NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 1 GRAVITATION

CHAPTER - 09

GRAVITATION

SYNOPSIS
• Weak Nuclear Force : Weak Nuclear Forces are
 BASIC FORCES IN NATURE : responsible for radioactive decay like  - decay and
Depending upon strength and their relative nature basic other similar decays. It acts between all leptons(
forces are classified into four categories eletrons,positrons,  -mesons,neutrinos)and hadrons,
1) Gravitational Force 2) Electro magnetic Force (mesons,baryons)which is communicated through weak
3) Strong nuclear Force 4) Weak nuclear Force bosons.
NOTE :
• Gravitational Force : This force is responsible for a) Range of gravitational force > Range of
attraction between any two massive particles. This force electromagnetic force>Range of nuclear force
causes to determine motion of the celestial bodies and b) Strength of nuclear force> strength of
give to rise of Ocean Tides. Nature of this force is only electromagnetic force> strength of gravitational
attractive. Gravitational forces are communicated force.
through a particle called “ GRAVITONS “ . it is a mass
 THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
less particle. It is a long range force.
• Newton's Law of Gravitation: Every particle in
the universe attracts every other particle with a
• Electro Magnetic Force : This force exists be-
force. The force of attraction between two masses
tween the charges of the atoms and molecules. This
is directly proportional to the product of their
force is either attractive or repulsive. Friction , Air resis-
masses and inversely proportional to the square
tance , elasticity, tension forces are electro magnetic
of the distance between them.
in nature. Electro magnetic force is communicated
through PHOTONS. m1m2
F G
d2
• Strong Nuclear Force : This force may act be-
tween a pair of nucleons that is between proton - pro- where m1 and m2 are masses of two particles,
ton, proton - neutron , neutron - neutron . This is allways
attractive force, Due to this force protons & neutrons d is the distance of separation between their
holding in the nucleus, it is communicated through  - centres and G is universal gravitational constant
measons.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 2 GRAVITATION
2
G  6.67 10 11 Nm kg (or)
2
Value of Gm1m2 ^ Gm1m2
F21  2
r 21 or 3
r21 (acts along
6.67  10 8 dyne cm gm
2 2 r21 r21
G is a scalar quantity with BA)
dimensional formula M L T 1 3 2 
Hear r21 is the unit vector in the direction of r21
• Kepler's laws can be deduced from Newton's law
of gravitation. and r21 is the distance between the particles.
• If two identical spheres each of radius 'r' made up  
of same material are kept in contact with each  F12   F21
other, the gravitational force acting between them
 m1a1  m2 a2
F r 4
• If two identical spheres each of radius 'r' made up  F12  F21  0
of same material are separated by a constant
distance then  F  r 6 (iv)Gravitational force is a conservative force
• If two particles of equal mass 'm' are placed at the i.e., the amount of work done in displacing a
two vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 'a', body from one place to another is independent
then the resultant gravitational force on unit mass of the path traversed.
placed at the third vertex is given by (v) It there are more than two interacting
bodies, the resultant gravitational force on any
FR  F12  F22  2F1F2 cos  one body can be obtained by the “super
position principle”
 3F  F1  F2  by using super position principle we can find
the net force on any particle from other in a
group of particles.This is a gennaral that says a
 Gm2 
FR  3  2  net effect is the sum of individual effects
 d  for n interacting particles

 Properties of gravitational force:- F1,net  F12  F13  F14  .........  F1n

(i) Gravitational force acts along the line joining
the two interacting particles ie., gravitational
force is a central force.
(ii) Gravitational force between a pair of particles
is independent of the medium between the
particle and also independent of the presence of
other particles. 1
(iii)Gravitational force between two particles form
an action - reaction pair, which are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction. So
gravitational force obey’s Newtons’s III Law

we can express this equation more compactly

n

F12 
Gm1m2 ^
2
r 12 (or)
Gm1m2
3
r12 (acts along as vector sum F1, net = F
i 2
1i
r12 r12
(vi) A mass ‘m’ is split into two parts and
AB) separated by certain distance, the gravitational
 
Hear r12 is the unit vector in the direction of r1`2 force between them is maximum only when the
M M
and r12 is the distance between two massive two parts are of equal mass i.e., and .
bodies..
2 2
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 3 GRAVITATION
 A thin rod of mass M and length L is bent in a  VARIATION OF 'g' :
semi circle.gravitational force on a particle with Line joining the places on the earth having
mass”m” is placed at center of curvature is same values of g are called isograms.gravity
GMm meters ,etros gravity balances are used to
F= 2 measure changes in acceleration due to
L2 gravity
 A thin rod of mass M and length L is bent into a) Effect of altitude : If g and g1 are acceleration
a complete circle,then resultent force on it is due to gravities on the surface of the earth and
zero height ‘h’ above the surface of the earth of mass
M and radius R then
a point mass m is at a distance ‘x’ from the
center of the ring of mass M and radius R on GM GM
g g1 
its axis.gravitational force between two is and
 R  h
2
R2
2
GMmx g1 R2  R 
F= hence, g   g1  g  
R 
3
R  h Rh
2
2
 x2 2

 2h 
i) For small values of h, g 1  g  1  
 R 
thus as the height increases, the value of g
decreases.
ii) The decrease in value of g at height
h  h  R  is

 2h 
g  g  g 1    g
GMm  R
if x>>>R  F  , then for a distant ring
x2 g 2h
iii) The fractional change in value of g is 
behaves as point mass. g R
GMm b) Effect of depth : If g is acceleration due to gravity
if x<<<R  F  x ,then force varies
R3 at the surface of the earth and g1 is acceleration
linearly as distance ‘x’ due to gravity at a depth d below the surface of
R the earth, then
if force is maximum, then x=  , maximum 4
2 i) on surface g =  GR 
3
2GMm
force is Fmax imum  4
3 3R 2 ii) at a depth gd =  G ( R  d ) 
1)force exerted on moon by sun is greter than
3
 where r = R – d
exerted by earth.dispite moon does not
escape out from earth at the time of solar
 d
eclipse because the gravitational pull of sun iii) g1  g  1  
provides necessary centripetal force for  R
orbital motion. thus as the depth d increases, the acceleration
2)sun exerts gravitational force on earth ,but earth due to gravity decreases.
does not move towards sun because the • The decrease in value of g at depth d is
gravitational pull of sun provides necessary
g  gd / R
centripetal force to earth.so that the orbit is stable
one. • Decrease in g at small heights is more than
decrease in g at small depths.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 4 GRAVITATION
• But decrease in g at large heights is less than
decrease in g at large depths. g
  1.25 103 rad/s
R
c) Effect of rotation of earth : Due to the rotation
of earth, the value of acceleration due to gravity
 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:
g 1 at a given place is given by • Gravitational Field:
a) The concept of gravitational field is used to
g  g  r cos 
1 2
overcome the difficulties encountered in universal
where r is called radius of the body revolving in a law of gravitation.
circle. where r = R . cos  b) Einstein considered gravitational field as a
distortion of 'space' due to the presence of matter.
g 1  g   2 R cos 2  .
where  is the angular velocity. R is radius of  Gravitational field strength :-
a) It is defiend as the gravitational force acting on a
the earth and  is latitude of the place
unit mass kept at a point in the gravitational field.
b) If M is the mass of a body producing gravitational
Special cases :
field and 'r' is the distance of the point in the field
• At the poles   900 from the centre of mass of the body, then

 g 1  g   2 R  0  ( cos90  0 )
2
GM
EG 
r2
 g1  g
i.e. The value of g is maximum at poles
• At the equator   00
 g 1  g   2 R 1
2
( cos0  1 )

 g1  g   2 R
i.e., The value of g is minimum at equator.
•
c) The time period of earth c) Units of gravitational field strength are Nkg 1 or

T  2
R
 84.6 min  5076 s ms 2 and dimensional formula is LT 2
g d) It is a vector quantity, It is always directed radially
towards the centre of mass of the body producing
 NOTE:- the field.
(i)The value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ at e) Gravitational field posses energy and momentum
poles does not depend on the speed of rotation Note :- In the earth's gravitational field, the
of the earth. But at the equator, the accelera- acceleration due to gravity 'g' may be considered
tion due to gravity ‘g’ decreases with the as the gravitational field strength.
increase of speed of rotation of earth. • Propagation of gravitational field :-
(ii)If earth suddenly stops its rotation, then the a) According to Einstein's general theory of relativity,
acceleration due to gravity at poles remains whenever a body with mass is accelerated, the
constant. And also acceleration due to gravity gravitational field around it undergoes rapid
at equator increases by  2 R . changes.
b) Just as photon in electromagnetic field, a
(iii) If the angular speed of earth becomes 17 quantum of energy is associated with gravitational
times its present value then the value of field called 'graviton'.
acceleration due to gravity at the equator c) gravitons, like photons are mass less, electrically
becomes zero. Hence the bodies will escape uncharged particles, assumed to travell at the
out from the equator. speed of light and would be emitted by highly
accelerating and extremely massive objects such
The angular velocity of rotation of earth, as stars.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 5 GRAVITATION
• NULL CONCEPT : The point between two
GMx
massive object at which a fields then are equal in Eg 
X  R2 
3/ 2
magnitude but opposite in direction is called null 2 along Po
point.
Null distance equals to

d
x
m2
1
m1
( x is the distance all ways from smaller mass )
 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH (OR)
INTENSITY OF GRAVITATION FIELD:-
Gravitational field strength at any point in a
gravitational field is defined as the gravitational Gravitational field intensity is directed towards
force experienced by a unit mass placed at the centre of the circular ring.
that point.
At the centre of the circular ring, E g  0
 Gravitational field strength,
  R
 F m g 
Eg   0
g Eg is maximum , if x  then
m0 m0 2

GM 4 2GM
and E g  g  where M is source Eg 
R2 5 5R 2
mass, mo is rest mass  Field due to Circular Disc:
Gravitational field intensity due to a circular
therotically gravitational field due to a particle of
disc at any point on the axial line
matter extends upto infinite distance arround it
practically field spreds only for quite a short 2GM  x 
distance a part,where force practtically reduce I or Eg  2 
1  or
R  x R 
2 2
GM
to ‘o’ I  ( r ) dirction of I is allways
r3 2GM
Eg  1  Cos  (in terms of ‘  ’)
along R2
F for all bodies(there is no -ve mass will
be exists)  Field due to Sperical Shell:
It is a vector quantity and its direction is always Gravitational field intensity due to a thin
towards the centre of the mass producing the uniform spherical shell
field. At a point on the surface of the spherical shall,
The value of Eg or I is zero at r  
If the system has a number of masses, then
resultant gravitational field intensity can be
found out by using the principle of super-
position.
   
i.e. Eg  Eg1  E g2  Eg3 +.............

 Field due to Circular Ring:

E gcenter  zero
Gravitational field intensity due to a circular ring
at any point on its axis is GM
E g surface 
R2
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 6 GRAVITATION
At a point inside the spherical shell,
E g inside  0
At a point outside the spherical shell,
GM
Eg outside  (here x>R)
X2
it is independent of radious of sphere and varies
non leniarly as inverse square of distance
I inside orI center  0 above expression can be written as
 Field due to Solid Sphere(uniform mass
2G 1
density): I
Gravitational field intensity due to a solid a a2
sphere 1
l2
At a point inside the solid sphere,

2G  a2 a2 
I 1  2  highpowersof 2       
a  2l l 

2G
if l is  then I 
a
 The if two concentrics shells of masses M1
and M 2 , are sistuvated as shown in fig. if
GMx
Eg inside  (here x<R) force on a particle of mass M1 , when it is at a
R3
distance ‘ r’
At a point on the surface of the solid sphere,
GM
Eg surface 
R2
At a point outside the solid sphere,
GM
Eg outside  (here X>R).(graph)
X2
I at   0 (at infinite distance)
I at center 0
 Field due to Straight Rod: intensity due to
rod of length 2l,density  ,placed along x-
axis,such that mid point of rod is coincides
with origin.if gravitational field intensity at a at c  I  0 ,due to m1andm2 , I m1 ,m2 =0
2G l GM 2
point p(a,o) is I at b  I m1  0, I m2 
a l 2  a2 b2
GM 1 GM
potential.at A  I m1  2
, I m2  2 2
a a
G M 1  M 2 
total potential at point A I 
a2
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 7 GRAVITATION
 magnitudes of gravitational fields at here R  distance of the point from the source
distances r1 , r2 from centre of uniform solid dV
F  ( where V is gravitational potential )
dr
sphere of radious R and mass M are I1 and I2

I1 unit  J/Kg (S.I. System)

respectively,then ratio of
I 2 is Dimensional formula
0 1 2
  M LT 
2 Gravitational potential is always negative , with
GM I1 r2
1) a) r1  R  I1  2  I  r2
maximum of zero at infinity.-ve means forces is
r1 2 1
opposite to displacement ( Work is done
against gravitational force)
GM
b) r2  R  I2  W
r2
2 Gravitational potential, V 
m
GM dw
a) r2  R  I 2  r2 w   F .dr  F 
R3 dr
r  
GM I r
 1  1 GM dv
b) r1  R  I1  3 1 
r V   Eg .d r  I  
R I 2 r2 r dr


GM
a) r1  R  I1  r 2 
F

dw
m
1
I dv
3
GM I1 R
 b) r2  R  I 2  r    
R3
2
I 2 r12 r2 dv
 E g   ( r ) (In vector notation)
dr
mass of earth is 81 times the moon’s mass,
distance between them is 3.8  10 5 km then
dv
field strength of earth moon system is zero at  Eg   (in magnitude)
dr
3.42  10 5 km from earth.
by using above information we conclude that
astronaut is going from earth to moon will face
I 
dv ^
dr
 
r it is working in terms of
weight less,when he is at a distance of cartesian coordinate system
3.42  10 5 km from earth ,engines of space ship
E  E x  E y  E z , dr  dxi  dy j  dz k
is inactive.
 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL:
The amount of work done in bringing a unit   v v v 
mass from infinity to a certain point in the  Eg    i  j  k 
gravitational field of another massive object is  x y z 
called as gravitational potential. Gravitational potential at the earth surface,
For an assembly of number of masses m1 ,
Gravitational potential
mass “M” m2 , m3 .......... mn at distances r1 , r2 ,
W
V r3 .......... rn from the point ‘p’, the resultant
M gravitational potential at a point ‘p’ can be
GM written as
V  ( M is mass of the massive object)
R
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 8 GRAVITATION
V  v1  v2  v3  .........vn
GM
Voutside  (If x>R)
m m m m  x
 V  G  1  2  3  ...........  n 
 r1 r2 r3 rn  At infinity, V  0
n
mi  Gravitational potential due to a solid
 V  G  sphere:
i 1 ri At a point inside the solid sphere,
 Potential due to Circular Ring:
Gravitational potential due to a circular ring, at
any point is
GM
V
R2  x2

 Gravitational potential due to a spherical

shell:-mass of shell is M,R is radious then
At a point inside the spherical shell,

GM
Vinside  3
(3R 2  x 2 )
2R
 3 r2 
Vinside 
 GM   3  (if x<R)
 2 R 2R 
At a point on the surface of the solid sphere,
GM
Vsurface  (If x=R)
GM R
Vinside  (If x<R) At a point outside the solid sphere,
R
At a point on the surface of the spherical shell, GM
Voutside  (If x>R)
GM x
Vsurface  (If x=R) At the centre, x=0
R
GM
vcentre   (r=0 at centre)  Vc  
3 GM 3
 Vsurface .in case of solid
R 2 R 2
GM spher potencial is maximum at centre.
vinside  vsurface  vcentre   ,
R potencial exhibits continuity at the surfaceof
(If x  R) potencial inside the shell is equal to GM
potential at surface is equal to potential at shell is Vcenter  Vinside  Vsurface  ,
centre
R
At a point outside the spherical shell, GM
Voutside 
r
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 9 GRAVITATION
field exhibits discontinuity at surface of  GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:
The amount of work done against the
GM
shell I inside  0 , I outside  gravitationa force in bringing a body from infinity
R2 to any point in the gravitational field is defined
 GRAVITAITONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: as the gravitational potential energy at that
The work is done in bringing an object of mass point.
m from  to a point in the gravitational field of For a conservative field,
massive object. u r  
du  du   F .d r
W  V .m F 
dr

u0

r0
-GMm
U= r  
R
 u  u0   F .d r
If the two bodies are moving away then
r0
gravitational potential energy is decreasing.
If the two bodies are bring towards each other If we take the reference point at infinity, the
then energy is increasing. potential energy there becomes zero i.e.,
Change in gravitational potential energy in lifting r0    u0  0
an object from the surface of a planet to an altitude
h is given by r  
 r   
 u    F .d r  W  as  F .d r  W 
1 1 
  
U  GMm    
 R Rh
 1)in case of conservative field,potencial energy
GMm is equal to -ve of work done in shifting body
U  from some refrecnce point to given position.
 R
R 1  
 h

mgh
mgRh 
 1
h
Rh R
if h << R then U = mgh
if h >> R then U = mgR
 Gravitational potential difference: 2)particle move opposite to field, work done by
The amount of work done in bringing a unit field will be -ve.so change in potential energy will
mass between two points in the gravitational +ve.so potential energy will increse.
field is called as the gravitational potential 3)particle move along the field ,work done is
difference. +ve,so change in potential energy is -ve,decrese.
4)potential energy is exist for only conservative
force,it does not exist for non conservative
V  Va Vb 5)potential energy is depends on frame of
work donetobring froma  b reference.+ve potential energy means body will
 do work in returning to its referenceposition.-ve
mo
potential energy means workdone on body to
1 1 bring to back to reference position.
 GM    Now by the definition of gravitational potential,
 rb ra  we can write
W U
 1 1  V    U  mv
Wa b  mo Vb  Va   Gmmo      m m
  rb ra  
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 10 GRAVITATION
 If a particle of mass ‘ m1 ’ is at a distance ‘r’ 2 gnR
2) velocity require for this is V
from a particle of mass ‘ m2 ’, then n 1
3)amount of external workdone required to
Gm1m2  Gm2 
U  m1v   V   r 
increse the separation betweentwo praticals of
r masses m1 and m2 from ‘r’ to infinate
In case of discrete distribution of masses
Gm1m2
 Gm1 m2 Gm2 m3  is
U  Ui      ............ r
 r12 r23  4)for continuious mass distribution,potential
energy between any two particals of masses
 m1m2 m2 m3 
=G    ............ dm1, dm2 separated by distance ‘r’ will be
 r12 r23 
(total number of intractions for an n- Gdm1dm2
 , total potential energy
nn  1 r
particalssystem is given by nc2 
2 G dm1 dm2 
 If a point mass ‘m’ is at a distance r from the
U=   r
centre of the earth (here r>R) 5)self energy of a spherical planet of mass M and

GMm  GM  3 GM 2
U  mv   Voutside    radious R is U =  .that means
r  r  5 R
At the surface of earth, inorder to dissemble a planet of mass M and

GMm  GM  3 GM 2
U surface    mgR  g  2  radious R completely a work of is
r  R  5 R
At a height ‘h’ above the surface of earth, required.

GMm  MAXIMUM HEIGHT ATTAINED BY A PRO-

Uh   JECTILE (From gravitational potential
Rh energy concept):
 Gravitational potential energy at the centre of Let a projectile of mass ‘m’ be projected
the earth relative to infinity is given by vertically upwards with a velocity ‘v’ so that it
attains a maximum height of ‘h’. According to
3 GMm the law of conservation of energy
U c  mvc  
2 R (U+K)at surface = (U+K)at height ‘h’

3 3GM GMm 1 2 GMm

here Vc  Vs    mv  0
2 2R R 2 Rh
(It is minimum but not zero, however ‘g’ at 1 2 GMm GMm
centre of earth is zero)  mv  
2 R Rh
 1)Change in the gravitational potential energy in 1 2 2GMmh R  h 2GM
lifting the body from the surface of the earth to  mv    2
2 R ( R  h) h v R
a height equal to ‘nR’ from the surface of the
earth R 2GM R 2GM
 1  2   2 1
GMmh GMm(nR) GMmn mgRn h v R h v R
U    
R(R  h) R(R  nR) R(n 1) n 1
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 11 GRAVITATION
e) It is hidden by an event horizon at a distance
R Rv 2 called Schwarzschild radius.
h h
2GM
1 2 gR  v 2 f) Any object would be a black hole if and only if all
2 of its mass is inside a sphere with a radius equal
v R to Schwarzchild radius. At the Schwarzchild
If h<<<R, so required velocity is also small radius, escape velocity is equal to the speed of
 v 2 is negligible light. This boundary is called ‘EVENT HORIZON’.
 Any event that occurs, within the event
Rv 2 v 2 v2 horizon cannot be observed from outside it.
h  h `
2 gR 2 g 2g  Black holes have infinitely large density. The
In another way, if h<<<R matter present inside is called ‘Singularity”.
 Any object, even light, present within the
2gRh  h  Rv 
2

v 
2 event horizon will be sucked into the black
 2 
Rh  2 gR  v  hole
 When the mass of the remaining star is
2 gRh 2 gh
v  2
 v2  greater than 3M s , even the degenerate
 h h
R 1   1 electron pressure between neutrons cannot
 R R prevent the gravitation collapse and black
holes are formed.
h .g) Black holes remain hypothetical, but observa-
If h<<<R  is negligible, then
R tions suggest that such phenomena exist in
the star system Cygnus -X-1 and center of
v2 our Galaxy.
v  2 gh  h 
2
, or V  2 gh it is • Schwarzschild Radius :
2g a) Using Einstein’s general theory of relativity, Karl
holds good for only heights is close to surface Schwarzchild determined the radius of an object
of earth. below which the escape velocity would be greater
 In terms of escape velocity: than the speed of light. This radius is called
Schwarzchild radius. Schwarzchild radius,
Rv2 Rv2
h h 2  ve  2 gR  2GM
2 gR  v 2
ve  v 2   R M=mass of an object, G=Universal
 BLACK HOLES THEORY:
C2
a) The collapsed star will be so dense such that is gravitational constant, C=Velocity of light
even light is can not escape from it,such an entity b) This equation implies that any star with mass
is called “ Black Hole “.We cannot see black 'M' can become a black hole if it can achieve
holes because light emitted by them would not Schwarzschild radius.
reach us, however its gravitational effect will be • STAGES IN THE BLACK HOLE FORMATION :
felt by other objects
b) Neutron star has a density much larger than a Massive Star
white dwarf and radius about 20 k.m., nutron stars
 (Energy source i.e, hydrogen decreases)
also called “Pulsar”,because they emit regular
pulses of radio waves. Red giant stage
c) Star turns into Black Hole, when the mass of the  (Material particles blown off)
remainig matter after a super nova expolsion is White dwarf stage
greater than 3M s and the initial mass being  (Chandra Sekhar limit exceed)
Super Nova
greater than 10 M s .
 (Further core collapse)
d) The mass of the remaining star is greater than
Neutron Star
3M s , even the degeneracy pressure between
 (Further core collapse)
nutrons can not prevent the gravitational collapse
Black hole
and Black Holes are formed.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 12 GRAVITATION
• Black hole formation is the last stage of the life Examples:
cycle of a massive star.  A laboratory frame of reference which is fixed
• When the energy source (i.e, hydrogen) availability to earth is considered as an inertial frame and
decreases, its core starts to shrink because of is used to describe the motion of the bodies
gravity resulting in the formation of a Red giant. present on the surface of earth.
• At Red giant stage diameter becomes many more  A stationary railway platform
times the diameter of the original massive star
due to nuclear fusion.
 A train in uniform motion.

