1. The document discusses various definitions and conceptions of development that have emerged over time.
2. Early conceptions viewed development as economic growth and increasing GNP, but more recent definitions see it as a complex political and social process aimed at improving human well-being, freedom, and capabilities.
3. There is no single agreed definition, as development involves value judgments and can be defined differently depending on one's ideological perspective.
1. The document discusses various definitions and conceptions of development that have emerged over time.
2. Early conceptions viewed development as economic growth and increasing GNP, but more recent definitions see it as a complex political and social process aimed at improving human well-being, freedom, and capabilities.
3. There is no single agreed definition, as development involves value judgments and can be defined differently depending on one's ideological perspective.
with Ms. Ana Maria Concepcion J. Macatangay July 2022 Brief Background
“We often forget that there was a long period in
human history in which there was practically no conception of progress at the social level. The cosmological view was that of a static world, a world in which one's life task was to adjust to these unchanging conditions. If there was any progress, it was in one's progression beyond this world to other worlds and other lives.” (Kent, 1982) u Development ideas ( =the progress of human communities) did not begin until after World War I and did not flourish until after World War II. u The first published long-term national development plan was the Soviet Union's First Five-Year Plan, adopted in 1929. u Ivan Illich: the modern intellectual history of development began on January 10, 1949, when President Truman announced the Four Program. “The starting point in discussing the challenges…is to brush aside the web of fantasy we have woven around “development” and decide more precisely what we mean by it. Only then will we be able to devise meaningful targets or measures of progress, to judge the relative importance of various problems which arise in the process of development, and thus to help improve policy, national or international.” (Seers, 1969) Definitions
u A founding belief of the modern world
connoting progress, modernity, and democratic values (Peet & Hartwick, 1999). u It is used both descriptively, to explain economic, socio-cultural and environmental transformation, and normatively, as a prescription for how economies, societies and, environments should be transformed (Adams, 2007) Definitions u “Refers to attempts to reduce poverty and world inequalities in an effort to guide the world to a situation of betterment and improvement over time” (Potter, Binns, Elliott & Smith, 2008). u “A process in which increasingly more members of a given area or environment make and implement socially responsible decisions, the probable consequence of which is an increase in the life chances of some people without a decrease in the life chances of others” (Oberle, Stowers & Darby, 1974). (Salami, Tilakasiri & Ahamed 2017) u (1) Development is a political term: it has a range of meanings that depend on the context in which the term is used, and it may also be used to reflect and to justify a variety of different agendas held by different people or organizations. u E.g., The idea of development articulated by the World Bank is very different from that promoted by Greenpeace activists. u (2) Development is a process rather than an outcome: it is dynamic in that it involves a change from one state or condition to another. Ideally, such a change is a positive one. u Again, this shows that development is a political process, because it raises questions about who has the power to do what to whom. Development = Economic Growth u Misconceived the nature of the main challenge of the second half of the 20th century…achieving an increase in the national income of the “developing” countries formalized in the 5% growth rates…we have all been aware that development consists of much else besides economic growth. (Seers, 1969) Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom (1999) u Freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change. u According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, etc. because this increases the likelihood of honest, clean,& good government. u “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live.” u Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of “unfreedom:” poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”. u ‘Development’ is a concept which is contested both theoretically and politically, and is inherently both complex and ambiguous … … Recently it has taken on the limited meaning of the practice of development agencies, especially in aiming at reducing poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. (Thomas, 2004) Summary: 1. historical and long term, development as a process of change. 2. policy related and evaluative or indicator-led, is based on value judgements, and has short- to medium-term time horizons 3. post-modernist, drawing attention to the ethnocentric and ideologically loaded Western conceptions of ‘development’ and raising the possibilities of alternative conceptions. u If development means good change, questions arise about what is good and what sort of change matters… Any development agenda is value-laden… [however] not to consider good things to do is a tacit surrender to… fatalism. u Perhaps the right course is for each of us to reflect, articulate and share our own ideas… accepting them as provisional and fallible. (Chambers, 2004: iii) u Since it depend on values and on conceptions of the good life, there is no uniform or unique answer. (Kanbur, 2006: 5) References:
u Kent, G. (1982). Meanings of Development. Human Systems
Management 3, 188-194. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kent/MeaningsofDevelopment.pdf u Seers, D. (1969). The Meaning of Development. IDS Communication 44, Institute of Development Studies. u Salami, A.A., Tilakasiri, S.L., & Ahamed, Y.A. (2017). The indicators and indices of development. In S.L. Tilakasiri (Ed.), Geography in development: Issues and perspectives (pp. 77- 102). Sri Lanka: Stamford Lake (Pvt) Ltd. ICE BREAKER WAKER UPPER Instructions u 2 breakout rooms u Each group will make a list of: 1. the things that they all have in common (try to avoid obvious things, such as all being men or women) 2. something unique to each participant. u You can use a jamboard for easy sharing to the rest of the class.
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