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JEE Main Three Dimensional Geometry Revision Notes - Free PDF Download

1) The document discusses various formulas and concepts relating to three dimensional geometry, including the distance formula, section formula, direction cosines, vector and Cartesian equations of lines, and equations of planes. 2) It also covers the angle between lines and planes, families of planes, distances between lines and planes, and conditions for lines lying in or being parallel to planes. 3) Key formulas presented include those for finding the distance between two points, the coordinates of a point dividing a line segment, and the equations of lines and planes in both vector and Cartesian forms.

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368 views

JEE Main Three Dimensional Geometry Revision Notes - Free PDF Download

1) The document discusses various formulas and concepts relating to three dimensional geometry, including the distance formula, section formula, direction cosines, vector and Cartesian equations of lines, and equations of planes. 2) It also covers the angle between lines and planes, families of planes, distances between lines and planes, and conditions for lines lying in or being parallel to planes. 3) Key formulas presented include those for finding the distance between two points, the coordinates of a point dividing a line segment, and the equations of lines and planes in both vector and Cartesian forms.

Uploaded by

heroo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between two points P and Q having coordinates
(x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is given by
PQ  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y 1  y 2 ) 2  ( z1  z 2 ) 2

SECTION FORMULA
The coordinates of the point R which divides the line joining
two points P(x1, y1, z1) and
Q(x 2, y2, z2) in the ratio m : n are given by
mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny 1 mz2 + nz 1
, ,
m+n m+n m+n

The division may be internal or external

DIRECTION COSINES
Z
If the position vector of a P
point P i.e., OP makes angles 

,  and  with the positive O

Y

direction of x, y and z axis X

respectively, then cos, cos


and cos are called its
direction cosines. They are
also denoted by l, m and n
respectively.
i.e., l = cos, m = cos, n = cos.

1
DIRECTION RATIOS
a b c
If a, b, c three numbers such that = =
l m n

where l, m, n are direction cosines of a vector r , then a, b, c are


known as direction numbers or direction ratios of r .
Two vectors having direction ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are
a1 b1 c1
parallel if = =
a2 b2 c2
.
They are perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.

VECTOR EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH


A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLEL TO A GIVEN
VECTOR

Let A be a fixed point having b
 
 A(a ) P (r )
position vector a and the line
 O
is parallel to the vector b . P is
an arbitrary point having
position vector r on the line.
From OAP, OP = OA + AP

 r = a + b
This is the required equation of line.  is an arbitrary real
number.

2
CARTESIAN EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING
THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND GIVEN DIRECTION
RATIOS
Let A (x1, y2, z3) be the fixed point and the line has direction ratios
p1, p2, p3.
x  x1 y  y 2 z  z3
  
p1 p2 p3
This is the Cartesian equation of the line also called symmetrical
form of line.
Any point on this line can be taken as
(x1 + p1, x2 + p2, x3 + p3).
VECTOR EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH
TWO GIVEN POINTS
 
Let A and B be two fixed points B( b ) P ( r )
 
having position vectors a and b . P A(a )

is a variable point on the line. O

From OPA again, OP = OA + AP

 OP = OA +  ( AB)

 r  a   (b  a )
This is the required equation.

CARTESIAN EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING


THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS

3
If coordinates of A and B are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), the
Cartesian equation is given by
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x 2  x1 y 2  y 1 z2  z1

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES


 
If two lines are parallel to vectors b and 1 b2 , the angle between
them is given by
 
b1 . b2
cos    
| b1 | | b2 |

.
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES
 
If r = a + b and r = a + b are two skew lines, the shortest distance
1 1 2 2

between them is the perpendicular distance.


       
(a2  a1 ) . (b1  b2 ) [b1 b2 (a2  a1 )]
d     
| b1  b2 | | b1  b2 |
 
Clearly two lines intersect if [b b (a 1 2 2

 a1 )]  0

If the lines are parallel,



i.e., r = a + b
1

and r = a + b
2

the formula to calculate shortest


distance becomes
  
| (a 2  a1 )  b |
d= 
|b|

PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A


LINE

4
The perpendicular distance d can be obtained using vector form
as well as Cartesian form of the line.

Let the line be r = a + b and p
be the point
  
( p  a)  b
 d 
|b|

EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THREE


GIVEN POINTS
If three non-collinear points are given, there is a unique plane
passing through them. Let the points be A, B and C having

position vectors a, b and c . Then AB and BC lie in the plane. So, as
in the previous article the equation of plane becomes
       
r  a   AB   AC or r  a  (b  a )  (c  a )

   
r  (1    ) a  b  c

INTERCEPT FORM OF A PLANE


This is a special case of the previous article. The equation of a
plane intercepting the coordinate axes at (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and
(0, 0, c) is
x y z
  1
a b c

5
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
The angle between two planes is defined as the angle between
their normals. If n and n are the normals and  is the angle then
1 2
 
n1. n 2
cos    
| n1 | | n 2 |
 
Obviously, two planes are perpendicular if n1 . n2  0 .
 
They are parallel if n1  n2 where  is a scalar.

FAMILY OF PLANES

PLANE PARALLEL TO A GIVEN PLANE


Since parallel planes have the same normal vector, so equation
of a plane parallel to r. nˆ  d is of the form r. nˆ  d , where d2 is
1 2

determined by the given conditions.


In Cartesian form, if ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the given plane then
the plane parallel to this plane is ax + by + cz + k = 0.

PLANE PASSING THROUGH INTERSECTION OF TWO


PLANES
Two planes intersect in a line if they are not parallel. Any plane
through the line of intersection of two planes can be written as
   
(r . n1  d1 )  (r . n2  d 2 )  0

6
DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE
The perpendicular distance of a point P(p ) from the plane  
r .n  d
 
| p. n  d |
is given by 
|n|

In Cartesian form, the perpendicular distance of P(x1, y1, z1)


from the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is equal to | ax  by  cz  d | 1 1 1

a  b  c2
2 2

DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES


The distance between ax + by + cz + d1= 0 and ax + by + cz + d2
= 0 is given by
| d1  d 2 |
a2  b2  c 2

BISECTORS OF TWO PLANES


If the equations of planes are a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a1x +
b1y + c1z + d2 = 0
the planes bisecting these angles are given by
a1 x  b1y  c1z  d 1 a 2 x  b2 y  c 2 z  d 2

a12  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c 22

7
ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE
 
  
Let the line be r  a  b and the n
b

 
plane be r . n  d . If  is the 

angle between them then



b.n
cos(90   )   
| b || n |

 b.n
sin    
| b || n |

In Cartesian form, if the plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 and line is


x  x1 y  y 1 z  z1
 
l m n
al  bm  cn
then sin  
a2  b2  c 2 l 2  m2  n2

so, the condition that line is parallel to the plane is b . n  0 or al +
bm + cn = 0

and the condition of perpendicularity is b  n or al  mb  nc

CONDITION FOR A LINE TO LIE IN A PLANE



Vector form: a . n  d and b . n  0

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