• After several million years, hydrogen available in  When two observers from their respective
the 'red giant' is exhausted completely. inertial frames are watching an object, they
• The 'red giant' now releases material particles report
present in it and forms a relatively dim star, known i) different positions (s) ii) different velocities (v)
as 'white dwarf. iii) same acceleration (a)
• At white dwarf stage all the remaining material • In Newtonian mechanics, invariant quantities are
will be packed into a small volume, i.e., about mass, force, acceleration and time. For all
one millionth the size of the original star, due to observers in inertial frames these quatities will have
the strong gravitational pull. same magnitude.
• When the mass of the white dwarf exceeds about
• The laws of physics are same in all inertial frames
1.4 times the mass of the Sun (Chandrasekhar's
limit) it collapses further and the core temperature of reference.
rises over 100 billion degrees. • A frame of reference attached to the earth may
• At this stage the repulsive force between nuclei be considered as an inertial frame of reference,
overcomes the attraction force of gravity giving though strictly speaking it is a non-inertial frame.
out an explosive shock wave, known as  NON-INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE:
'supernova'. A non-inertial frame of reference is defined as
• After 'supernova' stage, depending upon the mass the coordinate system in which Newtons’s
of the original star, pressure inside the 'left over' laws of motion does not hold good. A non-
core becomes very large. inertial frame is that which is accelerating
• At this stage electrons are forced to combine linearly with respect to an inertial frame or
with protons reducing whole of the star into a which is rotating uniformly with respect to a
dense ball of neutrons, known as 'Neutron Star'. fixed inertial frame.
• If mass of original star is very large, say 10 or Examples:
more times the mass of the Sun, even neutrons
will not be able to withstand, the core collapses  A rotating platform.
and finally a black hole is formed.  A frame of reference attached to earth with
• FRAME OF REFERENCE :
respect to an observer in space.
A system of coordinate axes about which the
position or motion of an object can be described  consider a ball at rest in a stationary train. If
is called a frame of reference. the train moves in the forward direction, the
There are two types of reference frames ball moves in the backward direction with an
(i) Inertial frame of reference. acceleration. In order to gain certain accelera-
(ii) Non-inertial frame of reference. tion in backward direction, an external force
INERTIAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE : must act on the ball which was initially at rest.
An inertial frame of reference is defined as a Infact, the forces which are responsible for the
co-ordinate system in which Newton’s laws of acceleration of the bodies in non-inertial
motion holds good. frames are not seen directly. Hence we
In general, a frame which is at rest or which is assume that this acceleration is caused by
moving with a uniform velocity with respect to fictitious or “Pseudo forces”, according to the
another fixed inertial frame is called an ‘inertial observers in the accelerated frame of refer-
frame of reference’. In this frame of reference, ence.
the acceleration of the body is caused by real
forces.
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 13 GRAVITATION
non accelerated system (inertial).
 INERTIAL MASS:
(i) Let us consider an astronaut standing in a
The property of a body that measures its
stationary space ship on the earth, then the
resistance to acceleration is called its inertial
feels the reaction force of the floor of the ship
mass. This mass is determined only when the
on his feet. If an astronaut releases a ball from
body is in motion.
the certain height, it will fall down to the floor
 According to the Newtons’s second law of with an acceleration ‘g’.
motion (ii) Let us consider that the astronaut turned
on the engines of the space ship and reached
F
F  mi a  mi  a place where there is virtually no gravity (free
a space). If it remains stationary at the place,
 Inertial mass is defined as the ratio of the force the astronaut will not feel the reaction of the
floor. More ever the ball released at a certain
applied on the body to the acceleration
height from the floor of the space ship will not
produced in the body.
fall down and just float there.
 It is difficult to measure the inertial mass (iii) Now, let us assume that the astronaut in
accurately. So it is measured by using an the free space (zero gravity) again turns on the
inertial balance. engines and accelerated with an acceleration
 GRAVITATIONAL MASS: equal to ‘g’. The astronaut would then again
The property of a body responsible for the feel the force of the floor of space ship on his
gravitational force it exerts an another body is feet. If a ball is released from certain height, it
called its gravitational mass. will fall down to the floor of the space ship.
Observations made here would exactly be the
 According to the universal law of gravitation,
same as in a stationary space ship on the
gravitational force on a body is proportional to
earth with a gravitational field strength.
its mass and this gravitational force experi-
enced by the body is called its weight.  ESCAPE VELOCITY:
The minimum velocity required by given to a
body in order to throw it out of the gravitational
W field of a planet (earth) is defined as escape
W  mg  W  mg ( g )  mg  velocity.
g
Principle: It depends on the principle of
 Gravitational mass can be defined as the ratio conservation of energy. The kinetic energy
of the weight of the body to the acceleration given to the body on the surface of the planet
due to gravity. must be equal to its gravitational potential
 While determining the gravitational mass, the energy at infinite i.e. at gravitational front.
body will be at rest. So it is easy to determine 
1 GMm 1 GMm
the gravitational mass with a spring balance. mVe2   2 dr  mVe2 
 PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE:
2 R
r 2 R
This principle is directly establishes that inertial
mass and gravitational mass are completly equal.
mi  mg 2GM 2GM
 Ve2   Ve   Ve  M
It obeys approximately in identical frame of R R
reference. (if Radius, R is constant)
“A uniformly accelerated reference frame in the
absence of any gravitational effect is com-  GM 
pletely equivalent to a homogeneous gravita-  Ve  2 gR  g  R 2 
tional field”.
Einstein postulated that the laws of physics
should be the same in all reference frames 8 G
 Ve  R  Ve R (if density of
both non accelerated (inertial) and accelerated 3
(non-inertial). Let us consider an astronaut in
three different situation, so as to illustrate the the earth planet is constant)
equivalence in accelerated (non-inertial) and or
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 14 GRAVITATION

For a body present on the surface of the planet of the value of escape velocity V  Ve  it will
mass M, radius R and mean density  reach a certain height and then either may
move in an orbit around the planet or may fall
back to the planet.
2GM  4 R 3  
ve   2 gR  2G   • If a body is projected with a velocity greater than
R  3R  the escape velocity V  Ve  then by
2 conservation of energy
 2R G
3 1 GMm 1
mV 2   mV12
 Salient features regarding escape velocity: 2 R 2
(i) Escape velocity depends on the mass,
density and radius of the planet from which the
2GM  2GM 
body is projected.  V12  V 2   V 2  Ve2 Ve2 
(ii) Escape velocity does not depend on the R  R 
mass of the body, its direction of projection and
the angle of projection.  V1  V 2  Ve2
(iii) Greater the value of escape velocity from a
planet, denser will be its atmosphere. i.e., the body will move in interplanetary or
(iv) Escape velocity on the surface of earth =
interstellar space with a velocity V 2  Ve2
11.2 Km/s
Escape velocity on the surface of moon = 2.31  Kepler’s Laws :
Km/s  KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETORY MOTION:
Escape velocity on the surface of Jupiter = 42
Kepler’s first law or laws of orbits :-: Every
Km/s
planet revolves around the sun in elliptical orbit
Escape velocity for the solar system= 64 Km/s
with the sun is at one of its foci of ellipse.
(v) There is no atmosphere on moon, because
It is also called “ Law of Orbits “.
r.m.s. velocities of molecules are greater than
Perigee:- The position of a planet nearest to
the escape velocity (i.e.,Vrms  Ve ) the sun is known as perigee. In this position,
(vi) The escape velocity on sun is the maxi- the speed of the planet is maximum.

mum. As Ve  Vrms , hence even the lightest

molecules cannot escape from there.
• Sufficient amount of hydrogen is present in the
atmosphere of the sun since the escape velocity
on the sun is very high.
There is no atmosphere on the surface of the
moon since the escape velocity on the surface
of the moon is less.

(vii) If a body falls freely from infinity, then it

reaches the earth with a velocity of 11.2 Km/s.
(viii) If the velocity of the satellite orbiting near
the surface of earth is increased by 41.4% (or) Apogee:- The position of a planet at the
increased to 2 times, it escapes out from maximum distance from the sun is known as
apogee. In this position, the speed of the
the earth because its velocity becomes equal
planet is minimum.
to the escape velocity.
A planet of mass ‘m’ is moving in an elliptical
(ix) On doubling the energy of the satellite
orbit around the sun. The sun, of mass ‘M’, is
revolving near the earth, the satellite would
at one focus ‘s’ of the ellipse. The other focus
escape from the earth.
is ‘s’, which is located in empty space. Each
If a body is projected with a velocity less than
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 15 GRAVITATION
focus is at distance ‘ea’ from the ellipse’s at which it sweeps out area ‘A’ is constant.
centre, with ‘e’ being the eccentricity of the But as L=constant(force is central, so torque
ellipse. The semi major axis of the ellipse ‘a’, is zero and hence angular momentum of the
planet is conserved)
the perihelion distance rmin (nearest from the
dA
sun), the aphelion distance rmax (farthest from  A real velocity =constant
dt
the sun) are indicated in the fig- i.e., Kepler’s II law or constancy of a real
velocity is a consequence of conservation of
angular momentum.
According to the law of conservation of angular
momentum
m(Vmax )(rmin )  m(Vmin )(rmax )
ure. Vmax rmax (1  e)a 1  e
   
Vmin rmin (1  e) a 1  e
here V perihelion  Vmax and Vapehelion  Vmin

rperihelion  rmin rapehelion  rmax

rmax  a  ea  (1  e) a
1  e semimajoraxis
here 
1  e semi min oraxis
rmin  a  ea  (1  e)a
The distance of each focus from the centre of ab
 eccentricity, e 
the ellipse is ‘ea’, where ‘e’ is the dimension- a b
less number between 0 to 1, called the
eccentricity. If e=0, the ellipse is a circle. For rapehelion  rperihelion  2a , ‘a’ is the semi major
earth, e=0.017 axis
Kepler’s second law or LAW OF AREAS:
The speed of planet in its orbit varies in such a
way that radius vector joining the planet to sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
time. It is also states that planet sweeps equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
Areal Velocity of radius vector joining the planet
to sun is remains constant.
Mathematically
1
rv  constant
2  If e>1 and total energy (K.E +P.E)>0, the path
1 2 of the satellite is hyperbolic and it escapes
r  = constant from its orbit.
2
 If e<1 and total energy is negative, it moves in
L an elliptical path.
 constant, this law obeys law of
2m  If e=0 and total energy is negative, it moves in
conservation of angular momentum, it is also circular path.
called “Law of Areas”.  If e=0 and total energy is zero, it will take
An imaginary line that connects a planet to the parabolic path.
sun sweeps out equal areas in the plane of the
 The path of the projectiles thrown to lower
dA heights is parabolic and thrown to greater
planet’s orbit in equal times, ie., the rate
dt heights is elliptical.
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 16 GRAVITATION
 Kepler’s laws may be applied to natural and  The astronaut sitting in a geo-stationary
artificial satellites as well. satellites is in the state of weight lessness as
3) Kepler’s third law : The square of period of the value of ‘g’ inside a satellite is zero.
revolution of planet around the sun is proportional  To determine the time in a geo-stationary
to cube of the average distance of planet around satellite, a spring watch is used instead of a
the sun. pendulum clock because later it does not
T 2  a3 oscillate due to ‘g’ being zero.
where ‘a’ is length of semi major axis of ellipse  If anything is gently released from a geo-
stationary satellite, then it starts moving with
the velocity of the satellite and itself becomes
 SATELLITES: a satellite.
 PLANETORY MOTION AND SATELLITES:-  The geo-stationary satellite is projected from
The bodies revolving round a planet in its west towards east so that maximum benefit of
gravitational field are defined as satellites. the motion of the earth may be obtained.
Different types of satellites are  A satellite moving in a stable orbit does not
 a) Natural Satellites:- need any energy from an external source.
The natural bodies which revolve around a • Artificial Satellites :
planet are known as natural satellites. For • ORBITAL VELOCITY:
example, moon is the natural satellite of earth. • The velocity of a satellite revolving around earth
There are12 natural satellites of Jupiter 10 of of mass M and radius R in a circular orbit of radius
Saturn and 2 of Mars. 'r' at a height 'h' from the surface of earth is called
orbital velocity.
 b) Artificial Satellites:-
The man made bodies which are established in GM GM gR 2
a particular orbit and are made to revolves Vo   
around the earth are known as artificial satel- r  R  h  R  h
lites. For example Aryabhatta, Rohini,
Bhaskara etc are artificial satellites. These are GM
again classified into two types. 
 R  h
3
 (i) Orbital Satellites:-
The satellites which always revolve in different
orbits around earth are known as orbital GM
satellites.
when h  R then, Vo   gR
R
 (ii) Communication Satellites:
1
The satellites which remain stationary with 2 
R3  T  R
2 3
respect to earth are known as communication
satellites. For example INSAT 1A, 1B, 2A etc • For two satellites revolving around the earth in
are communication satellites.
different cicular orbits of radii r1 and r2 at vertical
 The angular velocity of the satellite must be in
the same direction as that of earth i.e., from heights h1 and h2
west towards east.
V1 r2 R  h2
 The period of revolution of satellite must be  
V2 r1 R  h1
equal to the period of rotation of earth about its
own axis i.e., 24 hrs.
• Orbital velocity V0  7.92 kms1  8kms 1 (close
 The orbit of the satellite should be circular and
to the surface of earth)
in the equatorial plane of the earth. • It is independent of mass of the satellite and angle
 The satellite should be established at a height of its projection. It is always along the tangent to
of 3600 kms from the earths surface. the orbit.
 Satellites are in general in the gravitational field • Relation between escape and orbital velocities
of the planet. Ve  2 V0
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 17 GRAVITATION
• If the speed of the orbiting body is made 2 orbits of geo stationnary satellites called
times its inital velocity or velocity is increased by parking orbit.(h=36000km,R=42000km)
41.4% or its KE is doubled (increased by 100%),  The time period of revolution of the satellite
then the body will escape. depends upon its height above the earth
• If the speed of the orbiting body 'V' is such that surface. Higher the height of the satellite,
Vo  V  Ve then its orbit changes from circle to greater will be its time period.
ellipse  Time period of revolution of a geostationary
 TIME PERIOD OF REVOLUTION: satellite is 24 hours
Time taken by the satellite in completing one  FREQUENCY OF REVOLUTION(n):
revolution round the earth is called as its time The number of revolutions made by the satellite
period (T).Time period of revolution, in one second is called the frequency of
revolution(n).
circumferenceoftheorbit 2 r r3
T   2 n
1

1 GM

1 GM

1 gR 2
orbitalvelocity GM GM T 2 r3 2 ( R  h)3 2 ( R  h)3
r
 GM 
 g  R 2 

( R  h) 3 ( R  h)3 If the satellite revolves close to the earth

 T  2  2
GM gR 2 surface, h<<R

 GM   n 
1 GM
 n 
1 g
 g  R 2  2 r3 2 R

If the satellite revolves close to the earth  When the satellite revolves in an orbit of radius
surface, h<<R  Time period of revolution, ‘r’ (here r=R+h) potential energy,
Here negative energy means that the satellite
R is moving in the gravitational field of the planet.
T  2  84.4 min =1.4 hr and
g The planet and the satellite form a bound
system. If it is to be escaped out of the
gravitational field, then additional energy
3
T  GMm
Gs
will have to be given to it.
2( R  h)
1)This is same as timeperiod of a simple
pendulam of length infinite and time period of  Binding energy ( EB ) :
SHM of a ball in a tunnel through the earth. The minimum energy required by the satellite in
 Their is a satellite in equitorial plane rotating in order to make it escape from the gravitational
direction of earth’s rotation,i.e from west to east field of a planet is defined as the binding energy
.then for an observer on earth angular velocityof
GMm GMm
satillite will be Ws  WE  .time interval Eb  -Total energy = 
2r 2( R  h)
betweentwo consective
Binding energy increases on increasing the
2 mass of the satellite ( EB m)
T
ws  wE   The variation of total energy ‘E’, Kinetic Energy
T S TE if ws  wE then ‘K’ and potential energy ‘U’ with r
  ANGULAR MOMENTUM:
TE  TS
In case of the satellite motion, the angular
T=infinate,satellite will appear stationary momentum of the satellite is given by
relative to earth.such satellites called geo
stationary satellites.
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 18 GRAVITATION
GM  Weight lessness is experience only when the
L  Mv0 r  mr  m GMr effective gravitational attraction on the astronaut
r is negligible. The effective gravitational attrac-
tion is negligible if the satellite mass itself is
 L  GMm2 r less. This is the reason why an astronaut does
force is central ,so for satellites  =0, then not feel weight less ness on moon despite
L=constant being a satellite of earth, whereas he feels
Angular momentum of the satellite depends on weightless in an artificial satellite.
mass of the satellite, mass of the planet and  The concept of up and down vanishes in the
radius of the orbit. state of weight lessness. Hence the astro-
 A satellite behaves like a freely falling body nauts are provided with food in the form of
i.e., only when ‘g’ is effective on it. paste filled in tubes.
 A body inside a satellite is in the state of  If a body is suspended by a string in a satellite,
weight less ness. then the tension in the string is zero.
 A satellite can revolve only in that orbit which  In this condition, all bodies lying inside the
contains the centre of earth as well as the satellite state floating in spaces. Consequently
equator. an astronaut cannot drink water with the help of
 The velocity of a satellite near the planet is a glass.
maximum, where as its time period is mini-
mum.  DIFFERENT ORBITAL SHAPES CORRE-
 When a satellite revolves round a planet in an SPONDING TO DIFFERENT VELOCITY OF A
elliptical orbit, then its orbital speed is not SATELLITE:
uniform. The shape of the orbit of an artificial satellite
depends upon its velocity.
 The mass of a planet can be determined with
the help of its satellite.
 CONDITION OF WEIGHTLESS NESS IN A
SATELLITE:
The force acting on the astronaut of mass ‘m’
GMm m v 02
 F R  here FR is the reactional
r2 r
force
 If the reactional force on the floor of the satellite
is zero, hence there is the state of weight
lessness in a satellite.

