Mariana Damayanti

20191102016
Final Test of English Morphology and Syntax

1. A sentence: a group of words that expresses a complete thought. It contains a subject and a
verb. A sentence can be a single clause or several clauses. A sentence which contains a single
(independent) clause is known as a simple sentence. A complex sentence is one that contains
one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A compound sentence contains two
or more independent clauses whereas compound-complex sentence contains at least two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
A clause: a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. Although a clause can
sometimes act as a sentence since it contains both a subject and a verb, it is not necessarily a
complete sentence. That is to say; not every clause is a complete sentence. There are basically
two types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is one
that can stand alone and convey a complete meaning. The clauses that cannot stand alone, and
do not convey a complete meaning are known as dependent clauses.
Both clause and sentence are made up of a group of words that contain a subject and a
predicate. The main difference between clause and sentence is that a sentence always conveys
an independent meaning whereas a clause does not always convey an independent meaning.

2. Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a subject
and a verb and is a complete idea.
• I like spaghetti.
• He reads many books.

Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be attached to an

• Although I like spaghetti,...

Clauses play different roles in a sentence. A clause can act as a noun, adjective or an adverb. A
noun clause acts as a noun; an adjective clause acts as an adjective, and an adverbial clause acts as an
adverb.

Noun Clause:

* We heard what you told them.

* A man who betrayed his friends cannot be trusted.

Adjective Clause:

* The dress which you bought last year needs to be shortened.

Adverbial Clause:

* He goes to the office whenever he wants.

* I had to continue the charade until I received news from them.

3. There are four types of sentence in English based on types of clauses: Simple Sentences,
Compound Sentences, Complex Sentences, Compound-Complex Sentences.
- Simple Sentences
A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers.
However, it contains only one independent clause. Example: He organized his sources by theme.

- Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent
clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.
Example: He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.

- Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause. Example: Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to
follow.

- Compound-Complex Sentences
Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Example: Although he organized his
sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the
MEAL plan for organization.

4. There are four types of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.
- Declarative Sentence.
Declarative sentences are the most common of the four types of sentences. They’re used when
you want to make a statement (which can be a fact or an opinion). Example: I would rather have
vanilla ice cream than chocolate ice cream.

- Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentences give a command or an instruction. They can range from a single verb to a
much longer sentence, and they typically end with a period. Example: Don’t eat the cake until it
has cooled.
 - Interrogative Sentence
All interrogative sentences ask a question and therefore end with a question mark (which makes
them easy to identify). Example: Are you still hungry?

- Exclamatory Sentence
Exclamatory sentences are used to express especially strong emotions such as anger, happiness,
disbelief, etc. Example: My sister just won the lottery!

5.
a. Sentence

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

Article Noun Verb Noun Phrase

Article Noun

This animal is a mammal

b. Sentence

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

Determiner Noun Verb Noun Phrase

The man became an art connoisseur

c. Sentence

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

Determiner Noun Prepositional Verb Phrase

Noun Phrase Noun Verb Phrase

Determiner Noun Noun Verb Noun

The brother of the girl who left us

d. Sentence

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

Noun Verb Noun Phrase

Article Modifier Noun

He bought a new car

e. Sentence

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

Noun Auxiliary Verb Noun Phrase

Determiner Noun

Luke might sell his speeder