LIVING LANGUAGE? 4b 2,000+F ESSENTIAL ENGLISH VERBS ANY LEVEL ear eg ANY LANGUAG MASTER VERBS and SPEAK FLUENTLY! * Complete and Clear Conjugations of All Tenses + Idiomatic Expressions * Verb Lessons and Practice Exercises2,000+ ESSENTIAL ENGLISH VERBS Louise Stracke Suzanne McQuade LIVING LANGUAGE? 4Copyright © 2006 by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc. Living Language is a member of the Random House Information Group Living Language and colophon ate registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc. wwwilivinglanguage.com ISBN: 978-1-4000-0655-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request. ‘This book is available at special discounts for bulk purchases for sales promotions or premiums. Special editions, including personalized covers, excerpts of existing books, and corporate imprints, can be created in large quantities for special needs, For more information, write to Special Markets/Premium Sales, 1745 Broadway, MD 6-2, New York, New York 10019 or e-mail [email protected]. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 16 15 14 13 12 11 0982,000+ Essential English VerbsACKNOWLEDGMENTS Td like to thank Tan Case and Elise Catera for grammar expertise; Michael, Milena, and Lisa Solo for creative word combinations; Jane and Bill Bradbury for being quick with the idiom; and Bob, Maria, and Ben Stracke for providing the best workplace ever and the perfect ‘company, ‘Thanks also to the Living Language team: Tom Russell, Nicole Benhabib, Christopher Warnasch, Suzanne McQuade, Shaina Malkin, Elham Shabahat, Linda K. Schmidt, Alison Skrabek, Carolyn Roth, Tom Marshall, and Sophie Ye Chin. Without their dedication and hard work, this book would not have been possible.CONTENTS Introduction xi Part I: All about English Verbs Pronunciation Guide 3 Guide to Chart Numbers 4 Index of 2,000+ Essential English Verbs 5 125 Verb Conjugation Charts 33 Part II: English Verbs in Action Present Simple 287 . Auxiliaries 290 . The Verb to Be 293 2 3. 4, Present Progressive 297 5. Stative Verbs 300 6. Present Perfect 302 7. Present Perfect Progressive 306 8. Past Simple 308 9. Present Perfect or Past Simple? 311 10. Past Progressive 313 11. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive 316 12. Using the Modal Will 319 13. Future Progressive 321 14, Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 322 15. Other Future Tenses 324 16, Passive Voice: Form 326 17. Passive Voice: Usage 329 1 o . Real Conditional: Present and Future 331vill 19. Unreal Conditional: Present and Future 333 20. Unreal Conditional: Past; Mixed Conditionals 335 21. Infinitives 338 22. -ing Forms of the Verb: Present and Perfect Participles and Gerunds 341 23, Past Participles 345 24, Reported Speech 348 25, Reported Questions and Embedded Questions 351 26. Verb + Infinitive 354 27. Verb + Object + Infinitive 357 28. Verb + Gerund 360 29. Gerund or Infinitive? 364 30. Modal Verbs 366 31. Modal and Modal-Like Verbs of Obligation, No Obligation, and Prohibition 368 32. Advice: Modals and the Second Conditional 372 33. Modals of Possibility and Certainty 375 34. Other Modals 377 35. Phrasal Verbs 380 36. Separable Phrasal Verbs 383 37. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs 387 38. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs 391 39. Make and Do 394 40. Used to, Would, Be Used to, and Get Used To 397 o Appendixes Contents Past Tense Forms and Past Participles of Irregular Verbs 403 Verbs Followed by a Preposition 407 Adjectives Followed by a Preposition + a Verb in Gerund Form 407 Verbs Followed by a Gerund 407 Verbs Followed by an Infinitive 408Verbs followed by a Gerund or an Infinitive 408 Verb Followed by an Object and an Infinitive 408 Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive 409 Verbs That Can Take Get as the Auxiliary Verb in the Passive 409 ContentsINTRODUCTION Welcome to 2,000+ Essential English Verbs: The Easiest Way to Master Verbs and Speak Fluently. Whether you are more-or-less fluent in English, have already mastered the basics of English grammar and usage, or are just embarking on a learning adventure in English, 2,000+ Essential English Verbs is the right book for you. It is an essential reference manual about English verbs, developed by native speakers and experts in teaching English as a second language. Keep this simple and practical guide on your desk, and consult it whenever you're not sure about a form of an English verb or are wondering about when and how to use an English tense! With repeated use, you'll quickly acquire a complete knowledge of English verbs—their forms, tenses, and current, everyday usage in conversation. 