band that EDFAs
cannot amplify. When multiple pump sources are used, RFAs can obtain a
gain bandwidth much larger than that of EDFAs (whose gain bandwidth is
only 80 nm due to limitation of the energy state transition mechanism).
Therefore, the entire low-loss bandwidth range of fibers, which is from
1270 nm to 1670 nm, can be developed.
▫ The gain medium is the transmission fiber. In this way, RFAs can amplify
optical signals online, which constitutes distributed amplification and
achieves remote pumping and long-haul transmission without regeneration.
RFAs are especially suitable for submarine optical cable communication
where it is inconvenient to deploy repeaters. In addition, amplified optical
signals are distributed along the fiber instead of being concentrated.
Therefore, the optical power is low, which can reduce the non-linear effect,
especially the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect.

▫ The noise figure is low. When being used with EDFAs, RFAs can significantly
lower the system noise figure and extend the transmission distance.
 OA Application

OTU OTU
...

...
OM

OD
OA OA OA

OTU OTU

Booster amplifier (BA) Line amplifier (LA) Pre-amplifier (PA)

46 Huawei Confidential

• According to the position in a DWDM optical transmission network, EDFAs can be

classified into booster amplifiers (BAs), line amplifiers (LAs), and pre-amplifiers
(PAs).

• BA: It is mainly used at the transmit end. It is located after the multiplexer to
increase the power of multiplexed signals and then transmit the signals. Because
the power of multiplexed signals is generally high, there is no high requirement
on the noise figure or gain of the BA; however, it is required that the output
power be relatively high after amplification.

• LA: It is used on the line to periodically compensate for the line transmission loss.
Generally, a small noise figure and a large output optical power of the LA are
required.
 Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

TFF
TFF Thin film filter

AWG
AWG Arrayed waveguide grating

λ1 λ2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ1 λ2
λ2 λn
OM

OD
...

...
...

λn

Optical multiplexer Optical demultiplexer

48 Huawei Confidential

• The core components of a WDM system are wavelength division multiplexing

components, which are optical multiplexers and demultiplexers. They are actually
optical filters, and their performance largely determines the performance of the
entire system.

• A multiplexer mainly combines multiple signal wavelengths into one optical fiber
for transmission. A demultiplexer mainly separates multiple signal wavelengths
transmitted over the same optical fiber.

• WDM components determine WDM system performance. The requirements are

as follows: There is plenty of multiplexed channels, the insertion loss is low, the
crosstalk attenuation is large, and the passband range is wide.
• Theoretically, a multiplexer is the same as a demultiplexer. Their only difference
lies in the optical signal input and output directions.
 Thin Film Filter (TFF)

λ1–λ4
λ1 filter

Self-focusing lens
λ1

λ3 filter
λ2

λ3

λ4 Glass

49 Huawei Confidential

• A TFF comprises tens of alternating layers of high- and low-refractive-index thin

films, which are made of different materials and have varying thickness. The
thickness of each thin film is 1/4 of a wavelength.

• The TFF allows passband transmission of required wavelengths, but blocks those
unwanted wavelengths through a stopband, exhibiting the required filtering
characteristic.

• The main features of a TFF multiplexer are as follows: The component is small-
factor with stable structure, signal passband is flat and independent from
polarization, insertion loss is low, and channel spacing is proper. The
disadvantage is that the number of channels is not large.
• In a WDM system, it is ideal to use TFFs as multiplexers when only 4 to 16
wavelengths need to be multiplexed.
 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)

Waveguide array
W1

Wn
Fiber array

λ1 + λ2 + λ3 + …λn λ1

λn

50 Huawei Confidential

• AWG is a planar waveguide device developed based on optical integration

technologies. Typically, an AWG is fabricated by depositing a thin layer of silicon
dioxide (SiO2) glass on the silicon chip and printing it into required pattern using
photolithography.

• AWGs are commonly used as multiplexers/demultiplexers in DWDM systems. One

outstanding representative of AWGs was developed by NTT (in Japan). This AWG
has small wavelength spacing, supports many channels, and provides flat
passband. It is very suitable for ultra-high speed and large-capacity WDM
systems.
 Supervisory Technologies

TFF
OSC Optical supervisory technology

AWG
ESC Electrical supervisory technology

51 Huawei Confidential

• Supervisory technologies can be classified into optical supervisory technology and

electrical supervisory technology.
 Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)
⚫ Requirements on the OSC:
 The pump optical wavelength on the OA board should not be restricted.
 Services in the 1310 nm window in future should not be restricted.
 The OSC is still valid when the OA board fails.
 The OSC supports ultra-long haul transmission and provides the function of span-specific
bidirectional transmission.
OSC OSC
OTU1
OTU1 OTU1

FIU

FIU
SCC

SCC
OTU2
OTU2 OTU2

OD
OM
OTU2
OTU3
OTU3 OTU3
OTU3
OTU4
OTU4 OTU4
OTU4

52 Huawei Confidential

• According to ITU-T Recommendations, the OSC of a DWDM system should be

completely independent of the main channel, and the independence of the OSC
from the main channel is fully reflected in the signal flow.

▫ In the transmit direction of an optical terminal multiplexer (OTM) site, the

OSC is connected to the main channel only after the main channel is
multiplexed and amplified. In the receive direction, the OSC is first
separated, and then the system performs pre-amplification and
demultiplexing for the main channel.

▫ In the transmit direction of an optical line amplifier (OLA) site, the OSC is
the last to be connected. In the receive direction of the OLA site, the OSC is
the first to be separated.

• It can be seen that during the entire transmission process, the OSC is not involved
in amplification, but is terminated and regenerated at each site. This is the
opposite of the main channel. The main channel participates in optical power
amplification of the entire process, but is not terminated or regenerated on the
entire line.

• OSC wavelength: 1510 nm

• OSC rate: 2 Mbit/s

• Receiver sensitivity of an OSC: up to –48 dBm

 OSC Frame Structure

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 ... TS14 TS15 TS16 ... TS31

TS0 FA framing byte TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1 to D12 bytes

53 Huawei Confidential

• FA: framing byte

• E1 and E2: orderwire phone

• ALC: automatic level control

• F1, F2, and F3: transparent transmission of data in the same direction

• D1 to D12: DCC bytes

 Electric Supervisory Channel (ESC)
⚫ Feature:
 Simple structure and low costs
 Redundancy backup
 Optimized optical power budget
 Reduced system complexity

OTU1 OTU1
SCC

OTU2 OTU2
OM

SCC
OD
OTU3 OTU3
OTU4 OTU4

54 Huawei Confidential

• The SCC board sends supervisory information to an OTU board, and the OTU
board encapsulates signals into its signal transmission unit frame (OTN frame
structure, SDH frame structure, or using the pilot-tone technology).

• The ESC saves the investment for OSC and FIU boards, disregards the insertion
loss of the FIU boards, and improves the optical power budget.
 Quiz

1. (Single-answer question) Which of the following is not an advantage of

EDFAs?
A. High gain

B. High output power

C. Large working optical bandwidth

D. Gain flatness

55 Huawei Confidential

• Answer: D
 Summary

⚫ WDM overview
⚫ WDM transmission media
⚫ Key technologies of WDM

56 Huawei Confidential
Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

Co pyright© 2021 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

A l l Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive

statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors
that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei
may change the information at any time without notice.