Lab 5

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT

BY THE STOKES METHOD

I. Equipment:
MN-971A include:
- Glass tubes 95cm high, carved of 2mm / line
- Lubricant with viscosity coefficient
- Steel balls
- Hopper oriented the dropping steel balls
- Small Magnets to get the steel balls out of liquids
- Device to measure the fall time of steel balls
- Two sensors
- Vernier caliper 0-25mm, accuracy 0.01mm.
II . Theory
When laminar fluid flow following the parallel
z
direction to the Ox asix in a cylinder, orientation velocity
v of the molecules in the liquid layer has decreased to 0
dz v+dv
values in the direction Oz (perpendicular to Ox) from the
center O to the wall (Figure 1). The difference in the x
0
orientation velocity of the liquid layer is due to the
contact surface between these layers appeared the internal
friction so that obstruct their relative motion.
The internal friction can be explained according to Hình 1
the kinetic molecular theory, by the exchange of
molecules momentum between layers of liquid with different velocity direction. The
molecules of the fast-moving layer A, diffuses into slow motion layer B, passed down to the
molecular momentum of layer B, which increases the speed of orientation for layer B. In
contrast, the molecules of the slow moving layer B, diffuse into fast-moving layer A, dynamic
collapse the momentum of the molecules of layer A, than reduce the velocity of the layer A.
Experiment shows that the value of internal friction Fms between 2 liquid layers with
velocity is v and v + dv, is separated by a distance dz along the Oz, is proportional to the
gradient velocity Following Oz dv/dz and is proportional to the surface area S between the
two layers of fluid move relative to each other:
dv
Fms   S (1)
dz
The coefficient is called viscosity coeficient of fluid. Values of  depend on the
liquid and decreases when the temperature rises. The unit of  is kg / m.s.
II . Experiment methods
 2
r Assume there small steel balls with radius r falling
3
z vertically with velocity v of the liquid, the liquid layer on
the surfaces of adhesive beads and move along with the
same velocity v. Due to the effect of internal friction,
x v
fluid layer will pull other layers lying near it move along.
Hình 2
2r
Experiment shows on the distance from the outside
3
steel balls away, the velocity of the liquid layer decreases from v to 0 (Figure 2). Meanwhile
the gradient velocity with Oz:
dv v  0 3v
 
dz 2r 2r (2)
3
According to the formula (1), internal friction between adhesive liquid layers on the
outer surface of the steel balls, (an area S = 4 .r 2 , r: radius of steel balls) and the liquid
layers contact with it have value:
dv 3v
1 Fms   S   4 r 2 hay Fms = 6.r.v (3)
9 1 dz 2r
1
2
3 This formula is called Stokes fomula, it said that
internal friction Fms increase propotional to the velocity v, and
Hình 3
4 just right for the velocity v is not large (as a few m / s) of steel
balls moving in liquid infinitely wide.
The viscosity coefficient  can determine by the
5 Stokes method through the device MN-971A (Figure 3), which
includes a glass tube 2 containing a liquid 3 is kept upright on
the rack 9, two magnet sensors from 4 and 5 are connected to a
10 8
timer device in the front of the box 8.
When the steel balls with mass m drop through the
6
hopper than falls in the liquid, the marble are affected by three
7 forces:

value by:
4
P  mg   .r 3 1.g (4)
3

With r is the radius and  1 bulk density of steel balls, g is the gravitational acceleration.
- Acsimet force FA is vertical direction from the bottom up and has value by the weight of the
liquid being occupied by the steel balls:
 4
FA   r 3 . .g (5)
3
With  là bulk density of liquid
 The internal friction Force FC is vertically from the bottom up and have value by:
Fc  6 . .r. (6)
With v is velocity and  is viscosity coefficient of liquid
dv
Under the effect of the forces mentioned above, marble will move with acceleration: a 
dt
following the second Newton laws:
dv
m  P  FA  FC (7)
dt
The acceleration a make the velocity v of steel balls gradually increase, on the other hand
when v increases, internal friction increases. When V reaches the value vo, the Acsimet force
and internal friction will completely eliminate gravity P, steel balls will reach uniform speed
motion
Give equation (7) is 0 and follow the direction of steel balls motion, we have:
4 4
 .r 3 1.g   r 3 . .g  6 . .r.v0  0
3 3
2 ( 1   o ).r 2 .g
 (8)
9 vo
v0 can be determined by measuring the number of time interval movement  of steel balls
that are falling between two straight baseline 4 and 5 separated by a distance L
L
v0  .