2,000+ Essential English Verbs consists of an elaborate reference section, followed by a large practice section. The reference part of the book, All About English Verbs, contains an alphabetical index of more than 2,000 English verbs, listed with their past tense and participle; a pronunciation guide; and alphabetically ordered conjugation charts of 125 English verbs. The second part of the book, English Verbs in Action, lays out the nitty- gritty details of formation and usage for all major English tenses, using numerous examples. And so you can put your knowledge to use (and to the test!) right away, we've also included 80 exercises for practice. The appendices offer more useful information on English verbs: lists of verbs followed by the gerund, verbs followed by the infinitive, and even adjectives followed by verbs in the infinitive. Introduction xiThis versatile book can be used in many different ways. For example: Look up an English verb you have a question about in the Index. Right away you will see its past tense and participle, and then you can go to the Verb Chart indicated in the Index to find the full conjugation of the verb itself (all verbs in the Index that are fully conjugated in the Verb Charts are in bold- face) or its model. In addition to the conjugations in each verb chart, you'll also find examples of usage, important forms of usage, phrasal verbs, idioms, and related words. If you're wondering about how the pronuncia- tion of a verb alters in its various tenses, refer to the guide to pronunciation. Or go toa section in the English Verbs in Action part of the book if you'd like to concentrate further on a particular tense, and get more examples of Eng- lish verb usage. Complete the exercises that follow the explanations and examples to reinforce what you've learned. Remember that whichever way you decide to proceed, your fluency in and understanding of English will grow with each use! Have fun! IntroductionALL ABOUT ENGLISH VERBSPronunciation Guide The following rules should serve as guidelines for the pronunciation of verb endings in the third person singular and past tense. Third Person Singular 1. Voiced consonants + s =“z” sound; voiceless consonants + s = “s” sound blogs, bobs, lives walks, sleeps, laughs . A pronounced -es is always “iz” releases, pleases, watches, judges, washes, massages . Vowel sounds are always followed by “z” sound plays, rows, flies Past Tense 1 Voiced consonants + ed =“'d’ sound; voiceless consonants + ed = “t” sound sneezed, blogged, bobbed, lived released, walked, slept, laughed . After t and d, full syllable pronounced as “id” dedicated, constructed, dated raided, resided, downloaded }. Vowel sounds are always followed by “d” sound laid, stayed, gnawedGuide to Chart Numbers 89 1 98 99 101 10 6 125 verbs in which -ed is added, no vowel change (example: act) ito a to u vowel change (example: begin) final d changes to ¢ in past tense (example: build) “eye” to “awe sound shift (example: buy) verbs ending in y that change to -ie before adding -d or -s (example: carry) verbs that end in an -e and add only -d in past tense (example: close) verbs ending in -ss, -x, -ch, etc., that add an -es in third person present (example: cross) no change (example: cut) -ive to -ove to -ived (example: dive) -isel-ive to -osel-ove to -isen/-iven (example: drive) verbs in which the last consonant is doubled before adding -ed or -ing (example: drop) long vowel + lAn/n/p to short vowel shift + lt/mt/nt/pt (example: feel) ind to -ound (example: find) id to -ade to -idden (example: forbid) long vowel to short vowel shift, no consonant change (example: lead) -ie to -ay to -aid (example: lie) -ic changes to -ick before adding -ed or -ing (example: partic) verbs ending in y that don’t change to -ie and add -ed (example: play) consonant doubled and -es added in third person singular (example: quiz) -end to -ent (example: send) -ake to -ook to -aken (example: shake) ~eak to -oke to -oken (example: speak) no vowel change, consonant ending alternate II to It in past tense and participle (example: spell) i to u vowel shift (example: spin) -each to -aught, -eek to -ought (example: teach) -ead to -od to -odden (example: tread) ~idel-ite to -odel-ote to -idden!-itten (example: write) 2,000* Essential English VerbsINDEX OF 2,000+ ESSENTIAL ENGLISH VERBSA abandon (abandoned, abandoned)... . abduct (abducted, abducted) .. . a abhor (abhorred, abhorred) ........... 