GMm mv02 (i) If V  V0 , then the satellite does not remain

i.e., 
r2 r in its circular pather rather it traces a spiral
 The effective acceleration due to gravity inside path and ultimately falls on earth. In this case,
the satellite=g-a kinetic energy is less than the potential energy
and the total energy is negative.
 The effective weight = m(g-a)
 As the frame of reference attached to the (ii) If V  V0 , then the satellite revolves in a
satellite is an accelerated frame, whose circular orbit. In this case, kinetic energy is
acceleration towards the centre of the earth is less than the potential energy and the total
energy is negative. In this case, eccentricity is
v02 GM zero.
a  2 g
r r (iii) If V0  V  Ve , then the satellite will
 The effective weight of a body in the satellite revolve round the earth in an elliptical orbit. In
is zero and independent of the radius of the this case, eccentricity is e<1. In this case,
orbit.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 19 GRAVITATION
kinetic energy is less than the potential energy
1 GMm GMm
and the total energy is negative.  i  KE   ii  PE  
2 R R
(iv) If V  Ve , this the satellite will move along
a parabolic path and escape out of the gravita- PE
tional field of the earth. In this case, kinetic  iii  KE  (or) PE  2  KE 
energy is equal to the potential energy and the 2
total energy is zero. In this case, eccentricity numerically.
is e=1. GMm
(v) If V  Ve , then the satellite will move along  iv  Total Energy  KE  PE  2R
a hyperbolic path and escape out of the • A surface satellite possesses both KE and PE
gravitational field of the earth. In this case,
kinetic energy is greater than the potential i ) For a satellite in the orbit  i  PE  KE
energy and the total energy is positive. In this
case, eccentricity is e>1.  ii  The energy to be supplied to it to escape
 Energy of satellite : into space is called binding energy (BE)
• Gravitational potential is the work done in moving
GMm
unit mass from the point to infinity against BE 
R
GM
gravitational force. V  • When the total energy of a satellite is zero,
r it escapes into space in a parabolic path.
• Gravitational potential Energy (GPE) of a body • When a body escapes into space, its KE  PE
GMm • The KE required to make a body escape into space
on the surface of the earth U  is
R
GMm
where M  mass of earth KE   mgR
m mass of the body R
• When a satellite is lifted from a lower orbit to
R  radius of earth
higher orbit then
• Gravitational potential energy of a body at an
a) its PE increases b) KE decreases
altitude 'h' is GMm • The amount of workdone in lifting a body from the
U
 R  h surface of the earth to a height 'h' is
• The work done or change in potential energy when GMm mgh
a body of mass ' m ' is displaced from a height W mgRh 
 R  h
R 1   Rh 1
h1 to h2 with respect to the surface of earth is  h R
if h << R then w = mgh
 1 1  if h >> R then w = mgr
W  PE  GMm   
  R  h1   R  h2  
 Geostationary satellites:
Conditions for geo-stationary satellite:
 1 1  • The plane of obit of the satellite should coincide
 mgR 2    with geo-equatorial plane
 R  h1 R  h2  • The direction of revolution of satellite should be
same as the direction of rotation of earth (ie.,
• If a body of mass ' m ' is displaced from the from West to East)
surface of earth to infinity then the change in its • The time period of revolution of the satellite should
potential energy is PE  mgR be 24 hr
• Time period of revolution of geo-stationary satellite
where R is radius of earth with respect to earth is infinity
• Potential Energy at the centre of the earth is • When a satellite is revolving around the earth in a
minimum but not zero. fixed orbit then the astronant inside the satellite
• For a satellite orbiting close to the surface of earth
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 20 GRAVITATION
experiences weightlessness or zero apparent  The acceleration due to gravity on moon is 1/
weight because zero normal reaction is exerted 6th of its ‘g’ at earth’s surface. Hence a body
by the satellite on the astronaut and both have on moon’s surface will rebound upto a height
equal acceleration towards the centre of the earth. equal to 6 times the height rebounded on earth.
 GEO-STATIONARY SATELLITE: 1 h g
It is also known as communication satellite or h  m  e
synchronous satellite.
g he g m
A satellite which appears to be stationary for a  The value of ‘g’ is less on the surface of the
person on the surface of the earth is called moon, hence the astronauts put heavy weight
geostationary satellite. on their back before landing on moon.
(i) The orbit of the satellite must be circular and
must be in the equatorial plane of the earth.  When a body is carried from earth towards
(ii) The angular velocity of the satellite must be moon, then its weight first decreases gradually
in same direction as the angular velocity of to zero and then increases due to moon’s
rotation of the earth i.e., from west to east. gravity.
(iii) The period of revolution of the satellite must  If a body is released from a height ‘h’ and its
be equal to be period of rotation of earth about strikes the earth in 1 second, then the same
its axis, i.e. 24 hours=86400 s
body will take 6 seconds in falling through
4 2 3 GMT 2 the same height ‘h’ on moon.
(iv) T  (r )  r 3
2

GM 4 2  When a body is thrown from the surface of

1/ 3 earth and it reaches moon, then
 GMT 2   GM R 2T 2 
1/ 3
(i) As ‘g’ decreases with height, hence the
r  2 
r 2 X 
 4  4 2  weight of the body also decreases.
 R
(ii) A stage is reached at a particular height
1/ 3 from the earth’s surface, where gravitational pull
 (6.4 X 106 )(86400) 2  on the body due to earth and the moon become
 r   9.8 X  equal and consequentyly the weight of the
 4 X (3.14) 2  body becomes zero.
 r  42400 X 103 m  42400 KM (iii) After this height, the effective gravitational
acceleration due to moon increases, conse-
 R+h=42400 KM  6400+h=42400 quently the weight of the body increases till it
 h=36000 KM reaches the surface of the moon.
From above, the height of the geo-stationary  There is no atmosphere on mars like that on
satellite from the surface of the earth is nearly
moon, but the atmosphere on Saturn and
36000 KM.
Jupiter is much denser.
(v) The orbital velocity of this satellite is nearly
3.08 Km/s
(vi) The relative velocity of geo-stationary  The pendulum clock and the spring watch,
satellite with respect to earth is zero. which are made isochronous on the ground
(vii) The orbit of the geo-stationary satellite is level, when carried onto the top of a mountain,
called the ‘Parking Orbit”. then the pendulum clock being dependent on
 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS: ‘g’ runs slow whereas the spring watch remains
unaffected.
Gravitational force is a conservative force.
Hence the angular momentum and mechanical  If a tunnel is dug along with North-South
energy of any particle moving under the influ- diameter of earth and a body is dropped into it,
ence of this force is conserved. then its velocity increases.
 If two bodies of masses ‘M’ and ‘m’ are moving (i) At the centre of the earth, its velocity will be
maximum and acceleration is zero.
towards each other, then their relative velocity
(ii) After crossing the centre, its velocity
2G ( M  m) gradually decreases.
of approach is , where ‘d’ is the (iii) At the South pole, its velocity becomes
d zero. The body executes S.H.M with time
distance between those two bodies.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 21 GRAVITATION

3  ii  for weather forecast

period T   84.4 min
GP  iii  for telecommunication, television
 If a tunnel is dug along the chord of the earth transmission
and a body is dropped into it.
(i) The velocity of the body on earth’s surface is
 iv  to locate the places of mineral deposits on
zero and its acceleration is maximum. the earth.
(ii) At the centre of the tunnel, its velocity will
be maximum and acceleration is zero but their
 v  for spying purpose
magnitudes will be less than before.
(iii) The body will execute S.H.M.  vi  to study different experiments in weightless

 The weight of a body at a height of 0.41 R from conditions.

Note : A minimum number of 3 geo-
the earth’s surface is half its value on the
sationary satellites at an angular separation of
earth’s surface, where as at a depth of 0.5 R
from the earth’s surface, the weight is half of its 1200 are required for telecast of a programme
value on the earth’s surface. all around the earth.
 It is not possible to establish a satellite just • If a satellite is revolving close to the surface
above Jaipur because Jaipur does not lie on of the earth, then the radius of the orbit is taken
equatorial plane of earth. as the radius of earth.
 A wire of mass ‘M’ has been turned into an arc R
of radius ‘R’ as shown in the figure. A particle  T  2  84.6 min = 5078 seconds
of mass ‘m’ is placed at the centre of the arc.
g
The arc exerts a gravitational force on the • If a satellite revolves round the earth from west to
East in the equatorial plane with a period equal to
GMmSin
particle given by Fg  the period of rotation of earth, then it appears to be
R2 stationary. This orbit is known as 'Parking Orbit'
 The force exerted on the moon by sun is and the satellite is known as 'Geostationary Satellite'
• The angular velocity of geo-stationary satellite
greater than that exerted by earth. Despite
relative to earth is zero.
that the moon does not escape out from earth
• The velocity of geo-stattionary satellite is 3.1
at the time of solar eclipse, because the
gravitational force of sun does not provide the kms 1
moon with necessary centripetal force for • Radius of parking orbit is 42,400 km.
orbital motion. • The height of the parking orbit above the surface
 The sun exerts gravitational force on earth. But of the earth is 36,000 km.
the earth does not move towards sun because  SALIENT FEATURES REGARDING ORBITAL
the gravitational pull of sun provides necessary VELOCITY:
centripetal force to the earth, so that its orbit is The expression for orbital velocity,
a stable one.
 it is more useful to release a rocket from the GM g
V0   V0  R
equatorial plane because the linear velocity of Rh Rh
rotation is maximum at the equator.
 Orbital velocity depends upon the mass,
 A satellite does not need fuel (air) at very high density and radius of the planet round which
altitudes where as altitudes where as an the satellite revolves.
aeroplane needs air. At high altitudes, air
density is much less and hence the air friction
 It does not depend upon the mass of the body.
is quite negligible.  The orbital velocity of a satellite near earth is
• Uses of Geo-sationary satellites: 7.92 Km/s.
i  to photograph different regions on earth's  Higher the satellite from the earth’s surface,
lesser will be its orbital velocity.
surface
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 22 GRAVITATION
 Its direction is tangential to the path of the
satellite.
 Orbital velocity depends upon the height of
satellite above the earth surface.
 IMPORTANT FEATURES REGARDING
SATELLITE:
 Total energy of a closed system is always
negative. For example, energy of planet - sun,
satellite-earth or electron-nucleus system are
always negative.  If the radius of the decreases by n%, keeping
 If the law of force obeys the inverse square law the mass unchanged, then the acceleration
due to gravity on its surface increases by 2n%
1 du U
F 2 ,
F  and K .E   E g  R 
r dr 2 i.e.,  2  
g  R 
U  potential energy, E  total energy
 The same is true for electron-nucleus system
 If the mass of the planet increases by m%
keeping the radius constant, the acceleration
because there also, the electrostatic force,
due to gravity on its surface increases by m%
1
Fe g M
r2 i.e., 
g M
 In case of satellite motion, L=mvr=constant
 If the density of the planet decreases by x%
1 keeping the radius constant, the acceleration
 v . According to the equation for the
r due to gravity decreases by x%.
 If the radius of the planet decreases by y%
GM  v  1 keeping the density constant, the acceleration
orbital velocity, v0  0
r r due to gravity decreases by y%.
GAUSS THEOREM FOR GRAVITATION
 These two results appear to be contradictory.
Total integral of expression E  .ds  over a closed
However, this apparent contradiction is resolved
surface is numerically equal to ‘-4  G’. times the
1 mass enclosed within closed surface.
if we keep in mind that v holds good for
r E

.ds   4 G ( M enclosed )
1
E

v .ds  denotes the integral of E  .ds  over a
different points of the orbit while for
r complete surface.
different orbit as show in the figure
E   the gravitational field intensity at an elemental
area ds  .
ds   area vector, whose magnitude is taken as area
itself and direction along the outward normal.
proof: ds  be a small elemental area on surface C,
which subtends a solid angle due at the point mass
M and whose distance from M is ‘r’.
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 23 GRAVITATION
if r<R :
Mr 3
Mass enclosed within Sphere =
R3

E

from Gauss’s .ds   4 G ( M enclosed )

Mr 3
 E.4 r 2  4 G
R3
GM
E r
R3
E  dw   G M (4 )

 .ds    G M
r>R :
E  .d s    4  G M
E

 Gauss Theorm: .ds   4 G ( M closed )
field due to infinitely long rod: shape of Gaussian
surface is cylindrical  E.4 r 2  4 GM
GM
E
r2
for halloce:
r<R : M enclosed  0
E0
r>R : M enclosed  M
GM
E
r2
field due to infinitely extending plane :
the field at point closed to it

E

.ds   4 GM ( enclosed )

for flat surface E  .ds   0

for curved surface  E .ds   E.2 rl

 

 M
4 GM   E.2 rl   
 l  E  2 G 
2GM 2G  
E  area   ab
rl r
field due to uniform solid sphere : semi minor axis
case 1: b  vmin rmax
semi major
rm a x  rm in
a 
2
Synchronous satellite (or) Geostationary satellite:
for an observer standing on earth, the satellite will
appear to be stationary for this angular velocity of
earth and satellite are same.
Synchronous means happening at the same time.
Geostationary means standing still relative to earth.
angular velocity of Geostationary satellite
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 24 GRAVITATION
satellite moving towards east.
2
 rad / sec  due to air drag some mechanical energy of
86400 satellite will converted into heat energy, there will be
 They are launched only one equitorial plane, ie loss of ME of satellite, so radius of orbit will decrease
angular velocity of earth as well as that of Geostation- and satellite follow a spiral path towards earth.
ary satellite should be same direction ie from S to N. if r is decreases