Subtitute v0 in (8) with d is the diameter of the steel balls, we find:
1 ( 1   ).d 2 .g.
 (9)
18 L
In fact, liquid is not infinitely wide, it is contained in a cylinder with a finite diameter d. In
this case, the viscosity coefficient of the fluid is calculated using the formula:
1 ( 1   ).d 2 .g .
 (10)
18 L.(1  2, 4 d )
D
If you know  1 ,  , g , L , D the viscosity coefficient of the liquid can determine in a
simple way, by measuring the diameter d of steel balls and period  were between two
selected baseline. :

III. Procedure
1. Measure the diameter d of steel balls by Micrometer
1.1 Introducing Micrometer
 Micrometer is a measuring instrument with the accurate to 0.01 mm. Its structure
includes: a U-shaped bearing body screw 1 and fixed head 2; Along the screw body 1,
a double ruler with carving 0.50 mm apart division is staggered on both sides of the
horizontal standard line: the top half of the double ruler is integer lines of mm (N = 0,
1, 2 , 3, ... 25 mm), the lower half is semi-integer line (N '= 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 ... mm).
Round ruler 3 is cylinder shape, inside is connected with the fang bolt 4 with precise
lace, step 0.5mm, is screwed to the screw body through this exact lace system. When
the round ruler 3 rotate one round, fang bolt 4 will translational 0.5 mm. According to
the circular meter circumference, dividing it equally 50 scale marks, such as rotating
the ruler shifts 1 sclae mark versus horizontal baseline, fang bolt 4 will translational a
period equal to:
1
  0.5(mm).  0.01mm
50
: Accurateness of Micrometer

2 4 1

6 3 5

Hình 4

Accuracy of lace step, flatness and smoothness of the fang bolt head 4 and the fixed head
2, is the determining factor of precision Panme. To avoid damaging the lace system, othe
Micrometer is added a slidding spindle 5 attached to the tail of the round ruler 3. When the
screw turn out, rolling the round ruler 3, when we turn in, rolling the sliding spindle 5, until
the fang bolt 4 touch the materials that need to measure, induce the sound crackle.
A small lever grip 6 for fixing the fang bolt 4; when measuring, remember to move the
grip to the right, so that can rolling the round ruler..
Before the test point "0" of Micrometer should be check. Use clean cloth lightly wipe the
head face the fixed head 2 and fang bolt 4 (2 faces are polished like mirrors), turn slowly
spindle 5 until heard the sound crackles. Observe the bar "0" on round ruler 3. If Micrometer
has been adjusted correctly, the bar "0" on the round ruler 3 is coincide with the standard line
in screw body 1. In case the baseline is not coincide, asking the instructor to adjust, or record
the deviation "0" for later additions. If bar "0" is below the standard, the measurement results
must subtract 0,01n (mm) and vice versa.
To measure the diameter d of steel balls, put up the steel balls against the fixed head 2, and then
slowly turn the screw head 5 to fang bolt 4 enters into contact with steel balls until you hear a crackle
than stopped, move the grip 6 to the left side to inhibit the fang bolt 4.
 - If the edge of the round ruler is closed to the right size of N of integer line (above the baseline) of
the double ruler, also the standard line is coincides with m in round ruler, than the diameter of the ball:
d = N + 0,01.m (mm)
- If the edge of the round ruler is closed to the right size of N of semi-integer line (under the
baseline) of the double ruler, also the standard line is coincides with m in round ruler, than the
diameter of the ball:
d = N’ + 0,01.m = N + 0,5 + 0,01.m (mm).
Where N is the integer line (above range) is located adjacent the left of N '.
 Or: d = 0,5.k + 0,01.m (k is the total number of line that appear on the edges of
round ruler, do not count line 0)
1.2. Use Micrometer, perform five times the measurements of diameter d, recorded in table
1.
2 . Measue the time interval  of steel balls falling in liquids
2.1. Installation and adjustment of balance.
Drive the screws on the bottom of the box 8 (Figure 3) to adjust so that the glass tube 2
containing the liquid is vertical direction. Maintaining the head of the sensor 4 and 5 along the
bottom of the tube about 30 centimeters apart.
Plug the power grab of the physical device MN-971A into a power ~ 220V. Press the K
key on the machine: LED lights glow and the digits displayed in the window "TIME" and "N"
on the machine.
2.2 Adjusting the sensitivity of the sensor 4 and 5 of the time measurement device as
follows:
- Turn the knob 6 and 7 couter -clockwise on the lef position.
- Adjust the sensitivity of the sensor 5 (at the bottom) by turning the knob 7 slowly,
according clockwise to the right until the digits displayed on the window "TIME" began to
change status (from standing turn to jump number or vice versa), then stop, then return a little
to the left (about 1/3- 1/2 of its division). Need to repeat several times to find the exact
location of the knob threshold M (7), in which the counter flip status, to be able to put it in
position close to the left point M, sensitive enough to the ball passing sensor 5, timer must
turn over. This location can verify by tapping the ball into the face of the sensor 5 wall
damage: if the digits displayed on the window "TIME" change status 5 status, the sensor has
been adjusted sensitive enough to operate.
Perform the same movement for the knob 6 to adjust the sensitivity of the sensor 4
(above).
Finally click "RESET" to put the digits displayed on the windows are back to 0, the
system is ready to measure. Note that, we can only adjust status threshold flip for a sensor
when the other sensor is located in front of the threshold flip (left point M).
In case not to use the sensor, the measurement device MN-971A can be used as an
electronic stopwatch with an accuracy of 10-3s, layout buttons on the machine lid. Meanwhile
the adjustment knob (6), (7) turn to the left end.
 2.3. Measurement falling time of steel balls
Slight drop steel balls through hopper to fall vertically along the axis of the glass tube
containing the liquid. When the ball goes over the cross section of the sensor 4 or 5, it would
appear an electrical impulse effects start or stop the timer device. Period of steel balls 
falling on the distance L between the two sensors 4 and 5 on the display window TIME.
Perform this experiment 10 times with the same steel balls chosen. Read and write the
value of  in the display window "TIME" with each measurement in Table 1.
(To the left of the window "TIME" are displayed "N" to track the operation number of
the sensors 4 and 5: each steel balls passing through a sensor, digit displays in the window
"N" is increased by one unit).

