DWGA103

Drawing Standard 87034373

Rev C
Views and Sections
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1. PURPOSE

This standard defines and describes the principles and procedures for the creation and placement of
projected and removed views on a CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawing. This includes the number
of views to be used in a drawing, sections and section views and the use of conventional representations
as a basic drawing practice.

2. SCOPE

This standard is to be followed by CNH Industrial Ag/CE Product Segments, its subsidiaries, joint ventures
and associated design services or agencies when creating or revising CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering
drawings.

Significant additions and / or revisions to the text have been highlighted in grey.
Figure captions and table titles for new or revised figures or tables will also be highlighted.

DWGA103 was revised and updated in accordance

with the latest revision of ASMEY14.3. Moved
document to latest template, Updated Purpose and
Scope, Added Table of Contents, Updated Related
Standards, Replaced Section 5 Conformance with
new text, moved Section 5.2 Legacy Drawings to
new Section 13, Retitled Section 6 Revised text on
Projection Systems and Symbols, Section 7
Multiview Drawings moved to Section 11, Added
New Section 7 on the use of Pictorial (Isometric)
35230755 C Views, Moved Sections 6.2, 7.3 and 7.4 to New G MUSSELL G MORTIER 29OCT15
Section 8 Orthographic Views, Added text on
Removed Orthographic Views, Moved old Section 8
to New Section 9, Expanded Section 8.8 on
Removed Sections, Added new Section 10 defining
appearance and use of a View Location Table, New
Section 11 Multiview Drawings was old Section 7,
added text on minimum number of views, New
Section 12 was old Section 9, Added New Section
13 on Legacy Drawings and Implementation,
Appendix A was Appendix 1
ECO REV CHANGES AUTHOR APPROVED BY DATE

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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1. PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................ 1
2. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................. 1
3. ACRONYMS/DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................. 4
3.2 DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................................ 4
4. RELATED DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 RELATED STANDARDS ............................................................................................................... 4
4.2 REPLACED STANDARDS ............................................................................................................ 5
4.3 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE .......................................................................................................... 5
5. CONFORMANCE ................................................................................................................................. 5
5.1 3D DESIGN MODEL ..................................................................................................................... 5
5.2 VIEW IDENTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS................................................................................... 6
6. PROJECTION ...................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ................................................................................................. 7
6.2 PROJECTION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................. 7
6.3 CNH INDUSTRIAL AG/CE APPROVED PROJECTION SYMBOL ................................................ 7
6.4 CNH INDUSTRIAL AG/CE METHOD OF PROJECTION............................................................... 7
7. PICTORIAL (ISOMETRIC) VIEWS ....................................................................................................... 8
7.1 REFERENCE ISOMETRIC VIEW .................................................................................................. 8
7.2 WORKING ISOMETRIC VIEW ...................................................................................................... 9
8. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS .................................................................................................................. 10
8.1 AUXILIARY VIEWS ..................................................................................................................... 12
8.2 REMOVED ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS ........................................................................................ 12
8.3 DETAIL VIEWS ........................................................................................................................... 14
9. SECTION VIEWS ............................................................................................................................... 15
9.1 PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................................... 15
9.2 SECTION VIEW DISPLAY .......................................................................................................... 16
9.3 FULL SECTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 17
9.4 HALF SECTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 17
9.5 OFFSET SECTIONS ................................................................................................................... 18
9.6 ALIGNED SECTIONS ................................................................................................................. 19
9.7 REVOLVED SECTIONS .............................................................................................................. 19
9.8 BROKEN-OUT SECTIONS ......................................................................................................... 20

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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9.9 AUXILIARY SECTIONS............................................................................................................... 20

9.10 REMOVED SECTIONS ............................................................................................................... 21
10. VIEW LOCATION TABLE ........................................................................................................... 22
11. MULTIVIEW DRAWING .............................................................................................................. 24
11.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................... 24
11.2 NUMBER OF VIEWS .................................................................................................................. 25
12. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION ...................................................................................... 25
12.1 THIN SECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 25
12.2 INCLINED ELEMENTS................................................................................................................ 26
12.3 ROTATION OF FEATURES ........................................................................................................ 26
13. LEGACY DRAWINGS AND IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................... 27
13.1 LEGACY DRAWINGS ................................................................................................................. 27
13.2 IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................................................... 27

