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Cooling Methods of A Transformer From IEC 60076 - Part-2

This document discusses cooling methods for transformers. It provides codes to identify transformers based on their internal cooling medium, circulation mechanism, external cooling medium, and external circulation mechanism. Examples of codes include ONAN, which indicates natural circulation of oil and natural air cooling. The document also outlines normal ambient temperature limits for air-cooled transformers of 40°C maximum, 30°C monthly average, and 20°C yearly average. For water-cooled transformers, the normal cooling condition is an inlet water temperature not exceeding 25°C at any time or 20°C yearly average.

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Engr Fahimuddin Qureshi
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130 views

Cooling Methods of A Transformer From IEC 60076 - Part-2

This document discusses cooling methods for transformers. It provides codes to identify transformers based on their internal cooling medium, circulation mechanism, external cooling medium, and external circulation mechanism. Examples of codes include ONAN, which indicates natural circulation of oil and natural air cooling. The document also outlines normal ambient temperature limits for air-cooled transformers of 40°C maximum, 30°C monthly average, and 20°C yearly average. For water-cooled transformers, the normal cooling condition is an inlet water temperature not exceeding 25°C at any time or 20°C yearly average.

Uploaded by

Engr Fahimuddin Qureshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Cooling methods
1.1. Identification symbols
Transformers shall be identified according to the cooling method employed. For liquid-immersed transformers, this
identification is expressed by a four-letter code as described below.
First letter: Internal cooling medium:

− O: mineral oil or synthetic insulating liquid with fire point ≤300C.


− K: insulating liquid with fire point > 300 °C
− L: insulating liquid with no measurable fire point.
Second letter: Circulation mechanism for internal cooling medium:

− N: natural thermosiphon flow through cooling equipment and in windings;


− F: forced circulation through cooling equipment, thermosiphon flow in windings;
− D: forced circulation through cooling equipment, directed from the cooling equipment into at least the main
windings.
Third letter: External cooling medium:

− A: air
− W: water
Fourth letter: Circulation mechanism for external cooling medium:

− N: natural convection
− F: forced circulation (fans, pumps)
NOTE: In this standard, the use of insulating liquids K and L is considered only for safety and environmental
reasons.
NOTE:

− In a transformer designated as having forced directed insulating liquid circulation (second code letter D),
the rate of liquid flow through the main windings is determined by the pumps and is not, in principle, determined by
the loading.
− A minor fraction of the flow of liquid through the cooling equipment may be directed as a controlled bypass to
provide cooling for core and other parts outside the main windings.
− Regulating windings and/or other windings having relatively low power may also have non-directed circulation of
bypass liquid.
− In a transformer with forced, non-directed cooling (second code letter F), the rates of flow of liquid through all the
windings are variable with the loading, and not directly related to the pumped flow through the cooling equipment.

1.2. Transformers with alternative cooling methods


− A transformer may be specified with alternative cooling methods. In this case, the specification and the rating plate
shall then carry information about the power values at which the transformer fulfils the temperature rise limits when
these alternatives apply, Refer IEC 60076-1.
− The power value for the alternative cooling methods with the highest cooling capacity is the rated power of the
transformer (or of an individual winding of a multi-winding transformer, refer IEC 60076-1). The alternatives
cooling methods are conventionally listed in rising order of cooling capacity.
Examples:

− ONAN/ONAF. The transformer has a set of fans which may be put into service as desired at high loading. The
insulating liquid circulation is by thermosiphon effect only, in both cases.
− ONAN/OFAF. The transformer has cooling equipment with pumps and fans but is also specified with a reduced
rated power under natural cooling (for example, in case of failure or reduction of auxiliary power).
2. Normal cooling conditions
2.1. Air-cooled transformers
Normal ambient temperature limits for power transformers are given in IEC 60076-1. With regard to normal
temperature rise requirements, the temperatures at the intended installation site should not exceed:

− + 40 °C at any time
− + 30 °C monthly average, of the hottest month
− + 20 °C yearly average.
NOTE: The average temperatures are to be derived from meteorological data as follows (refer IEC 60076-1).
Monthly average temperature:
– half the sum of the average of the daily maxima and the average of the daily minima during a particular month, over many
years;
Yearly average temperature:
– one-twelfth of the sum of the monthly average temperatures.

2.2. Water-cooled transformers


Normal cooling condition for water cooled transformers is a temperature of cooling water at the inlet not exceeding
25 °C at any time or a 20 °C yearly average. If the operating water temperature is higher than this, then a lower temperature
rise should be specified (refer IEC 60076-1).

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