31 abide (abided, abided) ....... afraid of ‘We backed away slowly from the man with the gun until we were J out of the building, a back down to give in to someone, to let someone have his or her way eg a I didn't want to lend Jobn the car, but I finally backed down when be promised to take it tothe car wash afer be used it back out to pull out of something that you have committed to doing The new Web site couldn't be launched, because several investors backed out back up to move backward, especially in a car or another vehicle; to save your computer work in more than one place Ifyou want to, you can back up a litle bit fartber so that you are closer tothe car bebind you. /Make sure you back up thes files. We don't want to lose ali of this work. IDIOMS to go back to the drawing an expression meaning you must start something over again board The last idea was rejected at the meeting, so 1 guess we should go back to the drawing board RELATED WORDS backing (a.) support backer (n.) 4 person who supports a business venture or political campaign by aiving money * Note that the form “willbe being backed” is rarely used. To convey a future progressive passive, use the present progressive passive 39be acrive Passive Infinitive tobe - Past Infinitive to have been : Past Participle been - Present Participle being e ACTIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE 1 am was willbe youwelthey are were willbe heisherit is was willbe PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE ambeing was being will be being are being were being willbe being isbeing was being willbe being PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have been had been will have been have been had been will ave been hasbeen had been will have been PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE have been being had been being will have been being have been being had been being will have been being has been being had been being will have been being EXAMPLES: We will be disappointed ifthe The dogs were being very difficult. She will have been through a lot by ‘ravel arrangements don't work and we decided to leave them at the time ber plane finally lands. out ome. PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT ‘SIMPLE PAST ‘SIMPLE FUTURE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PRINCIPAL CONDITIONALS PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PASSIVE would be would be being : would be ‘would be being would be would be being PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE. PAST PASSIVE ‘would have been ‘would have been being : would have been would have been being would have been would have been being : EXAMPLES: {would be happier in first class. She would have been surprised if Would it be too forward to ask you the concert had started on time. if you are married?be PRINCIPAL PARTS: am/are/is, was/were, been Important Forms in Use IF/THEN CONDITIONALS 1... oo THEN EXAMPLE Real Present/am/are/is simple present IfTamon time, I make a lot more money than Future when | show up late. will + base form — Ifshe is ready, we'll have time to get a bite to eat before the movie Unreal Present/ was/were would + I/we were younger, we'd think about traveling Future base form ina different way Unreal Past had been wouldhave+ ‘fT bad been there, I would have told you not to past participle come. SUBJUNCTIVE J ACTIVE be At is important that the author be warned about the changes in the schedule. passive PHRASAL VERBS ) be afer someone tobe searching for someone The cops were after me, and so I had to leave town. be on to someone to know that someone is doing something wrong or dishonest His cheating was so obvious, the other players were soon on to him. be out of something to have no more of something The pharmacy was out of my favorite shampoo. IDIOMS oo) to be all ears to be anxious to hear something Ifyou bave a better idea of bow to fix it, then I'm all ears! to be all for something to give something your full support 1'm all for freedom of expression, but those costumes are ridiculous to be as good as new tobe fully recovered from a mishap or illness Mfr bis tbird trip othe doctor, be will be as good as new: to not be your day if it’s not your day, things are not going well for you ocked myself out of the bouse, lost my wallet on the bus fo work, and twisted my ankle on a patch of ice. This is not my day! RELATED WORDS ) the end-all be-all (n.) the best item of a certain category human being (n.) a human PLE a EET.| 4yourwverthey hefsherit active Passive tobear tobe borne to have bore to have been borne borne been borne Present Participle bearing being borne ACTIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE bear bore will bear bear bore will bear bears bore will bear PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE am bearing was bearing willbe bearing are bearing were bearing will be bearing isbearing was bearing will be bearing PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have borne had borne will have borne have borne had borne will have borne has borne had borne willhave borne PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE have been bearing had been bearing will hve been bearing have been bearing had been bearing will have been bearing has been bearing had been bearing will have been bearing EXAMPLES: How do you bear bim? He's such ‘How's tbe baby-sitting going?” Cynthia bas borne the brunt ofthe abore. “Tdont ike kids but 'm dificulties tat finding a new bearing