Note: If the steel balls goes through the two sensors 4 or 5, that one or both of these
sensors does not work, then we have done from the beginning movements 2-2 more
carefully.

After each measurement, taking steel balls out of the tubing 11 by using a small magnet
(placed in box 10), pressed into the tube magnets 11 at the steel balls position and move
magnets gently to let the steel balls followed, sliding along the body 11 up to the mouth of
this pipe. Wait for lubricant adhesion on steel balls dripping off, than took it out and placed on
a paper sheet.

2.4. Read and record the following data in the table 1

IV. Question
1. Explain the emergence of internal friction, stating the basic theory and written
expression of this force. The unit of fluid viscosity coefficient.
2. Presentation Stokes method of determination of fluid viscosity. Explain the causes and
charateristic of force against the motion of the steel balls fall in the liquid.
3. How the speed of the steel balls fall in liquid change? Why the fall time measurements
of the steel balls are made at the end of the glass tube?
4. Under what conditions, we can calculate the viscosity coefficient of fluid by the formula
(9) or formula (10)?
5. Apply formulas (11), demonstrated relative error of viscosity coefficient.
 Report Instruction

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT BY THE STOKES METHOD

Instructor’s confirmation

School:......................................

Class: ................ Group: ..........

Full name: ................................

I. Objective

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

II. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

A. Small steel balls
Table 1
- Accuracy * Bulk density :
- micrometer : ...0,01........... (mm) - steel ball  1 = ........... .±………... (kg/m3)
- Timer device : ..0,001...(s) - Lubricant  = 895±89 (kg/m3)
- Diameter of cylinder : * Distance between two sensor :
D = 35,00 ±0,02(mm) L = ................±……………. (m)
- Room temperature: t 0 C = ...............
d d  
Number (mm) (mm) (s) (s)

1
2
3
4
5

Average d .............. d ................  ................  ................

B. Big steel balls: Similar table for two types, big and small steel balls, calculate the results)
Notice: Absolute error of d, m, τ, L is determined by total error induce by instrument error
and average error of the number of measurement:
d   d  dc  d ......................................( mm)
   (  ) dc    ...........................................( s)
………………………………………………………..
m  1  m d
Bulk density of steel balls:  1  ; Relative error:   3
1 3 1  m d
 .d
6
2
1 ( 1   ).d .g.
Vicosity coefficient of liquid:   and relative error:
18 d
L.(1  2,4 )
D
   1   g  L 1  d D 
      (2 D  2,4d )  2,4d
 1   g  L D  2,4d  d D 

1. Identify the bulk density of the steel balls and the viscosity coefficient of fluid (lubricant)
a. Relative error of the bulk density of steel balls and viscosity coefficient 
b. The average value of the bulk density and viscosity coefficient 
c. Absolute error of the bulk density of steel balls and viscosity coefficient 
2. Write the results of the measurements

IV Results

Small steel balls

η =    η = ......................................  ....................................... (kg/m.s)

Big steel balls

η =    η = ......................................  ....................................... (kg/.ms)