 Weight less ness : GMm GMm

P.E  , P.E is also decreases , K .E 
If a body is in a satellite orbiting the earth at height r 2r
‘h’ above its surface, then K.E increasing, increased speed inspite of decrease
2 in M.E. But rate of P.E decreases is more than the
g1  R  W1 1
    2
rate at which M.E decreases.
g  r  W  h
1 
R  CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
1. If Fg and Fe are gravitational and electrostatic
W  true weight of body in satellite and is lesser
1
forces between two electrons at a distance 0.1
than weight on earth. m then Fg / Fe is in the order of
Satellite moving in circular orbit, it has radial accel- 1) 1043 2) 10–43 3) 1035 4) 10–35
eration 2. Out of the following interactions the weakest is
2
Vo GM 1) gravitational 2) electromagnetic
a  2 3) nuclear 4) electrostatic
r r 3. Neutron changing into Proton by emiting electron
 GM GM  and anti neutrino this due to
apparent weight Wap  m( g  a)  m  2  2   0
1
1) Gravitiaonal Forces
 r r  2) Electro magnetic Forces
apparent weight of body in a satellite = 0 and inde- 3) Weak Nuclear Forces
pendent of radius of orbit. 4) Strong Nuclear Forces
 When the weight of a body (either true or appar- 4. Attractive Force is exists between two protons
ent) becomes zero, the body is said to be in state of inside the Nucleous this is due to
weight less. 1) Gravitiaonal Forces
 One will find it difficult to control his movement, for 2) Electro magnetic Forces
without weight he will tend to float freely. 3) Weak Nuclear Forces
4) Strong Nuclear Forces
 as everything is in free fall, so objects are at rest
5. Repulsive force exist between two protons out
relative to each other.
side the nucleous this due to
Example: 1) Gravitiaonal Forces
 If a glass of water is tilted and glass is pulled out, 2) Electro magnetic Forces
the water in shape of glass will float and will not flow 3) Weak Nuclear Forces
because of surface tension. 4) Strong Nuclear Forces
 if one tries to strike a match, the head will light but 6. Radio activity decay exist due to
the stick will not burn. This is because in this situa- 1) Gravitiaonal Forces
tion convection currents will not be set up which 2) Electro magnetic Forces
supply oxygen for combustion. 3) Weak Nuclear Forces
 The condition of weightlessness can be overcome 4) Strong Nuclear Forces
by creating artificial gravity by rotating the satellite in 7. Two equal masses separated by a distance (d)
addition to its revolution. attract each other with a force (F). If one unit of
 an astronaut in a satellite releases a spoon out of mass is transferred from one of them to the other,
the satellite into the space, the spoon not fall to the force
earth. but due to innertia of motion the velocity of 1) does not change
spoon is equal to that of satellite. 2) decreases by (G/d2)
3) becomes d2 times
as the radius is independent of mass of satellite, the
4) increases by (2G/d2)
spoon will continue to move along with satellite in the
same orbit.
 two sychronous satellites each in a circular orbit
near the earth’s equitorial plane. but one moving east
ward and other west ward. then time period of satellite
moving towards west will be less as compared to
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 25 GRAVITATION
8. Which of the following is the evidence to show
that there must be a force acting on earth and 16. The radius of a black hole  RB  and its
directed towards Sun?
1) Apparent motion of sun around the earth Schwartzchild radius  RS  are related as
2) Phenomenon of day and night
3) Revolution of earth round the Sun 1) RB  RS 2) RB  RS
4) Deviation of the falling body towards earth
9. If R=radius of the earth and g =acceleration due 3) RB  RS 4) RB  RS  Infinity
to gravity on the surface of the earth, the 17. A black hole has
acceleration due to gravity at a distance (r<R) 1) zero volume and zero density
from the centre of the earth is proportional to 2) zero density and infinite volume
1) r 2) r2 3) r–2 4) r–1 3) zero volume and infinite density
10. If R=radiusof the earth and g=acceleration due to 4) infinite volume and infinite density
gravity on the surface of the earth, the 18. The boundary of a black hole is called
acceleration due to gravity at a distance (r>R)
1) event horizon 2) Schwartzchild radius
from the centre of the earth is proportional to
1) r 2) r2 3) r–2 4) r–1 3) Chandra sekhar limit
11. The orbit of geo-stationary satellite is circular, 4) Einstein's space time
19. If M is mass of the sun, then the mass of a white
the time period of satellite depends on (2008 E)
dwarf star may be
1) mass of the Earth
1) M 2) 2M 3) 3M 4) 4M
2) radius of the orbit
3) height of the satellite from the surface of Earth 20. Chandra Sekhar limit is about
4) all the above 1) 2.4 times the solar mass
12. Assertion (A) : A particle of mass ‘m’ dropped 2) 1.4 times the solar mass
into a hole made along the diameter of the earth 3) 14 times the solar mass
from one end to the other end possesses simple
4) 24 times the solar mass
harmonic motion.
Reason (R) : Gravitational force between any two 21. During the transformation of a massive star
particles is inversely proportional to the square ultimately into a black hole, which of the following
of the distance between them. ( 2006 E) sequence is correct?
1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct 1) Red giant stage, supernova stage, white dwarf stage
explanation of A 2) White dwarf stage, red giant stage, supernova
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct stage
explanation of A 3) White dwarf stage, supernova stage, red giant
3) A is true but R is false stage
4) A is false but R is true 4) Red giant stage, white dwarf stage, supernova
13. Moon is revolving in a circular orbit with a uniform stage
velocity V0. If the gravitational force suddenly 22. How many times more, the mass of the original
disappears, the moon will star is to be larger than that of the sun for the
1) continue to move in the same orbit formation of ‘Black Hole’ ? (2006 M)
2) move with a velocity V0 tangentially to the orbit 1) 2 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10
3) fall down freely 23. According to the size, identify the correct
4) ultimately comes to rest decreasing order in (2005 M)
14. Stars having masses more than 5 times the solar a) Original star b) Red giant
the mass end their lives as c) White Dwarf
1) White dwarfs 2) Red giants
1) a,b,c 2) b,c,a 3) c,a,b 4) b,a,c
3) Black dwarfs 4) Black holes
24. Pseudo force also called fictitious force such as
15. Of the following, which one has the core of highest
centrifugal force arises only in
density? 1) Inertial frames 2)Non-intertial frames
1) Neutron star 2) White dwarf 3) Both inertial and non-inertial frames
3) Yellow star 4) Red giant 4) Rigid frames
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 26 GRAVITATION
25. Earth is flattend at poles and bulging at equators 32. A body has weight (w) on the ground.
this is due to The work which must be done to lift
1) revolution of earth around the sun is an elliptical it to a height equal to the radius of the
orbit earth is
2) angular of velocity of spining about its axis is 1) equal to WR 2) greater than WR
more at equator 3) less than WR 4) we can’t say
3) centrifugal force is more at equator than poles 33. The earth retains its atmosphere. This is due to
4) more centrifugal force at poles than equator 1) The special shape of the earth
26. The tidal waves in the sea are primarily due to 2) The escape velocity being greater than the mean
1) the gravitational effect of the moon on the earth speed of the molecules of the atmospheric gases.
2) the gravitational effect of the sun on the earth
3) The escape velocity being smaller than the mean
3) the gravitational effect of the venus on the earth
4) the atmospheric effect of the earth itself speed of the molecules of the atmospheric gases.
27. Consider earth to be a homogeneous sphere. 4) The sun’s gravitational effect.
Scientist A goes deep down in a mine and 34. Ratio of the radius of a planet A to that of planet
scientist B goes high up in a baloon. The B is ‘r’. The ratio of accelerations due to gravity
gravitational field measured by for the two planets is x. The ratio of the escape
1) A goes on decreasing and that of B goes on velocities from the two planets is
increasing 1)
2) B goes on decreasing and that of A goes on
rx 2) r/x 3) r 4) x/r
increasing 35. The ratio of the escape velocity and the orbital
3) Each decreases at the same rate velocity is (1998 M)
4) Each decreases at different rates. 1
28. The speed at which the gravitational field 1) 2 2) 3) 2 4) 1/2
2
propagates is 36. The escape velocity from the earth for a rocket is
1) Equal to the speed of light in vacuum 11.2 km/sec. Ignoring the air resistance, the
escape velocity of 10 mg grain of sand from the
2) Less than the speed of light in vacuum earth will be (1989 E)
3) More than the speed of light in vacuum 1) 0.112 km/sec 2) 11.2 km/sec
4) Either less or more than the speed of light in 3) 1.12 km/sec 4) None
37. The escape velocity for a body projected vertically
vacuum upwards from the surface of earth is 11 km/s. If
29. If a satellite is moved from one stable circular
the body is projected at an angle of 450 with the
orbit to a farther stable circular orbit, then the
following quantity increases vertical, the escape velocity will be [AIEEE 2003]
1) Gravitational force 2) Gravitational P.E. 1) 11 2 km / s 2) 22 km / s
3) linear orbital speed
4) Centripetal acceleration 3) 11km / s 4 ) 11 2 km / s
30. For a planet revolving round the sun, when it is 38. For a satellite escape velocity is 11 km/s. If the
nearest to the sun is satellite is launched at an angle of 60° with the
1) K.E. is min and P.E. is max. vertical, then escape velocity is
2) Both K.E. and P.E. are min
1) 33 km/s 2) 11 / 3 km/s
3) K.E. is max. and P.E. is min
4) K.E. and P.E. are equal 3) 11 3 kms 1 4) 11kms 1
31. The gravitational field is a conservative field. The
work done in this field by moving an object from 39. A missile is launched with a velocity less than
one point to another the escape velocity. The sum of its kinetic and
potential energies is
1) depends on the end-points only
1) Positive 2) Negative 3) Zero
2) depends on the path along which the object is
4) May be positive or negative depending upon
moved its initial velocity
3) depends on the end-points as well as the path 40. The escape velocity of a body depends upon its
between the points. mass as [AIEEE 2002]
4) is not zero when the object is brought back to
its initial position. 1) m 0 2) m1 3) m3 4) m 2
41. If the universal gravitational constant decreases
uniformly with time, then a satellite in orbit will
still maintain its
1)weight 2) tangential speed
3)period of revolution 4)angular momentum
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 27 GRAVITATION
42. Two satellites of masses m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) 1) r decreases, v increases
are revolving around earth in circular orbits of radii 2) both decrease
r1 and r2 (r1 > r2) respectively. Which of the 3) both increase
following statements is true regarding their 4) r increases, v decreases
velocities V1 and V2. 50. The energy required to remove an earth satellite
1) V1 = V2 2) V1 < V2
of mass ‘m’ from its orbit of radius ‘r’ to infinity is
V1 V2
3) V1 > V2 4)  GMm  GMm
r1 r2 1) 2)
r 2r
43. If the mean radius of earth is R, its angular velocity
is  and the acceleration due to gravity at the GMm Mm
surface of the earth is ‘g’ then the cube of the 3) 4)
2r 2r
radius of the orbit of a satellite will be
51. Assume that a satellite is revolving around earth
R g R
2 2 2
Rg R g in a circular orbit almost close to the surface of
1) 2) 3) 4) earth. The time period of revolution of satellite is
 2
 2 g (Radius of earth is 6400 km, g = 9.8 ms–2)
44. For a satellite projected from the earth’s surface 1) 5076 s 2) 5068 min
with a velocity greater than orbital velocity the 3) 24 hour 4) 1 year
nature of the path it takes when its energy is 52. The time period of revolution of geostationary
negative, zero and positive respectively is satellite with respect to earth is
1) Elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic 1) 24 hrs 2) 1 year
2) Hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptical 3) Infinity 4) Zero
3) Elliptical, circular and parabolic 53. A relay satellite transmits the television
4) Parabolic, circular and Elliptical programme from one part of the world to another
45. The period of a satellite moving in circular orbit part continuously because its period
near the surface of a planet is independent of 1) is greater than the period of the earth about its
1) mass of the planet 2) radius of the planet axis
2) is less than period of rotation of the earth
3) mass of the satellite 4) density of planet
about its axis.
46. Out of the following statements, the one which correctly 3) has no relation with the period of rotation of
describes a satellite orbiting about the earth is the earth about its axis.
1) There is no force acting on the satellite 4) is equal to the period of rotation of the earth
2) The acceleration and velocity of the satellite about its axis.
54. A synchronous satellite should be at a proper
are roughly in the same direction
height moving
3) The satellite is always accelerating about the 1) From West to East in equatorial plane
earth 2) From South to North in polar plane
4) The satellite must fall, back to earth when its 3) From East to West in equatorial plane
fuel is exhausted. 4) From North to South in polar plane
47. When an astronaut goes out of his space-ship 55. The orbital angular velocity vector of a
geostationary satellite and the spin angular
into the space he will
velocity vector of the earth are
1) Fall freely on the earth 1) always in the same direction
2) Go upwards 2) always in opposite direction
3) Continue to move along with the satellite in 3) always mutually perpendicular
the same orbit. 4) inclined at 23 1/2° to each other
4) Go spiral to the earth 56. A body of mass 5 kg is taken into space. Its
48. When the height of a satellite increases from the mass becomes.
surface of the earth. 1) 5 kg 2) 10 kg 3) 2 kg 4) 30 kg
1) PE decreases, KE increases 57. The radius vector drawn from the sun to a planet
2) PE decreases, KE decreases sweeps out ___ areas in equal time (1996 E)
1) equal 2) unequal
3) PE increases, KE decreases
3) greater 4) less
4) PE increases, KE increases 58. A geostationary satellite has an orbital period of
49. When a satellite going round the earth in a circular 1) 2 hours 2) 6 hours
orbit of radius r and speed v loses some of its 3) 24 hours 4) 12 hours
energy, then r and v change as
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 28 GRAVITATION
59. The orbital period of revolution of an artificial point mass is shifted from A to B, along
satellite revolving in a geostationary orbit is ...
(1988 E) different paths shown in the figure. If W1 ,
1)24 Hrs 2)48Hrs 3)12Hrs 4) 6 Hrs
60. If suddenly the gravitational force of attraction W2 and W3 represent the work done by
between earth and satellite revolving around it gravitational force for respective paths, then
becomes zero, then the satellite will (AIEEE 2002)
1) Continue to move in its orbit with same velocity
2) Move tangential to the original orbit with the
same velocity
3) Becomes sationary in its orbit
4) Move towards the earth
61. A satellite is moving in a circular orbit round the
earth. If gravitational pull suddenly disappears,
then it
1) Continuous to move with the same speed along
the same path
2) Moves with the same velocity tangential to
original orbit.
3) Falls down with increasing velocity.
4) Comes to rest after moving certain distance 1. W1  W2  W3 2. W1  W2  W3
along original path.
62. A space-ship entering the earth’s atmosphere is 3. W1  W3  W2 4. none of these
likely to catch fire. This is due to 69. Two identical spherical masses are kept at
1) The surface tension of air some distance as shown. Potential energy
2) The viscosity of air
3) The high temperature of upper atmosphere when a mass ‘m’ is taken from the surface of
4) The greater portion of oxygen in the one sphere to the other
atmosphere at greater height. 1. increases continuously
63. An astronaut orbiting the earth in a circular orbit 2. decreases continuously
120 km above the surface of earth, gently drops 3. first increases, then decreases
a ball from the space-ship. The ball will 4. first decreases, then increases
1) Move randomly in space 70. A thin spherical shell of mass ‘M’ and radius
2) Move along with the space-ship ‘R’ has a small hole. A particle of mass ‘m’
3) Fall vertically down to earth is released at the mouth of them. Then
4) Move away from the earth
64. Following physical quantity of a planet that 1. the particle will execute S.H.M inside the
revolves around Sun in an elliptical orbit is shell
constant. 2. the particle will oscillate inside the shell,
1) Kinetic energy 2) Potential energy but the oscillations are not simple harmonic
3) Angular momentum 4) Linear velocity 3. the particle will not oscillate, but the speed
65. If the area swept by the line joining the sun and of the particle will go on increasing
the earth from Feb 1 to Feb 7 is ‘A’, then the 4. none of these
area swept by the radius vector from Feb 8 to 71. If earth were to rotate faster than its present
Feb 28 is speed, the weight of an object
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A 1. increase at the equator but remain un-
66. A body is dropped from a height equal to radius changed at poles
of the earth. The velocity acquired by it before 2. decrease at the equator but remain
touching the ground is unchanged at the poles
1) V= 2 gR 2) V=gR 3. remain unchanged at the equator but
decrease at the poles
3) V= gR 4) V=2gR 4. remain unchanged at the equator but
increase at the poles
67. A hole is drilled through the earth along a
diameter and a stone is dropped into it. When 72 The time period of a simple pendulum at the
the stone is at the centre of the earth, it has finite
centre of the earth is
a) weight b) acceleration c) P.E. d) mass
1) a & b 2) b & c 3) a, b & c 4) c & d 1. zero 2. infinite
68. A gravitation field is present in a region. A 3. less than zero 4.none of these
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 29 GRAVITATION
73. If suddenly the gravitation force of attraction 1. constant
between earth and a satellite revolving around 2. increases linearly with h
it becomes zero, then the satellite will 3. increases parabolically with h
1. continue to move in its orbit with same 4. decreases
velocity 80 Consider the two identical particles shown in
2. move tangentially to the original orbit with the given figure. They are released from rest
the same velocity and may move towards each other under the
3. become stationary in its orbit influence of mutual gravitational force. The
4. move towards the earth velocity of the centre of mass of the two
74. When a satellite going round the earth in a particle system is
circular orbit of radius ‘r’ and speed ‘v’ looses 1. is zero
some of its energy, then r and v changes as: 2. is constant(  0)
1. both ‘r’ and ‘v’ will increase 3. increases as the separation decreases
2. both ‘r’ and ‘v’ will decrease 4. none of the above
3. ‘r’ will decrease and ‘v’ will increase 81. A pendulum clock which keeps correct time
4. ‘r’ will increase and ‘v’ will decrease at the surface of the earth is taken into a
75. The time period of an earth’s satellite in mine, then
circular orbit is independent of 1. it keeps correct time2. it gains time
1. the mass of the satellite 3. it loses time 4. none of these
2. radius of its orbit 82. Two identical trains A and B move with equal
3. both the mass and radius of the orbit speeds on parallel tracks along the equator.
4. neither the mass of the satellite nor the A moves from east to west and B moves from
radius of its orbit west to east. Which train will exert greater
76. A man covers 60m distance in one minute on force on the track?
the surface of earth. The distance he will 1. A 2. B
cover on the surface of moon in one minute is 3. they will exert equal force
4. The mass and the speed of each train
 ge 
 gm   must be known to reach a conclusion.
 6  83 The escape velocity of a body thrown verti-
1. 60 m 2. 60 X 6 m cally upwards from the surface of earth is
11.2 Km/s. If it is thrown in a direction
60 making an angle of 300 from the vertical, the
3. m 4. 60m
6 new escape velocity will be
77. Six particles each of mass ‘m’ are placed at 1. 5.6 Km/s 2. 11.2 Km/s
the corners of a regular hexagon of edge
3
length ‘a’. If a point mass ‘ m0 ’ is placed at 3. 11.2 X 2 Km/s 4. 11.2 X Km/s
2
the centre of the hexagon, then the net 84. A person will get more quantity of matter in
gravitational force on the point mass ‘ m0 ’ is Kg-Wt at
1. poles 2. at lattitude of 600
6Gm2 6Gmm0 3. equator 4. satellite
1. 2. 85. A satellite is revolving round the earth in an
a2 a2 eliptical orbit. It speed will be
3. zero 4. none of these 1. same at all points of the orbit
78. An artificial satellite of the earth releases a 2. different at different point of the orbit
packet. If air resistance is neglected, the 3. maximum at the forthest point
point where the packet will hit, will be 4. minimum at the nearest point
1. a head 2. exactly below 86. Average density of the earth
3. behind 4. it will never reach the earth 1. does not depend on ‘g’
79. The ratio of acceleration due to gravity at a 2. is a complex function of ‘g’
depth ‘h’ below the surface of earth and at a 3. is directly proportional to ‘g’
height ‘h’ above the surface for h<<R 4. is inversely proportional to ‘g’
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 30 GRAVITATION
87 For a satellite moving in an orbit around the 93. Two particles of equal mass go around in a circle
earth, the ratio of K.E to P.E is of radius ‘r’under the action of their mutual
gravitational attraction. If the mass of each particle
1 1 is m, the speed of each particle is
1. 2. 3. 2 4. 2
2 2
Gm Gm
88. Which of the following quantities remain 1) 2)
constant in a planetory motion, when seen r 2r
from the usrface of the sun.
1. K.E 2. angular speed Gm 2Gm
3) 4)
3. speed 4. Angular momentum 4r r
89 Let VG and EG denote gravitational potential 94. Three particles of identical masses ‘m’ are kept
and field respectively, then choose the wrong at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of each
statement. side length ‘a’. The gravitational force of attraction
on any one of the particles is
1. VG  0, EG  0 2. VG  0, EG  0
Gm 2 Gm 2
3. VG  0, EG  0 4. VG  0, EG  0 1) 2 2) 3
a2 a2
90 The motion of a planet around sun in an
elliptical orbit is shown in the following figure. 3Gm 2 2Gm2
Sun is situated on one focus. The shaded 3) 4)
a2 a2
areas are equal. If the planet takes time ‘ t1 ’ 95. Three spherical balls of masses 1kg, 2kg and
3kg are placed at the corners of an equilateral
and ‘ t 2 ’ in moving from A to B and from C to
triangle of side 1m. The magnitude of the
D respectively, then gravitational force exerted by 2kg and 3kg masses
on 1kg mass is
1) 17G 2) 19G 3) 15G 4) 13G
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
96. Two metal spheres of same material and
radius ‘r’ are in contact with each other. The
gravitational force of attraction between the
spheres is given by
1) F = Kr4 2) F=K / r3
2
3) F=K / 4r 4) Kr2
1. t1 > t2 2. t1 < t2 97. The ratio of electromagnetic and gravitational
forces between two electrons, (charge of the
3. t1 = t2 4. incomplete information
electron e= 1.6  10 19 C , mass of the electron
LEVEL-I
(Numerical Problems) m  9.1 1031 kg , permitivity of free space
NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION: 1 2
 9  1 0 9 N m 2C , universal gravitational
MODEL QUESTIONS 4  0

91. The gravitational force between two bodies is

6.67x10–7N when the distance between their constant G  6.67  1011 Nm 2 kg 2 ) is nearly
centres is 10 m. If the mass of first body is 800 1) 4  10 42 2) 2  1031
kg, then the mass of second body is
1) 1000 kg 2) 1250 kg 3) 1500 kg 4) 2000kg 3) 3  10 21 4) 6  10 72
92. A 3 kg mass and a 4 kg mass are placed on x
98. The gravitational force between two identical
and y axes at a distance of 1 metre from the
objects at a separation of 1m is 0.0667mg wt.
origin and a 1 kg mass is placed at the origin.
Then the resultant gravitational force on 1 kg mass The masses of the objects
is (G  6.67  1011 Nm2 / kg 2 and g  10 m / s 2 )
1) 7G 2) G 3) 5G 4) 3G
1) 200kg, 200kg 2) 100kg, 100 kg
3) 300kg, 300kg 4) 400kg, 400kg
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 31 GRAVITATION
99. Four particles of masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are 105. How much faster than its normal rate should the
placed at the corners of a square of side length earth rotate about its axis so that the weight of
a. The gravitational force on a particle of mass m the body at the equator becomes zero ? (radius
placed at the centre of the square is of the earth  6.4  10 6 m g  9.8 m / s 2 .)
Gm 2 3 2Gm 2 1) nearly 17 times 2) nearly 12 times
1) 4 2 2) 3) nearly 10 times 4) nearly 14 times
a2 a2 106. The value of acceleration due to gravity on the
2 2Gm 2 2Gm 2 earth at a place having a latitude of 300 .
3) 4)
a2 a2 ( g = 9.8 m / s 2 .) is
100. The point at which the gravitational force acting 1) 9.77ms 2 2) 8.77ms 2
on any mass is zero due to the earth and the
moon system is. (The mass of the earth is 3) 7.76ms 2 4) 5.77ms 2
approximately 81 times the mass of the moon 107 If the gravitational force of earth suddenly
and the distance between the earth and the moon disappears, then which of the following is correct?
is 3,85,000km.) 1) weight of the body is zero
1) 36,000km from the moon 2) mass of the body is zero
2) 38,500km from the moon 3) both mass and weight become zero
3) 34500km from the moon 4) neither the weight nor the mass is zero
4) 30,000 from the moon 108. If the change in the value of 'g' at a height 'h'
101. Two spherical balls each of mass 1kg are placed above the surface of the earth is same as at a
1 cm apart. The gravitational force of attraction depth 'x' below it when both 'x' and 'h' are much
between them is smaller than the radius of the earth, then
1) 6.67  10 7 N 2) 6.67  10 4 N h h
1) xh 2) x  2h 3) x  4) x 
3) 6.67 102 N 4) 6.67 109 N 2 3
102. The mass of a ball is four times the mass of 109. Assume that the acceleration due to gravity on
another ball. When these balls are separated by the surface of the moon is 0.2 times the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
a distance of 10cm, the gravitational force between
earth. If Re is the maximum,range of a projectile
them is 6.67  10 7 N . The masses of the two
on the earth's surface, what is the maximum range
balls are on the surface of the moon for the same velocity
1) 10 kg, 20 kg 2) 5 kg, 20 kg of projection
3) 20 kg, 30 kg 4) 20 kg, 40 kg
1) 0.2 Re 2) 2 Re 3) 0.5 R e 4) 5 Re
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
MODEL QUESTIONS PRACTICE QUESTIONS
2 110. The value of g at a height of 100km from the
103. If g on the surface of the earth is 9.8 m / s , its
surface of the earth. (Radius of the earth =
value at a height of 6400 km is (Radius of the 6400km, g on the surface of the earth
earth = 6400km).
1) 4.9ms 2 2) 9.8ms 2
 9.8m / s 2 ) is nearly
1) 9.5ms 2 2) 8.5ms 2
3) 2.45ms 2 4) 19.6ms 2
3) 10.5ms 2 4) 9.8ms 2
104. If g on the surface of the earth is 9.8ms 2 , its
111. The height at which the value of acceleration due
value at a depth of 3200km (Radius of the earth = to gravity becomes 50% of that at the surface of
6400km) is the earth. (Radius of the earth = 6400km.) is
1) 9.8ms 2 2) zero 1) 2650km 2) 2430km
3) 2250km 4) 2350km
3) 4.9ms 2 4) 2.45ms 2 112. The depth at which the value of g becomes 25%
of that at the surface of the earth. (Radius of the
earth = 6400km.)
1) 4800km 2) 2400km 3) 3600km 4) 1200km
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 32 GRAVITATION
113. The time period of rotation of the earth around its 123. The ratio of the radii of planets A and B is K1 and
axis so that the objects at the equator become
ratio of accelerations due to gravity on them is
weightless is nearly (g = 9.8m / s 2 , Radius of
K 2 The ratio of escape velocities from them will
earth = 6400km.) be
1) 64min 2) 74min 3) 84min 4) 94min
114. The angular velocity of the earth with which it has K1 K2
to rotate so that the acceleration due to gravity 1) K1 K 2 2) K1 K 2 3) K2
4)
K1
on 600 latitude becomes zero is 124. The kinetic energy needed to project a body of
3 1 3 1 mass m from earth's surface (radius R) to infinity
1) 2.5  10 rad s 2) 1.5  10 rad s is [AIEEE -2002]
3) 4.5  103 rad s 1 4) 0.5  103 rad s 1 mgR mgR
1) 2) 2mgR 3) mgR 4)
115. If the radius of earth were to shrink by one 2 4
percent, its mass remaining the same, the 125. A satellite of mass ‘m’ revolves round the earth of
acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface mass ‘M’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r’ with an
would angular velocity ‘  ’. If the angular velocity is
1) decrease 2) remain unchanged  /8 the radius of the orbit will be
3) increase 4) nothing will happen 1) 4r 2) 2r 3) 8r 4) r
116. At what height, the value of 'g' is half that on the 126. If the mass of earth were 4 times the present
surface of the earth of radius R? mass, the mass of the moon were half the present
1) R 2) 2R 3) 0.414R 4) 0.75R mass and the moon were revolving round the earth
117 Where is the intensity of the gravitational field of at the same present distance, the time period of
the earth maximum? revolution of the moon would be
1) centre of earth 2) equator 1) 56 days 2) 28 days
3) poles 4) same everywhere 3) 14 days 4) 7 days
118. If the radius of earth decreases by 10%, the mass 127. The orbital speed for an earth satelite near the
remaining unchanged, then the acceleration due surface of the earth is 7 km/sec. If the radius of
to gravity the orbit is 4 times the radius of the earth, the
1) decreases by 19% 2) increases by 19% orbital speed would be (1995 E)
3) decreases by more than 19% 1) 3.5 km/sec 2) 7 km/sec
4) increases by more than 19% 3) 7 2 km/sec 4) 14 km/sec
119. If the speed of rotation of earth about its axis 128. A planet moves around the sun. At a given point
increases, then the weight of the body at the P, it is closest from the sun at a distance d1 , and
equator will has a speed v1 . At another point Q, when it is
1) increase 2) decrease farthest from the sun at a distance d2, its speed
3) remainunchanged will be
4) sometimesdecrease and sometimes increase
d12 v1 d 2 v1 d1v1 d 22 v1
1) 2) 3)
ESCAPE & ORBITAL VELOCITIES : d2 d1 d 2 4) d12
MODEL QUESTIONS
120. The escape velocity from the earth for a rocket is PRACTICE QUESTIONS
11.2 km/s ignoring air resistance. The escape 129. The escape velocity on a planet is ‘v’. If the radius
velocity of 10 mg grain of sand from the earth will be of the planet contracts to 1/4th of present value
1) 0.112 km/s 2) 11.2 km/s without any change in its mass, the escape
3) 1.12 km/s 4) 0.0112 kms–1 velocity will be
121. A body is projected vertically up from surface of 1) halved 2) doubled
the earth with a velocity half of escape velocity. 3) quadrupoled 4) becomes one fourth
The ratio of its maximum height of ascent and 130. The escape velocity from the surface of the earth
radius of earth is of radius R and density 
1) 1 : 1 2) 1 : 2 3) 1 : 3 4) 1 : 4
122. The escape velocity of an object on a planet 2  G 2  G
whose radius is 4 times that of the earth and ‘g’ 1) 2 R 2) 2
3 3
value 9 times that on the earth, in km.s–1, is
1) 33.6 2) 67.2 3) 16.8 4) 25.2 R 2 G 
3) 2 4)
g R2
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 33 GRAVITATION
131. Two satellites are revolving round the earth at 1) 1 : 2 2)
different heights. The ratio of their orbital speeds 2 :1 3) 2 2 :1 4) 8 : 1
is 2 : 1. If one of them is at a height of 100km, 140. An artificial satellite is revolving in a circular orbit
the height of the other satellite is at height of 1200 km above the surface of the
1) 19600km 2) 24600km earth. If the radius of the earth is 6400km and
3) 29600km 4) 14600km mass is 6  1024 kg the orbital velocity
132. The radius in kilometers, to which the present
radius of the earth (R = 6400 km) is to be  G  6.67 10 11
Nm 2 / kg 2  is
compressed so that the escape velocity is 1) 7.26kms 1 2) 4.26kms 1
increased ten times is : (2003 M)
1) 6.4 2) 64 3) 640 4) 4800 3) 9.26kms 1 4) 2.26kms 1
133 The escape velocities on two planets of masses 141 The ratio of escape velocities of two planets if g
m1 and m2 and having same radius are v1 and v2 values on the two planets are 9.9m / s 2 and
respectively then (1998 E)
v1 m1 v2 m1 3.3m / s 2 and their radii are 6400km and 3400km
1)  2)  respectively is
v2 m2 v1 m2
1) 2.36 : 1 2) 1.36 : 1 3) 3.36 : 1 4) 4.36 : 1
2 142. The ratio of the orbital speeds of two satellites of
v1  m1  v1 m1
   the earth if the satellites are at heights 6400km
v2  m2 
3) 4)
v2 m2 and 19200km. (Radius of the earth = 6400km.)
134. The escape velocity of a sphere of mass ‘m’ is 1) 2)
given by (1998 M) 2 :1 3 :1 3) 2 : 1 4) 3 : 1
143. The acceleration due to gravity at a depth of
2GMm 2GM 1600km inside the earth is
1) 2)
Re Re2 1) 6.65ms 2 2) 7.35ms 2
2GMm 2GM 3) 8.65ms 2 4) 4.35ms 2
3) 2 4) 144. A satellite is revolving near the earth’s surface.
Re Re
Its orbital velocity is (1999 M)
135. The escape velocity of a body from the earth is u.
1) 5.8 km/s 2) 18.4 km/s
What is the escape velocity from a planet whose
3) 11.2 km/s 4) 8.0 km/s
mass and radius are twice those of the earth?
145. A satellite of mass m revolves around the earth of
(1995 E)
radius R at a height x from its surface. If g is the
1) 2u 2) u 3) 4u 4) 16 u
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
136. If the escape velocity on earth is 11.2 km/sec, its earth, the orbital speed of the satellite is
value for a planet having double the radius and 8 [AIEEE-2004]
times the mass of earth is ..... m./sec. (1990 E) 1/ 2
1) 11.2 km/sec 2) 22.4 km/sec  gR 2  gR 2 gR
1) gx 2)   3) 4)
3) 5.6 km/sec0 4) 8 km/sec
137. A space craft is launched in a circular orbit very
Rx Rx Rx
close to earth. What additional velocity should 146 orbit of radius R is T. Its period of revolution in an
be given to the space craft so that it might escape orbit of radius 4R will be
the earth's gravitational pull 1) 2T 2) 2 2 T 3) 4T 4) 8T
1) 20.2 Kms 1 2) 3.25kms 1 SATELLITES MOTION
3) 8kms 1 4)11.2kms 1 MODEL QUESTIONS
147. The K.E. of a satellite is 104 J, its P.E. is
138. A particle falls towards earth from infinity. The
1) -104 J 2) 2 x 104 J
velocity with which it reaches earth’s surface is.
3) -2 x 104 J 4) -4 x104 J
1) v = 2gR 2) v  2 gR 148. If R is radius of the earth and W is work done in
lifting a body from the ground to an altitude R,
3) v  gR 4) v = R/g the work which should be done in lifting it further
to twice that altitude is
139. Two satellites are revolving round the earth in 1) W/2 2) W 3) W/3 4) 3W
circular orbits of radii in the ratio 1 :2. Their orbital
velocities are in the ratio of
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 34 GRAVITATION
149. The PE of three objects of masses 1kg, 2kg and 158. When a satellite going around the earth in a
3kg placed at the three vertices of an equilateral circular orbit of radius r and speed v loses some
triangle of side 20cm is of its energy , then (1999 M)
1) 25G 2) 35G 1) r and v both increase
3) 45G 4) 55G 2) r and v both decrease
150. Two satellites of masses 50 kgs and 100 kgs 3) r will increase and v will decrease
revolve around the earth in circular orbit of radii 9R 4) r will decrease and v will increase
and 16 R respectively, where ‘R’ is the radius of 159. The satellite is orbiting a planet at a certain height
the earth. The speeds of the two satellites will in a circular orbit. If the mass of the planet is
be in the ratio. (1999M) reduced to half, the satellite would (1993 M)
1) 3/4 2) 4/3 3) 9/16 4) 16/9 1) fall on the planet
151. The time of revolution of planet A around the 2) go to orbit of smaller radius
sun is 8 times that of another planet B. The 3) go to orbit of higher radius
distannce of planet A from the sun is how 4) escape from the planet
160. If the earth is at one-fourth of its present distance
many times greater than that of the planet B
from the sun, the duration of the year would be
from the sun [AIEEE -2002] (1984 E)
1) 2 2) 3 3)4 4) 5 1) Half the present year
152. The period of revolution of an earth's satellite 2) One-eigth the present year
close to the surface of earth is 90 minutes. The 3) One-fourth the present year
period of another earth's satellite in an orbit at 4) One -sixteenth the present year
a distance of three times earth's radius from its 161. The distance of Neptune and saturn from the Sun
surface will be
are respectively. 1013 and 1012 meters and their
1) 90 minutes` 2) 90  8 minutes
periodic times are respectively Tn and Ts . If their
3) 270 minutes 4) 720 minutes
orbits are assumed to be circular, the value of
PRACTICE QUESTIONS Tn / Ts is
153. Two satellites of masses 400 kg, 500 kg are
revolving around earth in different circular orbits 1
of radii r1, r2 such that their kinetic energies are 1) 100 2) 10 10 3) 4) 10
10 10
equal. The ratio of r1, r2 is BLACK HOLES THEORY
1) 4 : 5 2) 16 : 25 3) 5 : 4 4) 25 : 16
MODEL QUESTIONS
154. A satellite moves around the earth in a circular
orbit with speed ‘V’. If ‘m’ is mass of the satellite 162. Two lead spheres of same radius are in contact
then its total energy is with each other. The gravitational force of
1 2 attraction between them is F. If two lead spheres
1) mv 2) mv2 of double the previous radius are in contact with
2
each other, the gravitational force of attraction
1 2 3 2 between them will be
3) – mv 4) mv
2 2 1) 2F 2) 32F 3) 8F 4) 16F
155. The difference in PE of an object of mass 10kg 163. Two particles of masses ‘m’ and ‘2m’ are at a
when it is taken from aheight of 6400km to
distance ‘3r’ apart at the ends of a straight line
12800km from the surface of the earth is
AB. C is the centre of mass of the system. The
1) 1.045  108 J 2) 1.565  108 J
magnitude of the gravitational intensity due to the
3) 2.65  108 J 4) 4.5  108 J masses at C is
9Gm 3Gm
156. A satellite is orbiting round the earth. If both 1) Zero 2) 7Gm 3)
2 4)
gravitational force and centripetal force on the 4r 2 4r 2r 2
satellite is ‘F’ then net force acting on the satellite 164. Two stars have masses 5  10 kg and
30