it? ‘manager bas caused, [Passive SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE amborne was borne willbe borne are borne were borne willbe borne isborne was borne willbe borne PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE® ambeing borne vwas being borne willbe being borne* are being borne wwere being borne willbe being bone isbeing borne was being borne willbe being borne PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have been borne had been borne will have been borne have been borne had been borne will ave been borne hasbeen borne had been borne will have been borne EXAMPLES: The takeover bas caused a lot of The casket was being borne by The dificultes were borne with a inconveniences, but I believe they the representative ofthe four certain degree of discomfort. ‘are being borne well bythe Spanish kingdoms. employees. [PRINCIPAL CONDITIONALS PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PASSIVE would bear would be bearing would be bone would bear would be bearing would be borne would bear would be bearing ‘would be borne Past PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PASSIVE would have borne would have been bearing would have been borne would have bore would have been bearing would have been borne would have borne would have been bearing would have been borne EXAMPLES: would bave borne more of the The casket would have been borne responsibility fT had known you by bis brotbersif they were still twere 0 overworked. livingbear PRINCIPAL PARTS: bear, bore, borne/born Important Forms in Use F/THEN CONDITIONALS J r. oe THEN EXAMPLE Real Present/ear/bears simple present Ifyou bear to the right atthe next turn off you Future are on your way to my house. will + base form — Ifyou bear with me for a few more minutes, Pll have the sound system fixed. Unreal Present/ bore would + YT bore a grudge, I would miss out on all the Future base form benefits of bis friendship. Unreal Past. had borne would have+ If bad hore down on him more, be would past participle have given up. SUBJUNCTIVE ) ACTIVE bear We ask that you bear with us for a few more minutes until the speaker arrives. PASSIVE be borne At is essential that the responsibilities be borne by members of each department equally. PHRASAL VERBS J bear down on to put pressure on someone to do something I don't want to take on another case, but my boss is bearing down on me. bear on to have an influence on the outcome of something, What you do will bear on the decision that I make. bear up to be strong when things are difficult We will all have to bear up during the winter months, especially considering that we want to save money on beat. bear with (someone) to be patient with someone while he or she is repairing something or explaining something tedious Bear with me. Iknow this part of the story isn't as interesting, but it picks up later on. IDIOMS to beara grudge to stay angry with someone for something that he or she did to annoy you Make sure to return the money to my sister right away. Sbe's the type to bear a grudge to be unable to bear something. to have strong feelings against someone or something I can't bear to see bim suffer tobear the brunt of something to take most ofthe responsbilty for something that has gone wrong or something difficult As ustual, Lam going to bear the brunt of bis mistake. RELATED WORDS bearer (n.) 4 person who carries something pallbearer (n.) ‘one of several people who carry the casket to the grave in a funeral bearings (n.) orientation, awareness of one's location * Note that the form “will be being borne” is rarely used. To convey a future progressive passive, use the present progressive passive, EL RCE 43I youlwerthey heshevit beat Infinitive Past Infinitive Past Participle Present Participle active to beat to have beaten beaten beating PASSIVE to be beaten to have been beaten been beaten being beaten ACTIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE beat beat will beat beat beat will beat beats beat will beat PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE am beating was beating will being beating are beating, ‘were beating will being beating isbeating ‘was beating will being beating PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have beaten had beaten will have beaten have beaten had beaten will have beaten has beaten had beaten will have beaten PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE have been beating had been beating will have been beating have been beating had been beating will have been beating has been beating had been beating will have been beating EXAMPLES: The chef always beats the mixture Ibad never beaten my brother in There are afew problem kids in ‘until itis smooth and creamy. aarace before yesterday. the neighborbood who bave been beating up the younger kids. PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE