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OC and SC Test On Single Phase Transformer

The document describes an experiment to perform open circuit and short circuit tests on a single phase transformer to calculate its equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency at various loads, and voltage regulation. The tests are used to determine the iron/core losses during open circuit testing and the equivalent resistance and reactance during short circuit testing. These parameters allow calculating the transformer's efficiency at full load, half load, and various power factors as well as its voltage regulation.

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362 views

OC and SC Test On Single Phase Transformer

The document describes an experiment to perform open circuit and short circuit tests on a single phase transformer to calculate its equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency at various loads, and voltage regulation. The tests are used to determine the iron/core losses during open circuit testing and the equivalent resistance and reactance during short circuit testing. These parameters allow calculating the transformer's efficiency at full load, half load, and various power factors as well as its voltage regulation.

Uploaded by

havejsnj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT:

Aim: To perform open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer and thus calculate
a) Equivalent circuit parameters
b) Efficiency at full load
 0.85 lagging power factor
 Unity power factor
 Half the full load, 0.8 lagging power factor
c) Voltage regulation at full load
 0.85 lagging power factor
 0.85 leading power factor.

Apparatus Required:

S No Name of the Equipment Specification Qty Required Remarks

Theory:
A transformer is a static piece of apparatus which by electromagnetic induction transforms energy from ac
circuit to another ac circuit at different voltage and currents keeping frequency constant. The efficiency of small
rating transformers can be found by direct loading method, but in case of large rating transformers arrangements
for actual loading cannot be done in laboratory and also it is costly. To determine efficiency of single phase
transformer through open circuit and short circuit test is an indirect method of testing, because the transformer
is not actually loaded during these tests.
Open Circuit Test:
This test is performed to determine the iron or core losses of single phase transformer. The
I W R X
no-load current 0 , the iron losses 0 are measured. From these, c and m parameters of the Equivalent circuit
can be calculated.
One of the windings of transformer is kept open and rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to the
other winding. Generally HT is kept open circuited and the rated voltage is applied to LT winding.
The connections are made as shown in Figure 1 and rated voltage is supplied through an auto
transformer. The readings of wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter are noted. Let
Wattmeter reading =
W 0 watts.
I
Ammeter reading = 0 amps
Voltmeter reading = V 1 volts.
Short Circuit Test:
This test is performed to determine the equivalent resistance
Req and the equivalent leakage
X
reactance eq of the transformer. The connections are made as shown in Figure 2. The LT winding is short
circuited and rated current equal to HT winding is applied through an autotransformer. Since the applied voltage
is low, the iron losses are negligibly small as compared to the full load copper losses. Therefore, the wattmeter
reading indicates the full load copper loss. Let

Wattmeter reading =
W sc watts.
I
Ammeter reading = sc amps
V
Voltmeter reading = sc volts.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
(i) For Open Circuit Test:
a. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
b. Put the variac at a low output voltage.
c. Switch on the ac supply.
d. Adjust the variac to the rated voltage of the side (i.e. LT winding) to which the instruments are
connected.
e. Record the wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter readings.
f. Switch off the ac supply.

(ii) For Short Circuit Test:


a. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
b. Put the variac at a low output voltage.
c. Switch on the ac supply.
d. Adjust the variac to the rated current of the side (i.e. HT winding) to which the instruments are
connected.
e. Record the wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter readings.
f. Switch off the ac supply.

Observation Table:

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test


S No. Wattmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Ammeter Voltmeter
Reading,
W0 Reading,
I0 Reading, V 1 Reading,
W sc Reading,
I sc Reading,
V sc

1. Watts Amps Volts Watts Amps Volts


Calculations:

Open Circuit Test:


Wo
cos θ0 =
1. No load power factor, V1 Io

2. Active or Core-loss component


I c=I o cosθ o amps
3. Reactive or Magnetizing component
I m=I o sin θo amps
V1
Rc = Ω
4. Core loss component I c
V
X m= 1 Ω
5. Magnetizing Reactance Im
Short Circuit Test:
W sc
Re 1 = 2
sc
1. Equivalent Resistance referred to HV side I Ω.
V sc
Z e 1=
2. Equivalent Impedance referred to HV side I sc Ω.
√
2
e1
X e 1= ( Z 2− R
3. Equivalent Reactance referred to HV side e1 Ω.

Efficiency at full load:-

KVA rating × 1000 × cos θ2


×100 %
KVA rating × 1000 × cos θ2+W 0 +Wsc

Efficiency at fractional load:-

xKVA rating × 1000 × cos θ 2


×100 %
xKVA rating × 1000 × cos θ2 +W 0 + x 2 Wsc
Where,
Cosθ2 = load power factor
given load
x=
full load
Voltage Regulation:
I 2 Re 1 cos θ2 ±I 2 X e 1 sin θ2
× 100 %
V2
Where
I2 = rated current of HV side.
V2 = rated voltage of HV side.
cosθ2 = load power factor.
Result:
The equivalent circuit parameters for the transformer have been calculated and are found as follows:

Rc =................... Ω
X m=................... Ω
Re1 =....................Ω
X e1 =....................Ω

The efficiency at various loads have been calculated and is found as below

1. Full load 0.85 power factor lagging = ………….. %

2. Full load unity power factor =……………%

3. Half the full load, 0.85 power factor lagging = ……….%

The voltage regulation at various loads have been calculated and is found as below

1. Regulation at 0.85 power factor lagging = ………….. %

2. Regulation at 0.85 power factor leading = ………….. %

Precautions:
1. All the connections must be tight and clean.
2. Instruments of proper ratings must be used.
3. Don’t touch the bare wire.
4. Before switching on the supply, the zero readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter must be
ensured properly.

Viva-vice questions:

Ques1: What is the importance of open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer?
Ques2: Why indirect loading test of large rating transformers is necessary?
Ques3: How do copper losses vary with load on the transformer?
Ques4: How do core losses vary with load on the transformer?

----------------------------*-----------------------------*-----------------------------------*---------------------------------

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