to revolve round the earth is

1) F/2 2) F 3) 2F 4) Zero 7.5  1030 kg respectively.If they ultimately
157. The minimum number of geostationary satellites convert into black holes, the ratio of
required to televise a programme all over the earth Schwartzschild radius of the black holes is
is 1) 2:3 2) 4:9 3) 3:2 4) 9:4
1) 2 2) 6 3) 4 4) 3
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 35 GRAVITATION
PRACTICE QUESTIONS PRACTICE QUESTIONS
165. If two stars of masses in the ratio 2 : 3 become 174. Masses 2 kg and 8 kg are 18 cm apart. The point
black holes, their radii will be in the ratio of where the gravitational field due to them is zero is
1) 4 : 9 2) 3 :2 3) 2:3 4) 9 :4 1) 6 cm from 8 kg mass
2) 6 cm from 2 kg mass
166. When a star of mass 9  1030 kg ends as a black 3) 1.8 cm from 8 kg mass
hole, the Schwartzschild radius of the star is 4) 9 cm from each mass
175. The gravitational force between two bodies is
 G  6.7 10 11
Nm 2 kg 2  decreased by 36 % when the distance between
1) 13.4 m 2) 6.7 m 3) 13.4 km 4) 26.8 km them is increased by 3m. The initial distance
between them is
167. Two masses ‘M’ and ‘4M’ are at a distance ‘r’ 1) 6 m 2) 9 m 3) 12 m 4) 15 m
apart on the line joining them, ‘P’ is point where 176. If the distance between two bodies is increased
by 25%, then the % change in the gravitational
the resultant gravitational intesity is zero (such a force is
point called null point). The distance of ‘P’ from 1) Decreases by 36% 2) Increases by 36 %
the rmass ‘M’ isr 3) Increases by 64% 4) Decreases by 64 %
2r 4r
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 3 3 5 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
MODEL QUESTIONS
168. After super nova explosion, the mass of
remaining star is greater than .... times then only 177. A particle hanging from a spring stretches it by 1
it returns into black hole cm at earth’s surface. Radius of earth is 6400
1) Ms 2) 2M s 3) 3M s 4) 4M s km. At a place 800 km above the earth’s surface,
the same particle will stretch the spring by
169. Degenerate electron pressure will not be sufficient
to prevent core collapse of white dwarf if its mass 1) 0.79 cm 2) 1.2 cm
becomes ‘n’ times of our solar mass.Value of ‘n’ 3) 4 cm 4) 17 cm
is ( 2005 E) 178. A tunnel is dug along a diameter of the earth.
1) 0.5 2) 0.8 3) 1 4) 1.4 The force on a particle of mass ‘m’ placed in the
tunnel at a distance x from the centre is

LEVEL-II 1)
GMem
x 2)
GM e m
x
NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION: R3 R2
MODEL QUSTIONS GM e m GM e mR 3
170. Mass of the earth is 81 times that of the moon. If 3) 4)
the distance between the centre of the earth and R3 x x
the center of moon is d then the distance from
the centre of the earth at which gravitational field PRACTICE QUESTIONS
strength due to earth - moon system is zero is 179. If the Earth shrinks such that its density becomes
1) d/81 2) 9d/10 3) d/10 4) 8d/9 8 times to the present value then the new duration
171. Two lead balls of masses m and 5m having radii of the day in hours will be ( 2008 M)
R and 2R are separated by 12R. If they attract 1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 3
each other by gravitational force, the distance
covered by small sphere before they touch each
other is
1) 10 R 2) 7.5 R 3) 9 R 4) 2.5 R
172. Mass M is divided into two parts Xm and (1–X)m.
For a given seperation the value of X for which the
gravitational attraction between the two pieces
becomes maximum is (2001 M)
1) 1/2 2) 3/5 3) 1 4) 2
173. If the mass of one particle is increased by 50 %
and the mass of another particle is decreased by
50 %, the force between them
1) decreases by 25% 2) decreases by 75 %
3) increases by 25% 4) does not change
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 36 GRAVITATION
180. Assume the earth’s orbit around the sun as
circular and the distance between their centres GM GM
3) 4)
as ‘D. Mass of the earth is ‘M’ and its radius is 3R 4R
‘R’. If earth has an angular velocity ‘ 0 ’ with 184. A spaceship is launched into a circular orbit of
respect to its centre and ‘  ’ with respect to the radius ‘R’ close to the surface of earth. The
centre of the sun, the total kinetic energy of the additional velocity to be imparted to the spaceship
earth is : ( 2006 E) in the orbit to overcome the earth’s gravitational
pull is : (g = acceleration due to gravity) (2004 M)
MR 202    2 5  D 2 
1      1) 1.414Rg 2) 1.414 Rg
1)  
5   0  2  R0   3) 0.414Rg 4) 0.414 gR
185. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of
MR 20  5  D  
2
moon is 1/6 that on the earth and the diameter of
2) 1     the earth is 4 times the diameter of the moon.
5  2  R0   The ratio of the escape velocity of the moon to
  that of the earth is (1992 E)
1) 1 : 4 2) 4 : 1 3) 5 : 1 4) 1 : 5
2  5  D 2 
3) MR 0 1    
2 2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5  2  R0   186 The speed of a satellite that revolves around earth at
a height 3R from earth's surface is ( g = 10 m/s2 at
the surface of earth, radius of earth R = 6400 km.)
2     2 5  D 2 
4) MR 0 1    
2 2 1) –1
2) 4 kms–1
  2 2 kms
5   0  2  R0   3) 4 2 kms–1 4) 8 kms–1
187. Two satellites P, Q are revolving around earth in
ESCAPE & ORBITAL VELOCITIES : different circular orbits. The velocity of P is twice
MODEL QUESTIONS the velocity of Q. If the height of P from earth’s
181. A satellite is revolving around earth in a circular surface is 1600 km. The radius of orbit of Q is
orbit of radius equal to diameter of earth. The (radius of earth R =6400 km).
minimum % increase in the speed of that satellite 1) 1600 km 2) 20000 km
so that it escapes from earth’s gravity is 3) 32000 km 4) 40000 km
1) 100 % 2) 82.8 % 188. The escape velocity from an altitude equal to
3) 50 % 4) 41.4 % radius of earth above earth’s surface is (escape
182. Two satellites M and N go around the earth in velocity from surface of earth is 11.2kms–1)
circular orbits at heights of RM and RN respectively 1) 5.6 kms–1 2) 7.92 kms–1
from the surface of the earth. Assuming the earth 3) 2.8 kms–1 4) 11.2 kms–1
to be a uniform sphere of radius RE, the ratio of 189. If the radius of the earth is reduced by 1 %
keeping the mass constant. The escape velocity
VM will
the velocities of the satellites
VN is 1) increase by 0.5%
3) decrease by 11%
2) decrease by 0.5%
4) remain same
2 190. The moon escapes for ever, if the minimum
 RM  RN  RE increase in its velocity is
1)   2)
 RN  RM  RE 1) 200 % 2) 41.4 % 3) 50 % 4)100 %
191. The mass of a planet is half that of the earth and
the radius of the planet is one fourth that of earth.
RN  RE RN
3) 4) If we plan to send an artificial satellite from the
RM  RE RM planet, the escape velocity will be,
183. A particle is kept at rest at a distance R (Earth’s ( Ve  11kms 1 ) (2007 E)
radius) above the earth’s surface. The minimum
speed with which it should be projected so that it
does not return is
1) 11kms 1 2) 5.5 kms 1

GM GM 3) 15.55 kms 1 4) 7.78 kms 1

1) 2)
R 2R
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 37 GRAVITATION
192. The eacape velocity of a body on the earth’s 199 Two satellites S1 and S2 are revolving round a
surface is VE . A body is thrown up with a speed planet in coplanar and concentric circular orbits
5VE . Assuming that the sun and planets do of radii R1 and R 2 in the same direction
not influence the motion of the body, velocity of respectively. Their respective periods of revolution
the body at infinite distance is (2004 E) are 1 hr. and 8 hr. The radius of the orbit of satellite
1) 0 2) VE 3) 2VE 4) 2VE S1 is equal to 104 km . Their relative speed when
193. A body is projected up with a velocity equal to 3/ they are closest, in kmph is : (2002 M)
4 th of the escape velocity from the surface of the 
earth. The height it reaches is 1) 104 2)   10 4
(Radius of the earth is R) (2002 E) 2
1) 10R/9 2) 7R/9 3) 9R/8 4) 10R/3 3) 2  10 4 4) 4  10 4
194. The mass of the earth is 9 times that of Mars. 200. The time period of satellite of earth is 5 hr. If the
The radius of the earth is twice that of Mars. The separation between earth and the satellite is
escape velocity of the earth is 12 km/sec. The increased to 4 times the previous value, the new
escape velocity on Mars is ... km/sec. time period will become. [AIEEE -2003]
1) 4 2km / sec 2) 2 2km / sec 1) 10 hrs 2) 80 hrs 3) 40 hrs 4) 20 hrs
3) 6 2km / sec 4) 8 2km / sec PRACTICE QUESTIONS
201. The gravitational P.E. of a rocket of mass 100 kg
195. The angular velocity of rotation of a star (of mass
at a distance of 107 m from the earths centre is -
M and radius R) at which the matter will start 4 x 109J. The weight of the rocket at a distance of
escaping from its equator is 109 m from the centre of the earth is
1) 4 x 10–2 N 2) 4 x 10–9 N
2GR 2GM 2GM 2GM 2 3) 4 x 10 N –6
4) 4 x 10–3 N
1) 2) 3) 4)
M R3 R R 202. A man weighs 75 kg on the surface of the earth.
SATELLITES MOTION His weight in a geostationary satellite is
1) infinity 2) 150 kg
MODEL QUESTIONS 3) zero 4) 75/2 kg
196. Two identical particles each of mass ‘m’ start
moving towards each other from rest from infinite 203. The mass of the sun is approximately 2 x1030 kg .
separation under gravitational attraction. Their The Schwarzschild radius for the mass of a star
relative velocity of approach at separation ‘r’ is that is ten times the mass of sun is nearly
1) 3km 2) 30 km 3) 300 km 4) 0.3 km
Gm 2Gm Gm Gm 204. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of
1) 2) 3) 2 4) radius “R’ around the earth while a second
r r r 2r satellite is launched into an orbit of radius 1.02
197. Three identical particles each of mass “m” are R. The percentage difference in the time periods
arranged at the corners of an equilateral triangle of the two satellites is : (2003 E)
1) 0.7 2) 1.0 3) 1.5 4) 3
of side “L”. If they are to be in equilibrium, the 205. Two satellites A and B go round the earth in ciruclar
speed with which they must revolve under the orbits at a height of RA and RB respectively from the
surface of the earth. Assume the earth to be a
influence of one another’s gravity in a circular orbit uniform sphere of radius RE. The ratio of the
circumscribing the triangle is magnitudes of the velocities of the satellites VA / VB
is ( 1991 E )
3Gm Gm Gm 3Gm
1) 2) 3) 4) RB RB  RE
L L 3L L2 1)
RA 2)
RA  RE 
198. A small body is initially at a distance ‘r’ from the
2
centre of earth. ‘r’ is greater than the radius of R B  R E   RA 
4)  
the earth. If it takes W joule of work to move the 3)
R A  R E   RB 
body from this position to another position at a 206. Suppose the gravitational force varies inversely
distance 2r measured from the centre of earth, as the nth power of distance, then the time period
how many joules would be required to move it of a planet in circular orbit of radius ‘R’ around
from this position to a new position at a distance the sun will be proportional to [AIEEE -2004]
 n 1   n 2   n 1 
of 3r from the centre of the earth.    
1)
R 2  2)
R 2  3) R n 4) R  2 

1) W/5 2) W/3 3) W/2 4) W/6
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 38 GRAVITATION
207. A geo-stationary satellite orbits around the earth 213. If d is the distance between the centres of the
in a circular orbit of radius 36000 km. Then, the earth of mass M1 and moon of mass M2, then the
period of spy satellite orbiting a few hundred velocity with which a body should be projected
kilometers above theearth’s surface from the mid point of the line joining the earth
and the moon, so that it just escapes is
 R earth  6400 km  will become.
G M 1  M 2  G M 1  M 2 
1) 1/ 2 hr 2) 1.5 hr 3) 2 hr 4) 4 hr 1) 2)
d 2d
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIALENERGY OF A 2G M 1  M 2  4G M 1  M 2 
MASS M AT A HEIGHT H ABOVE THE 3) 4)
d d
SURFACE OF EARTH, WORK DONE. 214. The altitude of geostationary satellite is nearly 6
MODEL QUESTIONS times the radius of the earth. The period of
208. A body of mass ‘m’ is raised from the surface of revolution of an identical satellite revolving at an
the earth to a height ‘nR’ (R -radius of earth). altitude 0.75 times the radius of the earth will be
Magnitude of the change in the gravitational 1) 4 hrs 2) 3 hrs 3) 12 hrs 4) 2 hrs
potential energy of the body is (g - acceleration 215. Gravitational field is uniform, the gravitational P.D
due to gravity on the surface of earth) ( 2007 M) between surface of a planet and point 100 m above
is 50 J / Kg. The work done in moving a man 5
 n   n 1  kg from surface to a point 10 m above is
1)   mgR 2)   mgR 1) 5 J 2) 25 J 3) 2.5 J 4) 50 J
 n 1  n 
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
mgR mgR 216. Explorer- 38, a radio-activity research satellite
3)
n
4)
 n  1 of mass 200 kg circles the earth in an orbit of
radius 3R/2, where R is the radius of the earth.
209. If ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity on the earth’s
Assuming the gravitational pull on a mass of 1
surface, the gain in the potential energy of an
object of mass ‘m’ raised from the surface of the kg at the earth’s surface to be 10 N, the pull on
earth to a height equal to the radius ‘R’ of the the satellite is
earth is [AIEEE -2004] 1) 889 N 2) 4500 N 3) 9000 N 4) None
1)2 mgR 2)mgR 217. Particles of masses m1 and m2 are at a fixed
3) mgR/4 4) mgR/2 distance apart. If the gravitational field strength
PRACTICE QUESTIONS at m1 and m2 are l1 and l2 respectively. Then,
210. Energy required to move a body of mass ‘m’ 1) m1l1 + m2l2 = 0 2) m1l2 + m2l1 = 0
from an orbit of radius 2R to 3R is[AIEEE-2002] 3) m1l1 - m2l2 = 0 4) m1l2 - m2l1 = 0
218. The work done to increase the radius of orbit of a
GMm GMm GMm GMm satellite of mass ‘m’ revolving around a planet of
1) 2) 3) 4)
2R2 3R 2 8R 6R mass M from orbit of radius R into another orbit
LEVEL III of radius 3R is
MODEL QUESTIONS 2GMm GMm GMm GMm
1) 2) 3) 4)
211. Three particles, each of mass ‘m’ are situated at 3R R 6R 24 R
the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’. 219. The change in the P.E. when a body of mass ‘m’
The only forces acting on the particles are their is displaced from earth's surface to a vertical
mutual gravitational forces. It is desired that each height equal to radius of earth (g = acceleration
particle should move in a circle while maintaining due to gravity on earth surface) is
the original mutual separation ‘a’. Then their time
period of revolution is mgR 2mgR
2 3
1) 2)
a a 2 3
1) 2 2) 2
3Gm 3Gm 3mgR mgR
3) 4)
3a 4 a4 4 3
3) 2 4) 2 220. The escape velocity from the earth is 11 km/sec.
Gm Gm The escape velocity from a planet having twice
212. Particles each of mass M are placed along x- the radius and same density as earth is
axis at x=1m, x=2m, x=4m, x=8m,..... etc to 1) 22 km/sec 2) 15.5 km/sec
infinity. Gravitational field strength at the origin 3) 11 km/sec 4) 5.5 km/sec
due to this system of particles is
1) 2GM 2) 2GM/3 3) 4GM/3 4) 5GM/4
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 39 GRAVITATION
221 The escape velocity of a body from earth is 11.2 LEVEL-IV
km/s. If a body is projected with a velocity twice
its escape velocity, then the velocity of the body
AIEEE MODEL PROBLEMS
at infinity is 229. A satellite of mass ‘m’ revolves around the
1) 19.4 km/s 2) 194 km/s earth of radius ‘R’ at a height ‘x’ from its
3) 1.94 km/s 4) 0.194 km/s surface. If ‘g’ is the acceleration due to
222. If an artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit gravity on the surface of the earth, the orbital
around the earth with a speed equal to half the speed of the satellite is
magnitude of the escape velocity from the earth,
the height of the satellite above the surface of the gR
earth is 1. gx 2.
1) 2R 2) R/2 3) R 4) R/4
Rx
223. The K.E. of a satellite in an orbit close to the
surface of the earth is E. Its max K.E. so as to gR 2 gR 2
3. 4.
escape from the gravitational field of the earth is. Rx Rx
1) 2E 2) 4E 3) 2 2 E 4) 2E 230. If ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity on the
224. K.E. of an orbiting satellite is K. The earth’s surface, the gain in the potential
min additional K.E. required so that it goes to energy of an object of mass ‘m’ raised from
infinity is the surface of the earth to a height equal to
1) K 2) 2K 3) 3K 4) K/2 the radius ‘R’ of the earth is
225. A stone is dropped from a height equal to nR,
where R is the radius of the earth, from the 1 1
surface of the earth. The velocity of the stone on 1. 2mgR 2. mgR 3. mgR 4. mgR
reaching the surface of the earth is 2 4
231. A particle of mass 10 gm is kept on the
2 g n  1R 2 gR surface of a uniform sphere of mass 100 Kg
1) 2)
n n 1 and radius 10 cm. Find the work done
against the gravitational force between them,
2 gnR to take the particle for away from the
3) 4) 2 gnR
n 1 sphere (G  6.67 X 1011 Nm 2 / Kg 2 )
226 A satellite is geostationary in a particular orbit. It
is allowed to go to another orbit having orbital 1. 13.34 X 10 10 J 2. 3.33 X 10 10 J
radius 2 times that of the earlier orbit from the
3. 6.67 X 10 9 J 4. 6.67 X 10 10 J
centre of the earth. The time period in the second
orbit is 232. Suppose the gravitational force varies in-
1) 48hrs 2) 24hrs 3) 48 2 hrs 4) 24 2 hrs versely as the nth power of the distance.
227. A geo-stationary satellite is orbitting the earth at Then the time period of a planet in circular
a height 6R above the surface of the earth, where orbit of radius R around the sun will be
R is the radius of earth. The time period of another proportional to
satellite revolving around earth at a height 2.5 R n 1
from earth‘s surface is 1. Rn 2. 2
R
1) 12 2 Hr 2) 12 hr n 1
3.
R 2 4. Rn
3) 6 2 hr 4) 6 hr
228. A person bring a mass of 1 kg from infinite to 233. If a rocket is fired with a velocity, V  2 gR
point A. Initially the mass was at rest but is moves
a speed of 2 m /s as it reaches to A. The near the earth’s surface and goes upwards,
workdone by the person on mass is -3 J the its speed in the inter-stellar space is
gravitational potential at A is
1) -3 J / kg 2) -2 J / kg 3) -5 J / kg 4) -7 J / kg 1. 4 gR 2. 2gR
3. gR 4. 4gR
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 40 GRAVITATION
234. A projectile is fired vertically upwards from the
E1 r1
KVe , 
surface of the earth with a velocity 1.
E2 r2 if r1 < R and r2 < R
where Ve is the escape velocity and K<1. If
E1 r22
R is the radius of the earth, the maximum 
E2 r12 r1
2. if > R and r2 > R
height to which it will rise measured from the
centre of the earth will be (neglect air resis-
tance) E1 r13