am beaten ‘was beaten will be beaten are beaten were beaten will be beaten is beaten ‘was beaten will be beaten PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE* am being beaten was being beaten will be being beaten* are being beaten were being beaten will be being beaten* is being beaten wwas being beaten will be being beaten* PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have been beaten had been beaten will have been beaten have been beaten had been beaten will have been beaten ‘has been beaten had been beaten will have been beaten EXAMPLES: The Blue Jays were beaten by the He bad been beaten so many _I predict that the home team will ulbs in te serie, times playing chess that be gave be beaten by the visiting team. up the game. PRESENT would beat would beat would beat PAST would have beaten ‘would have beaten would have beaten EXAMPLES: {I never thought I would beat my best friend in the cross-country race PRINCIPAL CONDITIONALS PRESENT PROGRESSIVE would be beating ‘would be beating ‘would be beating PAST PROGRESSIVE ‘would have been beating ‘would have been beating ‘would have been beating ‘She would have beaten me ifsbe bbadn't twisted ber antle in the last mile PRESENT PASSIVE ‘would be beaten ‘would be beaten ‘would be beaten PAST PASSIVE ‘would have been beaten ‘would have been beaten ‘would have been beatenbeat PRINCIPAL PARTS: beat, beat, beaten/beat Important Forms in Use IF/THEN CONDITIONALS _) [EEE N CONUS ORAL) ° THEN EXAMPLE Real Present/ beat/beats simple present If beat you in tbe race, don't be angry. Future will + base form If the rookie beats Jim this afternoon, it will be aig upset Unreal Present/_ beat would + Ifthe boy beat someone up again, we would Future base form notify the police. Unreal Past had beaten’ would have+ If! bad beaten the butter and the sugar more, past participle the cake would have been less dense. | SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE beat Its vital that the young player beat ber opponent in this match to stay in the tournament. PASSIVE bebeaten Tris essential that the eggs be beaten when they're at room tempera- ture. | PHRASAL VERBS. beat (someone) out {o compete against someone for something specific, such asa job, and win Jobn beat me out for the promotion. beat (someone) up to physically harm someone by hitting and punching him or her He's the school bully. He’s always beating kids up on the play- ground, IDIOMS tobeat someone to the draw to be first in doing something, specifically, before someone else who wanted to be first I wanted to pay for dinner, but be beat me to the draw when he pulled out bis credit card and gave it tothe waitress. to beat the drum for someone _ to give strong support to someone or some cause (or something Which charity is it this time? You're always beating the drum for something. to beat around the bush to take a long time to get to your point Don't beat around the bush. Just tell me what's on your mind. | RELATED WORDS beater (n.) a device used in the kitchen to mix foods together * Note thatthe form “willbe being beaten’ is rarely used, To convey a future progressive passive, use the present Progressive passive, < rc) c. oO =a o 45youtwe/they he/sherit begin acrive passive Infinitive to besin to be begun to have begun to have been begun begun been begun Present Participle beginning being begun ACTIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE begin began will begin begin began will begin begins began will begin PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PROGRESSIVE am beginning ‘was beginning will be beginning are beginning were beginning willbe beginning Isbeginning ‘was beginning will be beginning PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have begun had begun will have begun have begun had begun willhave begun has begun had begun will have begun PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE have been beginning had been beginning will have been beginning have been beginning had been beginning will have been beginning has been beginning had been beginning will have been beginning EXAMPLES: The sun was beginning to come We arrived at tbe concert after the The class will begin in five ‘ut today after lunch, but then it music bad already begun. minutes. clouded over again. PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE am begun was begun willbe begun are begun vwas begun willbe begun isbegun was begun willbe begun PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE* ambeing begun was being begun willbe being begun* are being begun were being begun willbe being begun* isbeing begun was being begun willbe being begun* PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have been begun had been begun will have been begun have been begun had been begun will have been begun has been begun had been begun willhave been begun EXAMPLES: