International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 4, May-June 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Analytical Method Development by

High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Tanmayi Kalamkar, Tejaswini Kande, Naziya Sayyad, Dipti Patil
PDEA’S Shankarrao Ursal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Centre, Kharadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Tanmayi

HPLC is the dominant separation technique in modern Kalamkar | Tejaswini Kande | Naziya
pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis because it results in highly Sayyad | Dipti Patil "Analytical Method
efficient separations and in most cases provides high detection Development by High Performance
sensitivity. Most of the drugs in multi component dosage forms can Liquid Chromatography" Published in
International Journal
be analyzed by HPLC method because of the several advantages like of Trend in
rapidity, specificity, accuracy, precision and ease of automation in Scientific Research
this method. HPLC methods development and validation plays an and Development
important role in new discovery, development, manufacture of (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
pharmaceutical drugs and various other studies related to humans and 6470, Volume-6 |
animals. This review gives information regarding various stages Issue-4, June 2022, IJTSRD50177
involved in development and validation of HPLC method. Validation pp.751-759, URL:
of HPLC method as per ICH Guidelines covers all the performance www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50177.pdf
characteristics of validation, like Accuracy, Precision, Specificity,
Linearity, Range and Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Robustness and system suitability testing.
Scientific Research and Development
KEYWORDS: HPLC, Method development, Validation, Specificity, Journal. This is an
Precision Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) drug product stability.[5] HPLC principle is the
was derived from the classical column solution of sample is injected into a column of porous
chromatography and, is one of the most important material (stationary phase) and liquid phase (mobile
tools of analytical chemistry today.[1] In the modern phase) is pumped at higher pressure through the
pharmaceutical industry, high performance liquid column. The principle of separation followed is the
chromatography (HPLC) is the major and integral adsorption of solute on stationary phase based on its
analytical tool applied in all stages of drug discovery, affinity towards stationary phase. The technique of
development, and production.[2] HPLC is the method HPLC has following features. [6, 46]
of choice for checking peak purity of new chemical High resolution
entities, monitoring reaction changes is in synthetic Small diameter, Stainless steel, Glass column
procedures or scale up, evaluating new formulations Rapid analysis
and carrying out quality control /assurance of the final Relatively higher mobile phase pressure
drug products.[3] The goal of HPLC method is to try Controlled flow rate of mobile phase
and separate, quantify the main drug, any reaction
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
impurities, all available synthetic intermediates and Analytical method development and validation play
any degradants.[4] High Performance Liquid important roles in the discovery development and
Chromatography is now one of the most powerful manufacture of pharmaceuticals. These methods used
tools in analytical chemistry. It has the ability to to ensure the identity, purity, potency and
separate, identify, and quantify the compounds that performance of drug products. There are many factors
are present in any sample that can be dissolved in a to consider when developing methods. The initially
liquid. HPLC is the most accurate analytical methods collect the information about the analyte’s
widely used for the quantitative as well as qualitative physicochemical properties (pka,log solubility) and
analysis of drug product and used for determining determining which mode of detection would be

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suitable for analysis (i.e. suitable wavelength in case PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL METHOD
of UV detection).[7] The majority of the analytical DEVELOPMENT:
development effort goes into validating a stability Drug analysis reveals the identification,
indicating HPLC method. The goal of the HPLC characterisation and determination of the medication
method is to separate quantify the main active drug, in mixtures like indefinite quantity forms and
any reaction impurities, all available synthetic inter- biological fluids. Throughout producing method and
mediate and any degradants. Steps involve in method drug development the most purpose of analytical
development are: ways is to produce info regarding efficiency (which is
1. Qualified and calibrated instrument directly associated with the need of a notable dose),
2. Documented methods impurity (related to safety profile of the drug),
bioavailability (includes key drug characteristics a
3. Reliable reference standards like crystal type, drug uniformity and drug release),
4. Qualified analysts stability (which indicated the degradation products),
and impact of producing parameters to make sure that
5. Sample selection and integrity the assembly of drug merchandise in consistent.[9]
6. The analysis should take a minimal time and The idea of internal control is meant to look at and
should be economical. establish a real and right product by series of
7. The accuracy of the analyst must accept the measures designed to avoid and find eliminate errors
guidelines of pharmacopoeia. at varied stages in production. To require a choice to
unharness or discard a product relies on one or lot of
8. The chosen method should be precise and forms of management action. Proving easy and
selective. analytical method for varied complicated formulation
9. Set up HPLC conditions. may be a subject material of utmost importance. Fast
increase in pharmaceutical industries and constant
10. Preparation of sample solution for method
production of drug in varied components of the globe
development.
has brought a fast rise in demand for a brand new
11. Method optimisation. analytical techniques within the pharmaceutical
12. Development and validation of method.[8] industries as a consequence; analytical methodology
development has become the essential activity of
study during internal control laboratory.[9]
METHOD DEVELOPMENT ON HPLC:

A steps involved in method development of HPLC is as follows:

1. Understanding the Physiochemical properties of drug molecule.
2. Selection of chromatographic condition
3. Developing the approach of analysis
4. Sample preparations
5. Method optimization
6. Method validation

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Understanding the Physiochemical properties of drug molecule
Physiochemical properties of a drug molecule play an important role in method development. For method
development one has to study the physical properties like solubility, polarity, pKa and pH of the drug molecule.
Polarity is a physical property of a compound. It helps an analyst, to decide the solvent and composition n of the
mobile phase.
The solubility of molecules can be explained on the basis of the polarity of molecules. Polar, e.g. water, and
nonpolar, e.g. benzene, solvents do not mix. In general, like dissolves like i.e., materials with similar polarity are
soluble in each other. The selection of mobile phase or diluents is based on the solubility of analyte. The analyte
must be soluble in diluents and must not react with any of its component. pH and pKa plays an important role in
HPLC method development. The pH value is defined as the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the
concentration of the hydrogen ion.
pH = - log10[H3O+].
Selecting a proper pH for ionizable analytes often leads to symmetrical and sharp peaks in HPLC. Sharp,
symmetrical peaks are necessary in quantitative analysis in order to achieve low detection limits, low relative
standard deviations between injections, and reproducible retention times.[10-11]
1. Selection of chromatographic condition :
Selection of column: Selection of the stationary phase/column is the first and the most important step in method
development. The development of rugged and reproducible method is impossible without the availability of a
stable, high performance column. To avoid problems from irreproducible sample retention during method
development, it is important that columns be stable and reproducible.
C8 or C18 column made from specially purified, less acidic silica and designed specially for the separation of
basic compounds is generally suitable for all samples and is strong recommended. [12] Column dimension, silica
substrate properties and bonded stationary phase characteristics are the main ones. The use of silica based
packing is favoured in the most of present HPLC columns due to several physical characteristics.[13]
Buffer Selection: Choice of buffer is governed by the pH that is desired. The typical pH range for reversed
phase on silica based packing is pH 2 to 8. It Is important that the buffer has a pKa close to the desired pH since
buffer controls pH best at their pKa. A rule is to choose a buffer with a pKa value <2 units of the desired mobile
phase pH.
General consideration for buffer selection:
1. Phosphate is more soluble in methanol/water than in acetonitrile/water or THF/water.
2. Some salt buffers are hygroscopic and this may lead to changes in the chromatography like increased tailing
of basic compounds and possibly selectivity differences.
3. Ammonium salts are generally more soluble in organic/water mobile phases.
4. Trifluoroacetic acid can degrade with time. It is volatile and absorbs at low UV wavelengths.
5. Microbial growth can quickly occur in buffered mobile phases that contain little or no organic modifier at all.
The growth accumulates on column inlets and can damage chromatographic performance.
6. At pH greater than 7, phosphate buffer accelerate the dissolution of silica and severely shortness the lifetime
of silica – based HPLC columns. If possible, organic buffers should be used at pH greater than 7.
7. Ammonium bicarbonate buffers usually are prone to pH changes and are usually stable for only 24-48 hours.
The pH of this mobile phase tends to become more basic due to to the release of carbon dioxide.
8. After buffers are prepare, they should be filtered through a 0.2micrometer filter.
9. Mobile phase should be degassed.[14]
Buffer concentration: Generally, a buffer concentration of 10-50 mm is adequate for small molecule.
Generally, no more than 50% organic should be used with a buffer. This will depend on the specific buffer as
well as its concentration. Phosphoric acid and its sodium or potassium salt are the most common buffer system
for reversed-phase HPLC. Sulfonate buffers can replace phosphate buffers when analysing organophosphate
compounds.[15]
Isocratic and gradient separations: Isocratic mode of separation includes constant eluent composition ; means
equilibrium conditions in the column and the actual velocity of compounds moving through the column are
constant. The peak capacity is low and the longer the component is retained on the column the wider is the
resultant peak. Gradient mode of separation includes significantly increase the separation bower of the system
mainly due to increase of the apparent efficiency (decrease of the peak width ). Peak width varies depending on