E2 r23 r1
3. if < R and r2 < R
1 K 2 R
1. 2.
R 1 K 2
E1 r12

E2 r22 r1
4. if < R and r2 < R
R
3. R(1  K 2 ) 4. 239 A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of
1 K 2 radius R around the earth. A second satellite
235. A satellite moving on a circular path of radius is launched into an orbit of radius 1.01 R.
‘r’ around earth has a time period T. If its The time period of the second satellite is
radius slightly increases by r , the change larger than that of the first one by approxi-
in its time period is mately
1. 0.5% 2. 1.5% 3. 1% 4. 3%
3T  T  240. The value of ‘g’ at a height ‘h’ above the
1.   r 2.   r
2 r  r  surface of the earth is the same as at a depth
‘d’ below the surface of the earth. When both
3T2  ‘d’ and ‘h’ are much smaller than the radius of
3.  2  r 4. none of these earth, then which one of the following is
2 r  correct
236. Two bodies of masses m and M are placed a h 3h
distance d apart. The gravitational potential 1d  2. d  3.d=2h 4.d=h
at the position were the gravitational field due 2 2
to them is zero is 241. The time period of a satellite of earth is 5 hr.
If the separation between the earth and the
G Gm satellite is increased by 3 times the previous
1. V  (m  M ) 2. V 
d d value, the new time period will become
1. 10 hr 2. 80 hr 3. 40 hr 4. 20 hr
GM G
 
2
242. Two spherical bodies having the masses ‘M’ and
3. V  4. V  m M
‘5M’ and radii R and 2R respectively are
d d
237. A particle of mass ‘m’ is projected from the released in free space with initial separation
between their centres equal to 12R. If they
surface of earth with a speed V0 ( V0 < escape attract each other due to gravitational force
velocity). The speed of the particle at a only, then the distance covered by the
height h=R (radius of the earth) is smaller body just before collision is
1.2.5 R 2 4.5 R 3.7.5 R 41.5 R
1. gR 2. V02  2 gR 243.. The gravitational intensity a region is

3. V02  gR 4. none of these  

10 i  j N
Kg . The work done by the
238. The magnitudes of the gravitational field at gravitational force to shift slowsly a particle of
mass 1 Kg from point (1m, 1m) to a point
distance r1 and r2 from the centre of a (2m, -2m) is
uniform sphere of radius R and mass M are 1.10J 2.-10J 3 -40J 4.+40J
E1 and E2 respectively. Then:
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 41 GRAVITATION
244. Two particles each of mass ‘m’ are placed at 249 Two satellites S and S 1 revolve around the
A and C are such AC=BC=L. The gravita-
earth at distances, 3R and 6R from the
tional force on the third particle placed at D at
centre of earth. Their periods of revolution will
a distance L on the perpendicular bisector of
be in the ratio
the line AC is
1. 1:2 2. 2:1
Gm2 Gm2 3. 1: 2 2 4. 1: 0.67
1. along BD 2. along DB
2 L2 2 L2 250 A satellite of mass ‘m’ moves along an
elliptical path around the earth. The areal
Gm2 velocity of the satellite is proportional to
3. along AC 4. none of these
L2 1. m 2. m 1 3. m 0 4. m1/ 2
245. Three point masses each of mass ‘m’ rotate 251. The angular momentum (L) of earth revolving
in a circle of radius r with constant angular round the sun is proportional to r n , where r
velocity  due to their mutual gravitational
is the orbital radius of the earth. The value of
attraction. If at any instant, the masses are
‘n’ is:(assume the orbit to be circular)
on the vertex of an equilateral triangle of side
‘a’, then the value of  is 1 1
1. 2. 1 3.  4. 2
2 2
Gm 3Gm
1. 2. 252 For a given density of the planet, the orbital
a3 a3 period of a satellite near the surface of planet
of radius ‘R’ is proportional to
Gm 1. R1/ 2 2. R 3/ 2 3. R 1/ 2 4. R 0
3. 4. zero
3a 3 253. The ratio of the energy required to raise a
246. A particle hanging from a massless spring satellite upto a height R (radius of earth) from
stretches it by 2 cm at earth’s surface. How the surface of earth to that required to put it
much will the same particle stretch the spring into orbit there is
at a height of 2624 KM from the surface of 1. 1:1 2. 8:1 3. 4:1 4. 2:3
the earth? (Radius of earth = 6400 KM). 254 A thin rod of length ‘L’ is bent to form a semi
1. 1 cm 2. 2 cm 3. 3 cm 4) 4 cm circle. The mass of the rod is ‘M’. What will
247. The work done in shifting a particle of mass be the gravitational potential at the centre of
‘m’ from the centre of earth to the surface of the circle?
the earth is GM GM
1. 2.
1 L 2 L
1. -mgR 2. mgR 3. zero 4) mgR
2
 GM  GM
248 A planet of mass m1 revloves round the sun of 3. 4.
mass m2 . The distance between the sun and 2L L
the planet is r. Considering the motion of the 255. Three particles, each of mass 102 Kg are
sun find the total energy of the system
brought from infinity to the vertices of an
assuming the orbits to be circular.
equilateral triangle of side 0.1 m, the work
Gm1m2 Gm1m2 done is
1.  2.  1. 2 X 10 8 J 2. 2 X 10 11 J
r 3r
3. 2 X 10 12 J 4. 2 X 10 13 J
Gm1m2 256. The kinetic energy needed to project a body
3. 4.  of mass ‘m’ from the earth surface to infinity
Gm1m2 2r
 is
4r
1 1
1. mgR 2. 2 mgR 3. mgR 4. mgR
2 4
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 42 GRAVITATION
257. The work done by an external agent to shift a mass ‘m’ should be projected from a point
point mass from infinity to the centre of the midway between their centres so that it
earth is ‘W’. Then choose the correct escapes to infinity is
relation.
1. W=0 2. W>0 3. W<0 4. W  0 Gm
1.0 2 2 ( M1  M 2 )
258. A solid sphere of uniform density and radius d
‘R’ applies a gravitational force of attraction
equal to F1 on a particle placed at a distance G G
3. 2 ( M 1  M 2 ) 4. 2 (M1  M 2 )
3R from the centre of the sphere. A spherical d md
R 261. Consider the two identical particles, they are
cavity of radius ‘ ’ is now made in the released from rest and may move towards
2 each other under the influence of mutual
sphere as shown in the figure. The sphere gravitational force. The speed of each
with cavity now applies a gravitational force particle, when the separation reduces to half
of the initial separation is
F2
F2 on the same particle. The ratio F is Gm 2Gm
1
1. 2.
d d

Gm
3. 4. none of these
2d
262. A point P ( 3R , 0, 0) lies on the axis of a
ring of a mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’. The ring is
located in y-z plane with its centre at origin
‘O’. A small particle of mass ‘m’ starts from
‘P’ and reaches ‘O’ under gravitational
attraction only. Its speed at ‘O’ will be

9 41 3 22 GM Gm
1. 2.
1. 2. 3. 4. R R
50 50 25 25
259. Two identical thin rings each of radius ‘R’ are
GM Gm
co-axially placed at a distance ‘R’. If the 3. 4.
rings have a uniform mass distribution and 2R 2R
each has mass m1 and m2 respectively,, 263. The gravitational field in a region is given by

then the work done in moving a mass ‘m’ Eg  5i  12 jN / Kg , then the magnitude of
from the centre of one ring to that of the other
is: the gravitational force acting on a particle of
mass 2 Kg. placed at the origin, will be
Gm(m1  m2 )( 2  1) 1. zero 2. 13 N
1. zero 2. 3. 26 N 4. 75 N
2R
264. A satellite is revolving round the earth. Its
Gm 2(m1  m2 ) Gm1m( 2  1)
3. 4. kinetic energy is Ek . How much energy is
R m2 R
required by the satellite such that it escapes
260. The masses and radii of the earth and moon out of the gravitation field of earth
are M1 , R1 and M 2 , R2 respectively. Their Ek
centres are at distance ‘d’ apart. The 1. 2 Ek 2. 3 Ek 3. 4. infinity
2
minimum velocity with which a particle of
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 43 GRAVITATION
265. If the radius of the earth is made three times,
keeping the mass constant, then the weight pqr p2  q2  r 2
of a body on the earth’s surface will be as 1. 2.
m m
compared to its previous value
1. one third 2. one ninth
3. three times 4. nine times
p3  q3  r 3 p4  q4  r 4
3. 4.
266. At what weight from the surface of earth, the m m
gravitational force will be reduced by 10%, if 273. Infinite bodies, each of mass 3 Kg are
the radius of earth is 6370 Km. situated at distances, 1m, 2m, 4m,
1. 750 Km 2. 650 Km 8m,......... respectively on X-axis. The
3. 450 Km 4. 344 Km resultant intensity of gravitational field at the
267. An artificial satellite is revolving round the origin will be
earth in a circular orbit. Its velocity is half of 1. G 2. 2G 3. 3G 4. 4G
the escape velocity. Its height from the 274. A boy can jump to a height ‘h’ on the ground
earth’s surface is level. What should be the radius of a sphere
1. 6400 KM 2. 12800 KM
of density  such that on jumping on it, he
3. 3200 KM 4. 1600 KM
268. What should be the angular velocity of escapes out of the gravitational field of the
rotation of earth about its own axis, so that sphere?
the weight of a person on equator reduces to 4 G 4 gh 3gh 3G 
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 3 gh 3G 4 G 4 gh
of its present value (R=6400 KM)
5 275. A satellite is revolving around a planet of
mass ‘m’ in an elliptical orbit of semi major
1. 7.8 X 104 rad / s 2. 7.8 rad/s axis ‘a’. The orbital velocity of the satellite at
3. 0.8 X 10 4 rad / s 4. 1 rad/s a distance ‘r’ from the focus will be
269. The radius and density of two artificial
2 1 1 2
satellites are R1 , R2 and respectively.. 1. GM    2. GM   
r a r a
The ratio of acceleration due to gravities on
them will be
 2 1  1 2 
R2  2 R1  2 R1 1 R2 1 3. GM  2  2  4. GM  2  2 
1) 2) 3) 4) r a  r a 
R1 1 R2 1 R2  2 R1  2 276. A small body of super dense material, with
270. Three particles of equal mass ‘m’ are situated mass equal to half of that of earth but whose
at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of size is very small compared to that of earth,
side ‘L’. The work done in increasing the side starts from rest at the height h<<R above the
of the triangle to 2L will be earth’s surface. It reaches the earth’s
surface in time given by
2G 2 m Gm2
1. 2.
2L 2L 2h 4h 2h h
1. 2. 3. 4.
g 3g 3g g
3Gm 2 3Gm 2
3. 4. 277. A planet in some solar system has a mass
2L L double that of earth and density equal to that
of earth. An object weight ‘W’ on the earth,
271. If the force inside the earth surface varies as
will weight on the planet as W 1 . Then
r then the value of x will be (r  distance
x,
1. W 1  W 2. W 1  2W
of the body from the centre of earth)
1. x=-1 2. x=-2 3. x=1 4. x=2 W
3. W 
1
272. The potential energy of a body of mass ‘m’ is 4. W 1  21/ 3 W
given by U=px+qy+rz. The magnitude of the 2
acceleration of the body will be
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 44 GRAVITATION
278. The escape velocity from a planet is ‘ Ve ’. A 1. 3.86 X 108 m 2. 3.86 X 10 6 m
tunnel is dug along along a diameter of the 3. 3.86 X 10 4 m 4. 3.86 Km
planet and a small body is dropped into it. 285. A small particle of mass ‘m’ lies on the axis
The sped of the body at the centre of the of a ring of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘a’ at a
planet will be distance ‘a’ from the centre. The particle
Ve Ve reaches the centre under grav itational
1. Ve 2. 3. 2Ve 4. attraction only. Its speed at the centre will be
2 2
279. In the above problem, the time taken by the 2GM 2GM
body to reach the centre of the planet will be 1. 2. ( 2  1)
a a
 R R R R
1. 2.  3. 2 4. 2GM  1 
2 g g g g 3. 1   4. 0
a  2
280. The angular velocity of earth’s rotation about
its axis is ‘  ’. An object weighed by a 286. The time period of a satellite very close to
spring balance gives the same reading at the earth is ‘T’. The time period of geo-synchro-
equator as at a height ‘h’ above the poles. nous satellite will be
The value of ‘h’ will be 1. 2 2(T ) 2. 6 6(T )
 R 2 2
 R 2 2
2 R
2
2 R
2 2 2
1
1. 2. 3. 4. 3. 7 7 (T ) 4. (T )
g 2g g 3g 7 7
281. In the above problem, if the reading of the 287. The work done in bringing three particles
spring balance is same as that at depth ‘d’ each of mass 10 gm from large distances to
below the earth’s surface at poles. The value the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
of ‘d’ will be 10 cm is
 2 R2  2 R2 2 2 R 2 2 2 R 2 1. 10 13 J 2. 2 X 10 13 J
1. 2. 3. 4.
g 2g g 3g 3. 4 X 10 11 J 4. 10 11 J
282. Three particles of equal mass M are situated 288. What is the percentage change in the value
at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of of ‘g’ on shifting from equator to pole’s on the
side ‘L’. What should be the velocity of each earth’s surface?
particle so that they move on a circular path 1.4.5% 2 0.65% 3 0.05% 4 0.43%
without changing ‘L’ 289. The escape velocity of a body from earth’s

GM GM 2GM GM surface is ‘ Ve ’. The escape velocity of the

1. 2. 3. 4. same body from a height equal to 7R from
2L L L 3L the earth’s surface will be
283. If the moon describes a circular path of radius
‘r’ round the earth with uniform angular speed Ve Ve Ve Ve
‘w’, the period of revolution of the moon will 1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2 4
be
290. The gravitational field in X-direction due to
2
r gR 2 k
1. 2 2. 2 some mass distribution is E  , where k
gR 2 r3 x3
is a constant. assuming the gravitational
gR 3
r3 potential to be zero at infinity, its value at a
3. 2 4. 2 distance x will be
r3 gR 2
k k k k
284. In the above problem, if the radius of moon’s 1. 2. 3. 4.
orbit is 60 times the earth’s radius and period x 2x x2 2x2
of revolution of moon is 27.3 days, then the
radius of the orbit of moon is
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 45 GRAVITATION
297. Two satellites of same mass are launched in
3 the same orbit round the earth so as to
291. A body is projected up with the escape
4 revolve in mutually perpendicular directions.
velocity from earth’s surface. The height They soon collide inelastically and stick
reached by the body is together. The total energy of the system
before collision is
7 9 7 3
1. R 2. R 3. R 4. R GMm GMm
9 7 3 7 1. 2.
292. A small body is at a distance ‘r’ from the 2r r
centre of Mercury, where ‘r’ is greater than
2GMm GMm
the radius of Mercury. The energy required to 3.  4.
shift the body from r to 2r measured from the r 4r
centre is E. The energy required to shift if 298. In the above problem, the total energy of the
from 2r to 3r will be system after collision will be
E E E GMm GMm
1. E 2. 3. 4. 1. 2.
2 3 4 2r r
293. If the intensity of gravitational field at all
places inside earth is presumed to be
2GMm GMm
3. 4.
constant,then the relation between the r 4r
density of earth   and distance r  from 299. If ‘ Ve ’ is the escape velocity of a body from a
the centre of the earth will be planet of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’. Then the
1 velocity of the satellite revolving at height ‘h’
1
1)   r 2)   3)   r 4 )   from the surface of the planet will be
r r
R 2R
294. A sky laboratory of mass 2 X 103 Kg is 1. Ve 2. Ve
Rh Rh
raised from a circular orbit of radius 2R to a
circular orbit of radius 3R. The work done is
Rh R
(approximately): 3. Ve 4. Ve
R 2( R  h)
1 1016 J 2. 2 X 1010 J 3. 10 6 J 4. 3 X 1010 J
295. How far from earth must a particle be on the 300. The moon revolves round the earth 13 times
line joining earth to sun, in order that the in one year. If the ratio of sun-earth distance
gravitational pull on it due to sun is counter to earth-moon distance is 392, then the ratio
balanced by that due to earth. (Given orbit of masses of sun and earth will be
1. 365 2. 356
radius of earth is 108 KM and mass of sun is
3. 3.56  105 4. 1
5
3.24 X 10 M E ) M E = mass of the earth 301. Imagine a geostationary satellite of earth
which is used as an inter continental telecast
1. 64 X 105 Km 2. 1.75 X 105 Km
station. At what height will it have to be
3. 1.75 X 109 Km 4. 6400 Km established?
1. at 103 m 2. at 6.4 X 103 m
296. A satellite is projected with a velocity 1.5
times its orbital velocity just above the earth 3. at 35.94 X 10 6 m 4. at infinity
atmosphere. The initial velocity of the
satellite is parallel to the surface. The
maximum distance of the satellite from the
earth will be
1. 2R 2. 8R 3. 4R 4. 3R
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 46 GRAVITATION
302. If a graph is plotted between T 2 and r 3 for a 2 2
planet,then its slope will be
2
1) T   rA  rP 3 2
2) T   rA  rP 2
2Gm 2Gm
3) v A rA  vP rP 4) v A  vP ; rA  rP

 
306.A point p R 3, 0, 0 lies on the axis of a ring of
mass M and radius R. the ring is located in y - z
plane with its centre at origin O. A small particle
of mass ‘m’ starts from P and reaches O under
gravitational attraction only. Its speed at O will be
GM GM
1) 2)
R 2R