The quarrel about evolution was The yoga class is begun begun by two students with immediately aftr the kick: boxing ccompletey differing opinions on clas finishes. the matter PRINCIPAL CONDITIONALS PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PASSIVE would begin ‘would be beginning would be begun would begin ‘would be beginning would be begun ‘would begin ‘would be beginning would be begun Pasr PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PASSIVE ‘would have begun would have been beginning ‘would have been begun ‘would have begun would have been beginning ‘would have been begun ‘would have begun would have been beginning ‘would have been begun EXAMPLES: You would begin to understand if We would bave begun sooner, but ‘you would listen to what I'm we were baving engine trouble, ‘talking about.begin PRINCIPAL PARTS: begin, began, begun Important Forms in Use IF/THEN CONDITIONALS J Ce iF... HE EXAMPLE Real Present/ begin/begins simple present If you begin to see lightning, get out of the Future water right away. will + base form If my dog begins to bother you, I'll put ber out- side. Unreal Present/ began would + If we began class at seven, we would finish in Future base form time to see a movie. Unreal Past had begun ~—would have + If | had begun to feel sick, | would have gone past participle home. [SUBJUNCTIVE ee ey ACTIVE begin I recommend that you begin your tour in tbe East Village, PASSIVE be begun It és important thatthe job he begun in the spring. J IDIOMS ce to begin to see the light to start to understand something or come around to a new point of view ve been telling you about this idea for an bour, and I think you're just beginning 10 see the light. to begin at the beginning to start atthe top of the story I'm completely lost. Begin atthe beginning so I can follow what you're saying. to come from humble to have been born to a poor or uneducated family beginnings 1's amazing bow far Setb bas progressed, considering be came from such bumble beginnings . | RELATED WORDS beginner's luck (n.) carly success in a venture beginning (n.) the start of something * Note that the form “will be being begun” is rarely used. To convey @ future progressive passive, use the present progressive passive EL aCe TAY ”I youlwerthey hefsherit bite active passive Infinitive tobite to be bitten Past Infinitive to have bitten to have been bitten Past Participle bitten been bitten Present Participle being bitten ACTIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE bite bit will bite bite bit will bite bites bit will ite PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE am biting was biting willbe biting are biting were biting will be biting isbiting was biting will be biting PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT Furure PERFECT have bitten had biten will have bitten have bitten had bitten will have biten has bitten had biten will have biten PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PASTPERFECT PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE have been biting had been biting will hve been biting have been biting had been biting will have been biting has been biting had been biting will have been biting EXAMPLES: Tm afraid Ellen bas binen off The mosquitoes bad been biting a Does your dog bite? ‘more than she can chew with this lot that summer due tothe rain. new project. PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE am bitten ‘was bitten will be bitten are bitten ‘were bitten will be bitten isbitten was bitten will be biten PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Pasi FUTURE PROGRESSIVE* ‘am being bitten ‘was being bitten will be being bitten* are being bitten were being bitten willbe being bitten* is being bitten ‘was being bitten, will be being bitten* PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT have been bitten had been bitten will have been bitten have been bitten. had been bitten ‘will have been bitten hhas been bitten had been bitten will have been bitten EXAMPLES: Terry was miles abead of uson We were being bitten by horseflies The girl was bitten by a cat when the bike trip, and so we didn't and so we ran into the bouse. she was younger, and for that realized that be bad been bitten ‘reason, never wanted to bave one by the snake ofr own, PRINCIPAL CONDITIONALS PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PASSIVE would bite would be biting ‘would be bitten would bite would be biting would be bitten would bite would be biting ‘woul be bitten past PAST PASSIVE would have bitten ‘would have been biting would have been bitten would have bitten would have been biting. would have been bitten would have bitten ‘would have been biting ‘would have been bitten EXAMPLES: ‘The mosquitoes wouldn't bite you The girl wouldn't have been bitten ‘you put on insect repellent. if she had known bow to pet the dog