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the rate of the eluent composition variation. In deciding whether a gradient on isocratic would be required and
initial gradient run is performed and ratio between the total gradient time and the difference in the gradient time
between the first and last components are calculated. The calculated ratio is <0.25 isocratic is adequate. When
the ratio is >0.25 gradient would be adequate.[16]
Internal Diameter: The internal diameter (ID) of an HPLC column is important parameter that influence the
detection sensitivity and separation selectivity in gradient elution. It also determines the quantity of analyte that
can be loaded into a column.[17]
Particle size: Most traditional HPLC is performed with the stationary phase attached to the outside of small
spherical silica particles. These silica particles come in many sizes with 5 micro meter beads being the most
commonly used. The smaller particles usually provide more surface area and better separation but pressure
required for the optimum linear velocity increases by the inverse of the particles dimeter squared. Larger
particles are used in preparative HPLC where column diameters are in range of 5 cm to >30 cm and for non-
HPLC such as solid-phase extractions.[18-19]
Pore size: Pore size of column defines an ability of the analyte molecules to penetrate inside the particle and
interact with its inner surface.[20]
Selection of Mobile phase: The mobile phase effects resolution, selectivity and efficiency. Mobile phase
composition (or solvent strength) plays and important role in RP-HPLC separation. Acetonitrile (ACN),
methanol (MeOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are commonly used solvents in RP-HPLC having low UV cut-off
of 190, 205 and 212nm respectively. These solvents are miscible with water. Mixture of acetonitrile and water is
the best initial choice for the mobile phase during method development.[21]
Mode Solvent type used Type of compound used
Water/Buffer, CAN, Neutral or non-ionized compounds which
Reversed Phase
Methanol can be dissolved in water/organic mixtures.
Water/Buffer, ACN,
Ion-pair Ionic or Ionizable compounds
Methanol
Mixtures of isomers and compounds not
Normal phase Organic solvents
soluble in Organic/Water mixtures.
Inorganic ions proteins, nucleic acids,
Ion exchange Water/Buffers
organic acids.
Water, Tetrahydrofuran
Size exclusion High molecular weight compounds
Chloroform
Selection of detectors: Detector is a very important part of HPLC. Selection of detector depends on the
chemical nature of analyses, potential interference, limit of detection required , availability and/or cost of
detector. UV-visible detector is versatile, dual wavelength absorbance detector for HPLC. This detector offers
the high sensitivity required for routine UV-based applications to low-level impurity identification and
quantitative analysis. Photodiode Array (PDA). Detector offers advanced optical detection for Waters analytical
HPLC, preparative HPLC, or LC/MS system solutions. Its integrated software and optics innovations delivers
high chromatographic and spectral sensitivity. Refractive index chromatographic and spectral sensitivity,
stability and reproducibility, which makes this detector the ideal solution for analysis of components with
limited or no UV absorption. Multi-wavelength Fluorescence Detector offers high sensitivity and selectivity
fluorescence detection for quantitating low concentrations of target compounds. [22-23]
Detector Type of component can be detected
Compounds with chromophores such as aromatic rings
UV visible and photodiode array
or multiple alternating double bonds
Fluorescent compounds, usually with fused rings or
Fluorescence detector
highly conjugated planar system.
Charged compounds, such as inorganic ions and
Conductivity detector
organic acids.
For easily oxidized compounds like quinines or
Electrochemical detector
amines.
Refractive index detector and Compounds that do not show characteristics usable by
Evaporative light scattering detector the other detectors, eg. polymers, saccharides.

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2. Developing the approach for analysis: While developing the analytical method on RP-HPLC the first step
is followed is the selections of various chromatographic parameters like selection of mobile phase, selection
of column, selection of flow rate of mobile phase, selection of pH of mobile phase. All of these parameters
are selected on the basis of trials and followed by considering the system suitability parameters. Typical
parameters of system suitability are e.g. retention time should be more than 5min, the theoretical plates
should be more than 2000, the tailing factor should be less than 2, resolution between 2 peaks should be
more than 5, % R.S.D of the area of analyte peaks in standard chromatograms should not be more than 2.0%
like other. Detection wavelength is usually isobestic point in the case of simultaneous estimation of 2
components. After this the linearity of the drug is studied in order to know the range of concentrations up to
which the drug follows the linear pattern. Analysis of the laboratory mixture is also carried out in order to
know practicability of developed method for simultaneous estimation. After that analysis of marketed
formulation is carried out by diluting the marketed formulation up to concentration range of linearity.[24-29,
45]
3. Sample preparation: Sample preparation is an essential part of HPLC analysis, intended to provide a
reproducible and homogeneous solution that is suitable for injection onto the column. The aim of sample
preparation is a sample aliquot that, is relatively free of interferences, will not damage the column, and is
compatible with the intended HPLC method that is, the sample solvent will dissolve in the mobile phase
without affecting sample retention or resolution. Sample preparation begins at the point of collection,
extends to sample injection onto the HPLC column.[30]
4. Method optimization: Identify the “weakness” of the method and optimize the method through
experimental design. Understand the method performance with different conditions, different instrument set
ups and different samples.[31]
5. Method validation: Validation is the confirmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence
that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled. A process of evaluating method
performance and demonstrating that it meets a particular requirements. In essence, it knows what your
method is capable of delivering, particularly at low concentrations.[32]
Need of pharmaceutical validation: Validation is an integral part of quality assurance; it involves the
systematic study of systems, facilities and processes aimed at determining whether they perform their intended
functions adequately and consistently as specified. A valid method is one that has been incontestable to supply a
high degree of assurance that uniform batches are made that meet the desired specifications and has therefore
been formally approved. Validation in itself does not improve processes but confirms that the processes have
been properly developed and are under control. [33]
Types of analytical procedures to be validated :
The discussion of the validation of analytical procedures is directed to the four most common types of analytical
procedures:
Identification tests
Quantitative tests for impurities content
Limit tests for the control of impurities
Quantitative tests of the active moiety in samples of drug substance or drug substance or drug product or
other selected components in the drug product.[34]
Components of method validation :The following are typical analytical performance characteristics which may
be tested during methods validation :
1. Accuracy
2. Precision
3. Linearity
4. Limit of Detection
5. Limit of Quantification
6. Specificity
7. Range
8. Robustness
Accuracy
Accuracy is defined as the nearness of a measured value to the true accepted value. Practically accuracy
indicates the deviation between the mean value found and the true value. It is determine by applying the method