GM GM
4 2 GM 3)
2R
4)
3R
1) 2)
GM 4 2 307.A shell of mass m2, radius r2 lies inside and is
3) 4GM 4)zero concentric with a larger uniform shell of mass m1,
radius r1. If EP is the gravitational field at point P
303.Two uniform solid spheres of equal radii R, but at distance ‘r’ from the common centre, then pick
mass M and 4M have a centre to centre separa- up the wrong option.
tion 6 R, the two spheres are held fixed on a  m1  m2 
horizontal floor. A projectile of mass m is pro- 1) E p  G   for r  r1 & r  r2
jected from the surface of the sphere of mass M  r2 
directly towards the centre of the second sphere. m2
Obtain an expression for the minimum speed v of 2) E p  G 2 for r  r1 & r  r2
the projectile so that it reaches the surface of the r
second sphere 3) E p  0 for r  r2 4) E p  0 for r  r2
1/2 1/ 2
 5GM   3GM  308.A “double star” is a composite system of two
1) v    2) v    stars rotating about their centre of mass under
 3R   5R  their mutual gravitational attraction. Let us
1/2 1/2
consider such a “double star” which has two stars
 3R   8R  of masses ‘m’ and ‘2m’ at a separation ‘l’. If T is
3) v    4) v    the time period of rotation about their entre of
 5GM   5GM 
mass then.
304.A homogeneous bar of lenght L and mass M is at
a distance ‘h’ from a point mass ‘m’ as shown. l3 l3
The force on ‘m’ is F. Then 1) T  2 2) T  2
mG 2mG
GMm GMm
F
1) 2) F  l3 l3
 h  L 2 h2 3) T  2 4) T  2
3mG 4mG
GMm GMm 309 .The magnitude of the gravitational force between
3) F  h h  L 4) F 
  L2 a particle of mass m1 and another particle of
mass m2 is F = Gm1m2 /x2. The work required to
305.A planet is revolving round the sun. Its distance
increase the separation of the particles from x - x1
from the sun at Apogee is rA and that at Perigee is
to (x1 + d) is
rP. The masses of plancet and sun are ‘m’ and M
respectively, vA is the velocity of planet at Apogee Gm1m2 x1 Gm1m2 d
and vP is at Perigee respectively and T is the time 1) d  x  d  2) x  x  d 
1 1 1
period fo revolution of planet round the sun, then
identify the wrong answer. Gm1m2 x12 Gm1m2 d 2
3) 4)
d  x1  d  x1  x1  d 
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 47 GRAVITATION
310.A planet of mass ‘m’ is moving in an elliptical
orbit round the sun of mass M. If the maximum 1)  
E g  k x i  y j and is conservative in
and minimum distances of the planet from the nature
sun be l1 and l2, the angular momentum of the
planet about the sun will be 2)  
E g  k y i  x j and is conservative in
nature
GMm  l1  l2 
1)  l1  l2  2)
GMl1l2 3)  
E g  k x i  y j and is non conservative in
nature

3)
GMl1l2
 l1  l2  4) 0 4)  
E g  k y i  x j and is non conservative in
nature
311.The gravitaional field in a region due to a certain
315.A satellite is revolving round the earth in an orbit

mass distribution is given by E  4 i  3 j N / kg .  of radius ‘r’ with time period T. If the satellite is
revolving round the earth in an orbit of radius
The work done by the field in moving a particle of
r  r r  r  with time period
2 
mass 2 kg from (2m, 1m) to  m, 2m  along the
3  T  T T  T  then.
line 3x+4y=10 is T 3 r T 2 r
1)  2) 
25 50 25 T 2 r T 3 r
1)  N 2)  N 3) N 4) zero
3 3 3
T r T r
312.A planet of mass m revolves in elliptical orbit 3)  4) 
around the sun so that its maximum and mini- T r T r
mum distances from the sun are equal to ra and 316.The gravitational field due to a mass distribution
K
rp respectively. Find the angular momentum of is E  in the x-direction, where K is a
x3
this planet relative to the sun
constant. Taking the gravitational potential to be
zero at infinity, its value at a distance x is
GMrp ra 2GMrp ra K K K K
Lm Lm
1)
r p  ra  2)
r p  ra 
1)
x
2)
2x
3)
x 2 4)
2x 2
317.Two bodies of masses ‘m’ and ‘M’ are placed at a

r  ra 
distance ‘d’ apart. The gravitational potential at
Gmrp ra
LM LM
p the position where the gravitational field due to
3)
r
p  ra  4)
Gmrp ra them is zero is V. Then
G G
313.A solid sphere of uniform density and radius R 1) V   m  M  2) V 
applies a gravitational force of attraction equal to d d
F1 on a particle placed at A, distant 2R from the
centre of the sphere. A spherical cavity of radius
R/2 is now made on the sphere the sphere with
3) V  
G
d
4) V  
G
d
 m M 
2

cavity now applies a gravitational force F2. Then 318.An artificial satellite moving in circular orbit
F2 around the earth has a total (kinetic + potential)
energy E0,. Its potential energy and kinetic
F1 will be energy respectively are
1) 1/2 2) 3/4 3) 7/8 4) 14/9 1) 2Eo and -2E0 2) -2E0 and 3Eo
314.A particle is placed in a field characterized by a 3) 2E0 and -E0 4) -2E0 and -E0
value of gravitational potential given by V = -kxy,

where ‘k’ is a constant. If E g is the gravitational

field then.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 48 GRAVITATION
319.The ratio of Earth’s orbital angular momentum LEVEL-V
(about the sun) to its mass is 4.4 X 1015 m2s-1.
The area enclosed by the earth’s orbit is approxi- . Match the following
mately 324. (Note that an item of Column-I can match
1) 1 X 1022 m2 2) 3 X 1022 m2 with more than one item of Column-II.)
3) 5 X 1022 m2 4) 7 X 1022 m2 Column-I Column-II
320.A particle of mass 1kg is placed at a distance of
GMm
4m from the centre and on the axis of a uniform (A) Modulus of gravitational P.
R
ring of mass 5kg and radius 3m. The work done
potential at curvature centre
to increase the distance of the particle from 4m to
of a thin hemispherical shell
3m is. of radius R and mass M.
GM
G G G G (B) Modulus of gravitational Q.
1) J 2) J 3) J 4) J R
3 4 5 6 potential at curvature centre
321.Two metallic spheres each of mass M are of a thin uniform wire, bent
suspended by two strings each of lenght L. The into a semicircle of radius R.
distance between the upper ends of the strings is
GM
L. The angle which the strings make with the (C) Modulus of gravitational R.
vertical due to mutual attraction of the spheres is R2
potential at curvature centre
2GM 1 GM1 of a thin non-uniform wire, bent
1) tan 2) tan into a semicircle of radius R.
gL2 gL
The matching grid
GM GM A) P,Q,R B) P,Q,R C) P,Q,R
3) tan 1 4) tan 1 325. Match the following
gL2 2 gL Note that an item of Column-I can match with
more than one item of Column-II.)
If our planet suddenly shrinks in size, still
322.The gravitational field due to a mass distri remaining perfectly spherical with mass
C remaining unchanged.
bution is I  in x-direction. Here C is Column-I Column-II
x2
A) Duration of the day P. increase
constant. Taking the gravitational potential B) Kinetic energy of rotation Q. unchanged
to be zero at infinity, potential at x is C) Duration of the year R. decrease
2C C The matching grid
1) 2) A) P,Q,R B) P,Q,R
x x
C) P,Q,R
2C C 326. Match the following
3) 4)
x2 2 x2 (Note that an item of Column-I can match
323.. At a given place where acceleration due to with more than one item of Column-II.)
When a planet moves around the sun
gravity is g m / sec 2 , a sphere of lead of Column-I Column-II
density d kg / m3 is gently released in a (A) Its angular momentum P. increases
(B) When it is near the sun its Q. constant
column of liquid of density  kg / m 3 . If d > speed
 , the sphere will (C) When it is near the sun its R.decreases
1) fall vertically with an acceleration of potential energy
The matching grid
g m / sec 2
A) P,Q,R B) P,Q,R C) P,Q,R
2) fall vertically with no acceleration
 d 
3) fall vertically with an acceleration g  d 
 
4) fall vertically with an acceleration g  / d
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 49 GRAVITATION
327. Match the following 330.A satellite of mass m is moving in a circular orbit
(Note that an item of Column-I can match of radius r = (Re+h) around earth of radius Re and
with more than one item of Column-II.) mass Me, and density of earth  . Match the
A satellite is revolving round the earth in an following
elliptical orbit. Column-I Column - II
Column-I Column-II
(A) Gravitational force exerted P. Zero 2 3/2
by earth and centripetal force A) Orbital velocity of the 1) T  GM e
r
at some points only can be
satellit
(B) Work done by gravitational Q. Equal
force in some small parts of GM e m
B) Kinetic energy of the 2)
orbit can be 2r
(C) In comparision of centripetal R. Greater satellite.
force at some point magnitude
of gravitational force can be GM e m
C) Potential energy of the 3)
The matching grid 2r
A) P,Q,R B) P,Q,R C) P,Q,R satellite
328. Match the following GM e m
(Note that an item of Column-I can match D) Total energy of the 4)
r
with more than one item of Column-II.)
satellite
Two satellites S1 and S2 revolve round a planet
GM e
in coplanar circular orbits in same sense. E) Time period of the 5)
Their periods of revolution are 1hr. and r
satellite.
8hrs. respectively. The radius of orbit of S1 is
104 km.
Assertions and Reasons
Column-I Column-II 331. Assertion: If earth suddenly stops rotating
about its axis, then the value of acceleration
A) Speed of Ist satellite P.  104 km / h due to gravity will become same at all the
(B) Speed of IInd satelliteQ. 3  104 km / h places.
Reason: The value of acceleration due to
(C) Minimum magnitude of R. 2 104 km / h
gravity is independent of rotation of earth.
relative velocity between the 1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
two satellites ‘Reason’ is the correct explanation of
The matching grid ‘Assertion’
A) P,Q,R B) P,Q,R C) P,Q,R 2) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
329. Match the Columns ‘Reason’ is not the correct explanation of
Column-I Column - II ‘Assertion’
A) Concept of 1) at the poles on 3) ‘Assertion’ is true but ‘Reason’ is false
the elliptical path surface of earth 4) Both ‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ are false
B) Gravitational attraction 2) Decreases as we 5) ‘Assertion’ is false but ‘Reason’ is true
force. go upwards from 332. Assertion: Orbital velocity of a satellite is
surface of earth greater than its escape velocity.
C) Acceleration due to 3) Keppler’s 1st law Reason: Orbit of a satellite is within the
gravity gravitational field of earth whereas escaping
D) Acceleration due to 4) Kepper’s 2nd law is beyond the gravitational field of earth.
gravity is maximum. 1. Both Assertion and Reason are true and
5) Newton’s Law ‘Reason’ is the correct explanation of
‘Assertion’
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true and
‘Reason’ is not the correct explanation of
‘Assertion’
3. ‘Assertion’ is true but ‘Reason’ is false
4. Both ‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ are false
5. ‘Assertion’ is false but ‘Reason’ is true
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 50 GRAVITATION
333. Assertion: The time period of revolution of a c) In the case of spherical shell, the plot of V
satellite close to surface of earth is smaller versus r is continuous.
than that revolving away from surface of d) In the case of spherical shell, the plot of
earth. gravitational field intensity I versus r is
Reason: The square of time period of continuous
revolution of a satellite is directly 337.An object is weighed at the North pole by a beam
proportional to cube of its orbital radius. balance and a spring balance, giving readings of
1. Both Assertion and Reason are true and WB and W S respectively. It is again weighed in
‘Reason’ is the correct explanation of the same manner at the equator, giving reading of
‘Assertion’ W ’B and W ’S respectively. Assume that the
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true and acceleration due to gravity is the same every
‘Reason’ is not the correct explanation of where and that the balances are quite sensitive.
‘Assertion’ a) W B = W S b) W ’B = W ’S
3. ‘Assertion’ is true but ‘Reason’ is false c) W B = W B ’
d) W ’S < W S
4. Both ‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ are false 338.For a planet moving around the sun in an elliptical
5. ‘Assertion’ is false but ‘Reason’ is true orbit, which of the following quantities remain
334. Assertion: Generally the path of projectile constant ?
from the earth is parabolic but it is elliptical a) The total energy of the ‘sun planet’ system
for projectiles going to a very large height. b) The angular momentum of the planet about the
Reason: The path of a projectile is sun.
independent of the gravitational force of earth. c) The force of attraction between the two
1. Both Assertion and Reason are true and d) The linear momentum of the planet
‘Reason’ is the correct explanation of 339.If a satellite orbits as close to the earth’s surface
‘Assertion’ as possibel
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true and a) its speed is maximum
‘Reason’ is not the correct explanation of b) time period of its rotation is minimum
‘Assertion’ c) the total energy of the earth plus satellite
3. ‘Assertion’ is true but ‘Reason’ is false system minimum
4. Both ‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ are false d) the total energy of the earth plus satellite
5. ‘Assertion’ is false but ‘Reason’ is true system is maximum
335. Assertion: We can not move even a finger 340.A satellite to be geo-stationary, which of the
without disturbing all the stars. following are essential condition?
Reason: Everybody in this universe attracts a) it must always be stationed above the equator
every other body with a force which is b) it must be rotate from west to east
inversely proportional to the square of c) it must be about 36,000km above the earth
distance between them. surface
1. Both Assertion and Reason are true and d) it orbit must be circular, and not elliptical
‘Reason’ is the correct explanation of STATEMENTS
‘Assertion’ 341.A : When a body is projected with velcoity v = v0
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true and (where v0 is orbital velocity) then path of the
‘Reason’ is not the correct explanation of projectile is circular.
‘Assertion’ R : Gravitional force between body and the earth
3. ‘Assertion’ is true but ‘Reason’ is false provides the centripetal force.
4. Both ‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ are false 1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
5. ‘Assertion’ is false but ‘Reason’ is true Statement-2 is a correct explanation for State-
objectives with ONE or MORE than one ment-1
correct cho ice 2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
336. Which of the following is correct Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
a) An astronaut in going from Earth to Moon Statement-1
will experience weightlessness once. 3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
b) When a thin uniform spherical shell 4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
gradully shrinks maintaining its shape, the
gravitational potential at its center
decreases.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 51 GRAVITATION
342..Statement - 1 : For a mass M kept at the centre 346.Statement-1: For a mass M kept at the
of a cube of side ‘a’, the flux of gravitational field centre of a cube of side ‘a’, the flux of
passing through its sides is 4 GM. gravitational field passing through its sides
Statement - 2 : If the direction of a field due to a is 4 GM .
point source is radial and its dependence on the Statement-2: If the direction of a field due
1 to a point source is radial and its depen
distance ‘r’ from the source is given as 2 . It dence on the distance ‘r’ from the source is
r
flux through a closed surface depends only on the 1
given as 2 .its flux through a closed surface
strength of the source enclosed by the surface r
and not on the size or shape of the surface depends only on the strength of the source
1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; enclosed by the surface and not on the size or
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for State- shape of the surface.
ment-1 1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for for Statement-1
Statement-1 2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False 3) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True 4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
343. : Orbiting satellite or body has K.E. of always Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
less than that of Potential energy. Statement-1
R : For any bound state, the magnitude of Linked comprehension type ::1
potential energy is always twice that of kinetic
energy (K.E.) (write up 1)(347-- 349)
1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; You’re involed in the design of a mission carrying
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for State- humans to the surface of the planet Mars, which
ment-1 has a radius rM = 3.40 X 106 m and a mass mM =
33
2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 6.42 X 10 Kg. The earth weight of the mars (lift)
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for is 39,200N.
Statement-1 In solving the following questions neglect the
3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False gravitational effects of the (very small) moons of
4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True Mars.
344.A : There is almost no effect of rotation of earth at 347.Calculate approximately its weight, 6.0 X 106 m
poles. above the surface of mars (the distance at which
R : Because rotation of earth is about polar axis. the moon phobos orbits Mars)
1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 1) 20,000N 2) 6000N 3) 2000N 4) 1000N
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for State- 348.Calculate its acceleration gm due to the gravity of
ment-1 Mars 6.0 X 106 m above the surface of Mars
2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 1) 0.48 m/s2 2) 5.8 m/s2
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for 3) 7.2 m/s 2
4) 0.32 m/s2
Statement-1
349.Calculate its weight F8 approximately due to
3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
gravity of Mars at the surface of Mars
4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
1) 15000N 2) 1500 N 3) 2000N 4) 25000N
345.A: If the Earth suddenly contracts to 1/n th of its
present size without any change in its mass. (write up :: 2)( 350--352)
24 Consider a binary system of stars X of mass Mx
B:The duration of the new day will be hrs. and Y of mass MY. Their masses are different
n
and they revolve about their centre of mass.
1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Separation between the stars is R. Orbital speed
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for State-
of star X is 48 km/s and its distance from the
ment-1
centre of mass is four times the distance of star
2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Y from the centre of Y from the centre of mass.
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Again assuming the dimensions of the stars to be
Statement-1
3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False much smaller than their seperation, answer the
4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True following questions.
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 52 GRAVITATION
350.consider the centre of mass as the origin. At any 61.2 62.2 63.2 64.3 65.3
 66.1 67.4 68.1 69.3 70.4
instant, position vectors of X and Y are Rx and
71.2 72 .2 73.2 74.3 75.1
  
R y respectively. Dot product of Rx and R y will 76.1 77.3 78.4 79.2 80.1
81.3 82.1 83 .2 84.3 85.2
be 86.3 87.1 88.4 89.3 90.3
1) -0.16R2 2) -0.32R3 3) -0.5R2 4) 2R2 9l.2 92.3 93.3 94.2 95.2
351. Orbital speed of star Y is 96.1 97.1 98.2 99.1 100.2
1) 60 km/s 2) 4 km/s 101.1 102.2 103.3 104.3 105.1
3) 12 km/s 4) 16 km/s 106.1 107.1 108.2 109.4 110.1
352.Orbital time period of star X can be expressed as 111.1 112.1 113.3 114.1 115.3
116.3 117.3 118.4 119.2 120.2
4 R3/2 4 R3/2 121.3 122.2 123.2 124.3 125.1
1) 2) 126.3 127.1 128.3 129.2 130.1
5GM Y 5GM X
131.1 132.2 133.4 134.4 135.2
136.2 137.2 138.2 139.2 140.1
2 R3/2 2 R3/2 141.1 142.1 143.2 144.4 145.2
3) 4) 146.4 147.3 148.1 149.4 150.2
GM X 3GM Y
151.3 152.4 153.1 154.3 155.1
(write up:: 3) (353--355) 156.2 157.3 158.4 159.4 160.2
161.2 162.4 163.2 164.1 165.3
A solid sphere of mass M and redius R is sur-
166.3 167.2 168.3 169.4 170.2
rounded by a spherical shell of same mass M 171.2 172.1 173.1 174.2 175.3
and radius 2R as shown. A small particle of 176.1 177.1 178.1 179.3 180.1
mass m is released from rest a heigh h (<<R) 181.4 182.2 183.1 184.4 185.4
above the shell. There is a hole in the shell. 186.2 187.3 188.2 189.1 190.2
353.In what time will it enter the hole at A 191.3 192.4 193.2 194.1 195.2
196.3 197.2 198.2 199.2 200.3
hR 2 2hR 2 hR 2 1 hR 2 201.1 202.3 203.2 204.4 205.3
1) 2 2) 3) 4) 206 .1 207.2 208.1 209.4 210..4
GM GM GM 2 GM
211.2 212.3 213.4 214.2 215.2
354.What time will it take to move from A to B 216.1 217.1 218.1 219.1 220.1
221.1 222.3 223.1 224.1 225.3
R2 R2 226.3 227.3 228.1 229.4 230.2
1)  2) >
GMh GMh 231.4 232.2 233.2 234.2 235.1
236.4 237.3 238.1 239.2 240.3
R2 2R2 241.3 242.3 243.4 244.2 245.2
3) < 4) = 246.1 247.2 248.4 249.3 250.3
GMh GMh 251.1 252.4 253.4 254.4 255.4
355.With what approximate speed will it collide at B ? 256.3 257.3 258.2 259.2 260.3
261.1 262.1 263.3 264.1 265. 2
2GM GM 3GM GM 266.4 267.1 268.1 269.3 270. 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
R 2R 2R R 271.3 272.2 273.4 274.3 275. 1
276.2 277.4 278.4 279.1 280. 2
281.1 282.2 283.4 284.1 285. 3
KEY 286.3 287. 2 288.2 289.3 290.4
291.2 292.3 293.2 294.2 295.2
1.2 2.1 3.3 4.4 5.2 296.4 297.2 298.3 299.4 300.3
6.3 7.2 8.3 9.1 10.3 301.3 302.1 303.2 304.3 305.1
11.4 12.2 13.2 14.4 15.1 306.1 307.4 308.3 309.2 310.3
16.3 17.3 18.1 19.1 20.2 311.2 312.2 313.4 314.2 315.1
21.4 22.4 23.4 24.2 25.3 316.4 317.4 318.3 319.4 320.4
26.1 27.4 28.1 29.2 30.3 321.3 322.2 323.3
31.1 32.3 33.2 34.1 35.1
36.2 37.3 38.4 39.2 40.1 MATHCH THE FOLLOWING
41.4 42.2 43.3 44.1 45.3 324.A-Q, B-Q,C-Q 325. A-R,B-P,C-Q
46.3 47.3 48.3 49.1 50.1 326. A-Q, B-P, C-R 327. A-Q, B-P, C-R
51.1 52.3 53.4 54.1 55.1 328. A-R, B-P, C-P 329.A-4,B-5,C-2,D-1
56.1 57.1 58.3 59.1 60.2 330. A-5,B-2,C-4,D-3,E-1
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 53 GRAVITATION
ASSERTION & RESIONING
d
331.3 332. 3 333.1 334.3 335.1 x
MORE THAN ONE CHOICE m2
336. A,B,C 337. A,C,D 338. A,B 100. 1 from the lesser mass
339. A,B,C 340. A,B,C,D m
STATEMENTS Gm1m2
341.2 342. 2 343.1 344.1 345.4 101. F
346.4 R2
LINKED
Gm1m2
347.3 348.2 349.1 350.1 351.3 102 F
352.1 353.1 354.3 355.4 R2
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
LEVEL-I
GM
NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION g
103.
 R  h
2
MODEL QUESTIONS
Gm1m2
91. F gh R2
R2 
 R  h
2
g
92. From Newtons Law of Gravitation find f1 and
 d
f 2 then f  f1  f 2
2 2
104 g d  g 1  
 R
mv 2 GMm 105 g 1  g  R 2
93. 
R 4R2
106 g 1  g  R 2 Cos 2 
2
Gm weight w  mg g  0 , w  0 , but m  0
94.   60, f1  f 2  107
a2
 2h 
2G 3G 108 g1  g  1  
95.   60 , F1  12 , F2  12  R 
 d
F  F1  F2  2 F1 F2 Cos
2 2 g1  g  1  
 R
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
U2 1
4 Rmax   R
96. m   R3  109
g g
3
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
R6
F 2  2h 
R 110 g h  g 1  
 R
Gm1m2
97. Fg 
R2 gh R2

111
 R  h
2
1 q1q2 g
Fe 
4 0 R 2  d
112 g d  g 1  
F
Gm1m2  R
98.
R2
R
F  3( f1 ) 113 g 1  g  R 2 , g 1 = 0 , then T  2 g
99. Find the individual force and find the resultant all
of them. 114 g  R 2 Cos 2 
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 54 GRAVITATION
g R V1 R2
115  2 
g R 131.
V2 R1 ( R2  R  h2 )
gh R2
 2GM
116 g  R  h
2
132. Ve 
R
GM V1 2GM1 R
117 I , Radius at equator greater by 22km.  .
R2 133
V2 R 2GM 2
Radius at pole.
2GM
 200  x  x 134. Ve 
118. R
100
2GM
119 g  g  R 2
1
135. Ve 
ESCAPE & ORBITAL VELOCITIES: R
MODEL QUESTIONS V1 M 1 R2
120 Escape velocity independent on mass of the 136. 
projecting body V2 M 2 R1
1 137. Vo  gR and Ve  2 gR
121 V Ve  138. The projecting body having same final velocity to
2
V2 reach to projecting place so V  2 gR
2GM
H ( Ve  )
2g Rh V1

R2
139.
GM V2 R1
g
R2 GM
140. V0 
122 Ve  2 gR Rh
Ve 1 g1R1 Ve1

g1 R1
123.  141.
(Ve ) 2 g 2 R2 Ve2 g 2 R2
1 V1 R2
124. KE mVe 2 142. 
2 V2 R1
1
125.   3  d
2

R 143. g 1  g 1  
126. Escape velocity depends on only planet mass.  R
2gM GM
so V0  144. V0 
R R
1 1
V2 R
 GM  2  gR  2
2
127.  145. V0   
V1 Rh   
R  x  R  x 
1 146. T 2  R 3
128. rv  Constant
2 SATELLITE MOTION
PRACTICE QUESTIONS MODEL QUESTIONS
147. P.E .  2( K .E.)
V1 R2
129.  GMm
V2 R2 148. W
2R
2GM  1 1 
130. Ve  W1   G M m   
R  R1 R 2 
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 55 GRAVITATION
149. u  u12  u13  u23 LEVEL II
NEWTONS UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
V1 R2 MODEL QUESTIONS
150. 
V2 R1 d
x
151. T 2 R3 m2
170. 1
152. T 2 R3 m1
171. Effective distance =9R
PRACTICE QUESTIONS Distance travelled by Smaller mass= x
153. K .E1  K .E2  m2 
x  9R 
R1 m1
  m1  m2 
R2 m2
154. T .E.   K .E. G  m(1  x) x 1
172 F  F is max imum when x 
 1 1  R2 2
155. P.E  GMm   
 R1 R2 
m1m2
156. Gravitational force serves as centripetal force 173. F1  G
157. CONCEPTUAL d2
1  m1   m2 
158. rv  constant  m1    m2  
2
and F2  G 
2  2 
V1 m1 d2
159.  PRACTICE QUESTIONS
V2 m2
d
T1
2
R
3
x
160.  13 m2
T2
2
R2 174. 1 from the lesser mass
m
161. T 2 R3
F1 d 22
BLACK HOLES THEORY 175. 
MODEL QUESTIONS
F2 d12
162. For a solid spheres in contact F  R 4  36 
163. Centre of mass is 2r from ‘m’ and r from 2m. F2  F1    F1 ; d 2  d1  3
2Gm Gm  100 
I1  I 2  2
r2 4r F1 d 22
176. 
2GM F2 d12
164. R 
C2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
2GM MODEL QUESTIONS
165. R
C2  2h 
177. g1  g  1  
2GM  R
166. R 
C2
 d
167. x 
d 178. g1  g  1  
m2  R
1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
m1
168. Concpetual Ri
169. Defination 179. m f  mi , d f  8di from this R f 
2
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 56 GRAVITATION
from law of conservation of angular
momentum 192. V  V 2  Ve 2
I11  I 22 V 
3
Ve W here Ve  2 gR
4

1 2 1  D2  2 193.
m a x h e ig h t a t ta i n e d b y a b o d y h 
V 2R
180. KE(total )   MR 20 2  MR 2  2   2 gR  V 2
2 5 2 R
  Vm M m Re
194. 
MR 2O 2  5  D 
2 Ve M e Rm
 1    
5  2  RO   V 1 2GM
  195.  
R R R
ESCAPE & ORBITAL VELOCITIES: SATELLITE MOTION
MODEL QUESTIONS
MODEL QUESTIONS
Ve  V0 2 1 196. From conservation of energy
181. 100   100
V0 1 GMm 1 2 1 2
 mv  mv
1 r 2 2
182. Orbital Velocity V0 relative velocity = 2  v
R
GMm 197 F  F12  F2 2  2 F1F2cos
F
183.
 R  h 2 3GMm mv 2
 r
L

MV0 2 L2 r 3
and Centripetal
F 198. Work done = change in PE
 R  h 2
T1
2
R
3

199. 2
 13 , VO  R11 ,VO  R22
GMm MV02 T2 R2 1 2

 
( R  h)2  R  h 2 ( Relative speed = VO1  VO2 )

184. V  2 gR  gR  gR ( 2  1) 200. T 2 R3
185. Ve  2 gR PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
g GMm GM
186. ‘g’ at a height 4R  201. GPE  and g  2
16 R R
202. The relative velocity with respect to earth is zero.
g 2GM
and V0  g (4 R )  (4 R) 203. R
16 C2
187. We know Vp=VQ
and Rp=8000 T 3 R
204. T 2 R3  
GM GM T 2 R
2  RQ  4 RP 1
RP RQ
205. V0  , ra  RA  RE , rb  RB  RE
188. Ve  2 gR
r
k
V 1 R F , F  mr  2
rn n  2
206. ,
189. 
V 2 R
207. T 2 R3
Ve  V0 2 1
190. 100   100
V0 1
2GM
191. Ve 
R
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 57 GRAVITATION
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE Gm2 Gm1
MASS M AT A HEIGHT H ABOVE THE SURFACE 217. I1  and I 2 
OF THE EARTH, WORK DONE d2 d2
MODEL QUESTIONS GI1 I
 1
 
 2
1  d 2
m2 m1
208. P.E.  GMm   
 R1 R2  GMm GMm
218. Workdone  
 1 1  R 3R
209. P.E.  GMm    then find increased
 R1 R2 
GMm  1  GMm
219.  PE  1 
PRACTICE QUESTIONS R  2  2R
GM mgR
210. E  P.E f  PEi But gR 
PE 
R 2
4 g1 1
LEVEL III 220. From g   GR, 
3 g2 2
MODEL QUESTIONS
V1 2 gR
Gm 2 a from 
211. mr  3
2
2
and r  V2 2(2 g )(2 R )
a 3
V2  2V1  22kms 1
1 1 1 
212. EG  GM  2  2  2  .........
velocity at infinity
1 2 4 
 1  4
221.
V  V 2  Ve 2   2(11.2)2  (11.2)2
 GM    GM
1  r  3 GM 1  2GM 
213. Using law of conservation of energy 222.   
Kinetic energy minimum = - potential Rh 2 R 
2GMm K .E fV
2
PE at mid point =  M1  M 2  223.  e2
d K .Ei V0
1 2Gm
 mVe 2   M1  M 2  K .E f

Ve
2

2 d 224. 2
K .Ei V0
R13 1 ( mg ) Rh ( mg ) R ( nR )
T1 mv 2  
214.  225.
2 Rh ( R  nR )
T2 R23
GM T1 R13 R3
 
215. Potential V  226.
T2 R23 (2 R )3
d
GmM T1 R13 (7 R )3
work done   
d T2 R23  7R 
3
227.
 
PRACTICE QUESTIONS  2 
2 GM
 3R  228. Potential 
F1 GM .1  2 
d
216  
F2 R2 GM .200 LEVEL IV
HINTS
229 HINT: Here gravitational force = centripetal force

GMm mV02
 
( R  x) 2 ( R  x )
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 58 GRAVITATION

 V02 
GM 1 4 2 1
  2   n 1
Rx R n 1
T 2
R
n 1
gR 2 gR 2  T 2 R n 1  T R
 V02   V0  2
Rx Rx
Hint230 : Gravitational potential energy on the earth Hint233 : According to the law of conservation of
energy
GMm
surface, U r  T .E surface  T .E int erstellarspace
R
Gravitational potential energy at a height ‘h’
GMm 1 1
GMm   mV 2  0  mVi 2
above the earth’s surface, U h  R 2 2
Rh
1 1
  mgR  m(2 gR ) 2  mVi 2
2 2
GMm GMm 1
 Uh    mgR  2mgR  mVi 2
RR 2R 2
gain in gravitational potential energy
=Uh Ur 1
 mVi 2  mgR  Vi 2  2 gR  Vi  2 gR
2
GMm  GMm  GMm GMm Hint234 : According to the law of conservation of
    energy
2R  R  R 2R
1 mgh
mV 2 
2 h
GMm 1 1
  mgR R
2R 2
Hint231 : 1 mg ( r  R)
 m( KVe ) 2 
 GM  2 (r  R)
 g  2  1
 R  R
Gmm 6.67X1011 X100X102 1 mg (r  R)
Ui  1 2
 6.67X1010 J  mK 2 (2 gR) 
r 10X102 2 (r  R)
1
We know that W  U  U f  U i R

 W  U i  (r  R) 
 K 2 R 1  rR
 R 
U f  0   W  6.67 X 10 10 J
 K 2R  r  R
1
232 : G.T. gravitational force  n R
R  R  (1  K 2 )r  r 
1 K 2
1
 mR 2  (for circular revolution, Hint235 : According to Kepler’s II law, T 2 r 3
Rn differentiating on both side w.r.t. ‘r’
mV 2  T 
FG  FC  )  2T    3r
2
R  r 
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 59 GRAVITATION
3T  239 : According to kepler’s II law, T 2 R 3
(3r 2 )
 T  r  T    r
2T 2 r 
 T   R 
 2 3 T2 2  2   3 
 T r  r   T   R 
 r 
236 : If net gravitational field of p becomes zero T 3  R  3
means      (1%)  1.5%
T 2 R  2
Gm GM ( m )d
 x and
here
x 2
(d  x) 2
m M R 1.01R  R
  0.01  1%
( M )d R R
dx
m M  2h   d
240 : gh  gd  g 1    g 1  
Gravitational potential at  R  R
Gm Gm  d=2h
G
 
2
  m M
=( Pm ) d ( M )d d
241 : According to Kepler’s II law, T 2 R 3
m M m M
2 3
237 : According to the law of conservation of T   R 
energy  1   1 
 T2   R2 
(U  K .E ) surface  (U  K .E ) height
2 3
GMm 1 GMm 1 5  R  1
  m1V02   mV 2     
R 2 Rh 2  T2   4 R  64
1  mgR 1 5 1
  mgR  m1V02   mV 2    T2  40hr
2 2 2 T2 8
( h=R)
1 1 1 G ( M )(5M ) 5GM 2
 mv 2  mV02  mgR 242 : FG  
2 2 2 (12 R  x)2 (12 R  x) 2

 V 2  V02  gR  V  V02  gR FG 5GM

 as   and
M (12 R  x)2
GM
238 : If r  R, then E  ( r )  E r FG GM
R3 ab  
5M (12 R  x) 2
E1 r1 1 2 1 5GM
 E  r if r1 < R and r2 < R x
2
as t  x 
2 (12 R  x) 2
t 2 ...(1)
2 2

GM 1 1 2 1 GM
If r  R, then E  (r )  E 2 9R  x  abt  9 R  x  t 2 ..(2)
r 2
r 2 2 (12 R  x) 2
(i ) x
E r2  5
 1  22 if r > R and r > R (ii ) 9R  x
E2 r1 1 2
 x  45R  5 x  6 x  45R  x  7.5R
 NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 60 GRAVITATION

    
 g
     
243) Fg  mEg 1 10 i  j 10 i  j N 10i 10 j N  gh 
2

   
S  2i  2 j  i  j  i  3 jm
At the surface of earth, mg=kx
At the height ‘h’,  mg h  kx1
Work done
   g  1
  
Fg .S = 10i  10 j . i  3 j  10(1)  (10)(3) 
gh x1
  x1   h  x    (2cm)  1cm
g x  g   2
247 : Gravitational P.E at the centre
3 GMm 3
244 : Uc   mgR
2 R 2
Gravitational P.E on the earth surface
GMm
Us   mgR
R
Work done =

3 1
U s  U c   mgR  (  mgR )  mgR
2 2
248 : From the conservation of mechanical energy
G (m)(m) Gm2
F0    Gm2 Gm 2 
1 
 
2
2 L2 3  mV 2   3  
2L 
2   2R d 
0
 Resultant force = 2 F0Cos 45

 Gm2  1 2  1 2
Gm 2  V 2  Gm     V  Gm   
 2  2  Cos 450  R d  R d
 2L  2 L2
249 : r=r1+r2...........(i)
G (m)(m) Gm 2 Gm1m2
245 : Here F0   2 m1r1 2  m2 r2 2 
a2 a r2
Solving these two equatins, we get finally
Resultant force F  2 F0 C os 300 PE+KE
Gm1m2 1 1
E  m1r1  2  m2 r2  2
2 2

 Gm   3 
2
3Gm 2 r 2 2
 2  2     mr 2 
 a  2  a2 dA L
250 : Areal velocity,   constant
dt 2m
 a  2 3Gm 2
 m   a2 But L=mvrSin 
 3
mV 2 GMm
251 : L=mvr and  2  Fc  FG 
3Gm 3Gm r r
 2  3
 
a a3
 L  m(GMr )1/ 2
GM GM
246 g and gh  1
R  h   Lr1/ 2 and G.T . Lr n  n  2
2
R2
2 2
gh  R   6400  1
     
g Rh  6400  2624  2
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 61 GRAVITATION
GMm GMm GMm  Gm1 Gm 2 Gm 2 Gm1
253 : E1    259 : V1   and V2  
2R R 2R R 2R R 2R

GMm GMm 3 GMm Gm2 Gm1 Gm1 Gm2

E2    V  V2 V1    
2(2 R) R 4 R R 2R R 2R

E1 2 1 1 
   G (m1  m2 )   
 E2 3 R 2R 
Hence
L
254 : L R R 
 mG (m1  m2 )( 2  1)
W  m(V ) 
GM GM  GM
2R
Vc    260 : Potential energy of ‘m’ when it is midway
R L L
 between M1 and M 2
255 : Work done,  
 GM1 GM2  2Gm
 Gm2  Ui  m(V1 V2 )  m   (M1  M2 )
Gm2 d d 
W  U    3   3   d
 r  r  2 2 
2Gm
3 X 6.67 X 1011 X (102 ) 2 Work done= U  U f Ui  0 Ui  (M1  M2 )
d
W  11
 2 X 1013 J
10 1 2Gm
 mV 2  (M1  M 2 )
1 2 d
256 : Kinetic energy required  mVe2
2
G(M1  M 2 )
V  2 ( work=K.E)
1
 
2
 m 2 gR d
2 261 : According to law of conservation of energy

257 : Wext  U  U f  U i  U f  0  U f Gm 2

0
Gm 2 1
 2  mV 2  Gm
d V 
d 2  d
3GMm 2
 Wext   Wext  0 262 : According to law of conservation of energy
2R
F1  Fr Fc 1
258 : From super position principle, mV 2  m(V )
2
Here Fr = force due to remaining part = F2
1  GM  GM  
Fc =force due to mass on the cavity  mV 2  m   
2  2 R  R 
M 
G m
GMm GMm F   8  
GMm
F1  2
 ; c 5 
2
50 R 2 1  GM  GM
9R2  R   mV 2  m  V 
2  
2  2R  R
G M m G M m 41G M m 
 F2  F1  Fc   
9R2 50 R 2 450 R 2 263 : G.T. E g  5i  12 jN / Kg

F2 41
   Eg  52  12 2  13N / Kg
F1 50
 Magnitude of the gravitational force,
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 62 GRAVITATION
Fg  m( E g )  Fg  2(13)  Fg  26 N GM 1  2GM 
   
Rh 4 R 
1
Ek escape mVe2  2  R  h  2 R  h  R  6400 KM
V
2  e  2
264 : Ek revolution 1 : ge  g   2 R
mV02  V0  268
2
3 2g
 (g)  g   2R  2R 
 Ek escape  Ek revolution (2)  2 Ek 5 5
265 : Weight of a body on the earth surface,
2g 2 X 9.8
GMm 1    
W  mg  W 2 5R 5 X 6.4 X 106
R2 R
2
7.8 X 10 4 rad / s
2
W1  R2   3R  269: acceleration due to gravity, g  R
     9
W2  R1   R 
3Gm2
270: Initial potential energy, Ui 
W1 L
 W2 
9
3Gm 2
266 : Gravitational force on the earth surface, Final potential energy, Uf 
2L
GMm
FGS  Work done,
R2
Gravitational force at a height ‘h’ above, 3Gm2  3Gm2  3Gm2
W  U f Ui    
GMm 2L  L  2L
FGh 
( R  h) 2 271 : Force acting on a body of mass ‘m’ inside
the earth surface
90
G..T FGh  ( FGs ) F
GMm
(r )
100 R3  F r
GMm 9  GMm  butF r x  x  1
   
( R  h) 2
10  R 2  dU U
272: F   Fx    p,
10 dr x
 Rh ( R)
9 U U
Fy     q , Fz    r
3.162 y z
 6370  h  (6370) 
3  F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  (  p )i  (  q )i  (  r )i

0.162 X 6370  F  Fx2  Fy2  Fz2  p22  q 2  r 2

h  344 Km
3
1
267 : G.T. Vrevolution  (Ve )
2

GM 1  2GM 
    273.
Rh 2 R 
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 63 GRAVITATION

278 :
According to the law of conservation of
274 : Velocity of the body, energy

275. elliptical orbit is , remains

constant
According to law of conservation of energy

(at position ‘r’) 279 : Time period of oscillation of the particle in

the tunnel, . The journey from

surface to the centre is one fourth of an

oscillation.

time taken by body

276 : As the masses are comparable, both the
earth and the body will move upto their centre
of mass
280 :

time taken,
281 :

277 :

Weight, W=mg 282 : Here

But
and
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 64 GRAVITATION
at height
But

291 : According to law of conservation of energy

283 :

Time period,

284 :

292:

286 : The height of the geo-synchronous satellite

above earth surface is 6R
According to Kepler’s II law,
293 :

( is constant)
287 :

294 :

295 : Let the distance of the point from earth is x

288 :

289 :
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 65 GRAVITATION
296 : According to law of conservation of energy

302:

slope of curve = tan =

303. From conservation of energy

h=3R
304. F=

297 :

298 : According to the law of conservation of 305.

momemtum, the velocity of the system after
collision, V=0 by the law of conservation of angular momen-
m(v)+m(-v)=(2m)V V=0(Collision is tum
perfectly inelastic. 306 total M.E at P=total M.E at o
After collision, the energy will be totally
potential energy

307. if P lies inside then field is zero.if it lies

outside field is
299 : 308. consider origin at partical of mass 2m,we
have centre of mass is l/3 and 2l/3 from

m. then find T

300 : Period of revolution of earth around sun is

309. W=

310. angular momentum is MVr

Period of revolution of moon around earth is 311.
312. From conservation of energy

313. let the mass of a solid spher be M and when

cavity is made , its mass

301: ,,
NARAYANA AIEEE Study Material 66 GRAVITATION
333 (a) The time period of satellite,
or
315 .
For a satellite revolving close to surface of
earth h = 0
316. . It is evident that the period of r
evolution of a satellite depends upon its
317. height above the earth’s surface. Greater is t
he height of a satellite above the earth’s
surface, greater is its period of revolution.
318.
319. areal velocity= area swept/time for one 334. (c) Upto ordinary heights, the change in the
revolution of earth bout sun. distance of a projectile from the centre of
earth is negligible compared to the radius of
earth. Hence the projectile moved under a
nearly uniform gravitational force and the
path is parabolic. But for the projection
320.
moving to a large height the gravitational

, forced decreases quite rapidly .

Under such a rapidly decreasing variable

322. . force, the path of projectile become ellipti-
cal.
335. (a) According to Newton’s law of gravitation,
everybody in this universe, attracts every
other body with a force which is inversely
323. proportional to the square of the distance
between them. When we move our finger,
the distance of the object with respect to
finger changes, hence the force of attraction
changes, disturbing the entire universe,
331. (c) The value of g at any place is given by including stars.
the relation ,
Where is angle of latitude and is the
angular velocity of earth. If earth suddenly
stops rotating, then
ie., the value of g will be the same at all
places.
332. (c) The orbital velocity, if a satellite close to
earth is While the escape
velocity for a body thrown from the earth’s
surface is

Thus or

ie., if the orbital velocity of a satellite

revolving close to the earth happens to
increase to times, the satellite would
escape.