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to samples to which known amounts of analyte have been added. These should be analysed against standard and
blank solutions to ensure that no interferences exists. The accuracy is then calculated from the test results as a
percentage of the analyte recovered by the assay. It may often be expressed as the recovery by the assay of
known, added amounts of analyte.[35]
Precision
It expresses closeness of agreement (degree of scatter) between a series of measurements obtained from multiple
sampling of the same Homogeneous sample under the prescribed conditions. Precision is a Measure of the
reproducibility of the whole analytical method.[36] It consists of two components repeatability and intermediate
precision. Repeatability is the variation experienced by a single analyst on a single instrument. It does not
distinguish between variation from the instrument or system alone and from the sample preparation process.
During validation, repeatability is performed by analysing multiple replicates of an assay composite sample by
using the analytical method. The recovery value is calculated. Intermediate precision is the variation within a
laboratory such as different days, with different instruments, and by different analysts.[37-38] The precision then
expressed as the relative standard deviation.
%RSD = Standard deviation X 100 / mean
Accuracy and precision are not the same, as the diagram below Indicates. A method can have good precision
and yet not be accurate.

Linearity be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact

The Linearity of an analytical method may be defined value. In analytical procedures that exhibit baseline
as “Its ability to elicit tests that are directly or by well noise, the LOD can be based on a signal-to-noise
defined mathematical transformations proportional to (S/N) ratio (3:1), which is usually expressed as the
the concentration of analyte in samples within a given concentration of analyte in the sample. The signal-to-
range.[39] noise ratio is determined by: s = H/h Where H =
height of the
Limit of Detection (LOD)
Limit of detection (LOD) of an individual procedure peak corresponding to the component. h = absolute
is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can value of the largest noise fluctuation from the

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
baseline of the chromatogram of a blank [4] M. S. Azim, M. Mitra, P.S. Bhasin, HPLC
solution.[40-42,47] method development and validation: A review,
Int. Res. J. Pharm 4(4) (2013) 39-46.
Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
The limit of Quantitation (LOQ) or Quantitation limit [5] B.V. Rao, G.N. Sowjanyal, A. Ajitha, V.U.M.
of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest Rao, Review on stability indicating HPLC
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quantitatively determined with suitable precision and pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(8)
accuracy. (2015) 405-423.
For analytical procedures such as HPLC that exhibit [6] M.S. Charde, A.S Welankiwar, J. Kumar,
baseline noise, the LOQ is generally estimated from Method development by liquid chromatography
exhibit baseline noise, the LOQ is generally estimated with validation, International Journal Of
from a determination of S/N ratio (10:1) and is Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 04(2) (2014) 57-61.
usually confirmed by injecting standards which give
[7] S. Ahuja, H. Rasmussen, Development for
this S/N ratio and have an acceptable percent relative
Pharmaceuticals, Separation Science and
standard deviation as well.[41-42]
Technology, Elsevier, New York 2007: (8):
Specificity 146-184.
Selectivity of an analytical method as its ability to
[8] M. S, Azim, M. Mitra, P. S. Bhasin, HPLC
measure accurately an analyte in the presence of method development and validation. A review:
interference, such as synthetic precursors, excipients,
Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013: 4(4): 39-46.
enantiomers, and known (or likely) degradation
products that may be expected to be present in the [9] K. Yuri, and L. B. Rosario, HPLC for
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Range
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