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
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3. ACRONYMS/DEFINITIONS

3.1 ACRONYMS

3D – Three-dimensional
Ag/CE – Agricultural and Construction Equipment
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CAD – Computer Aided Display
GD&T – Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ISO – International Organization for Standardization

3.2 DEFINITIONS

Adjacent views – two adjoining orthographic views aligned by projectors.

Design model – the portion of the data set that contains model geometry and supplemental geometry.
(See ASME Y14.41). The terms 3D model or 3D design model may be used instead of design model.

Engineering drawing – An engineering document or data set that discloses, directly or by reference, by
means of graphic or textual presentations, or by combinations of both, the physical or functional
requirements of an object.

Isometric View – An axonometric pictorial view generated from a 3D design model.

Model – A combination of design model, annotation, and attributes that describes a product (see ASME
Y14.41).

Section lining (cross-sectioning) – A uniform pattern of narrowly spaced continuous lines positioned at a
convenient angle (preferably 45 degrees) to the principal outlines of cuts or sections, also described as
hatching, cross-hatching, cross-hatch or x-hatch.

Section view – Also called Sections, a cutaway view of an object on a drawing used to show interior details.

Supplemental geometry – geometric elements included in product definition data to communicate design
requirements but not intended to represent a portion of the manufactured product.

View – The representation of an object in a specific orientation on a drawing.

4. RELATED DOCUMENTS

4.1 RELATED STANDARDS

ASME Y14.3–2012 – Orthographic and Pictorial Views

ASME Y14.41-2012 – Digital Product Definition Data Practices
CNH DWGA100 – Drawing Sheet Sizes and Formats
CNH DWGA101 – CNH Supplier Drawing Form
CNH DWGA102 – Line Conventions and Lettering
CNH DWGA105 – Detail and Assembly Drawings
CNH DWGA120 – Drawing Revision Practices
CNH DWGA125 – Approved Sources and Supplier Drawings.
CNH DWGB100 – Dimensioning and Tolerancing

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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ISO 128-30, -40 & -50 – Technical Drawings – General Principles of Presentation – Views, Cuts and
Sections
ISO 129 – Technical Drawings – Dimensioning – General Principles
ISO 5456-2 – 1996 – Technical Drawings – Projection Methods – Part 2: Orthographic representations

4.2 REPLACED STANDARDS

Case Corporation Drawing Standard A-4 – Sectioning

Zedelgem ES 49.04 – Sections and Lettering
New Holland FNHA-3-B-020.00 (86508238) – Projection (Views)
New Holland FNHA-3-B-022.00 (86508239) – Sections and Views

4.3 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

In the event of a conflict between the text of this standard and the references cited herein, the text of this
standard shall take precedence.

5. CONFORMANCE

CNH Industrial Ag/CE Engineering Standards documents those drawing practices that will result in a
consistent application at all CNH Industrial Ag/CE design operations. This approach furthers a rules-based
verification process and reduces drawing misinterpretation.

To accomplish this task when revising existing standards or creating new ones CNH Industrial Ag/CE
Drawing Standards and Engineering Procedures must:
a) Support a common method when possible
b) Simplify existing practices
c) Define any optional practices as permitted
d) Eliminate or take exception to practices as required

The view and section requirements contained in this standard are based on the standards listed in Section
4.1 and represent best practices when creating engineering drawings. ASME Y14.3-2012 – Orthographic
and Pictorial Views is the primary standard on which this document is based and users must first look to
the latest version of this document when seeking further clarification.

Unless otherwise specified, the content of this document is to be applied to all engineering drawings that
are displayed on a CNH Industrial Ag/CE approved drawing form.

The content of this document is to be applied to all CAD systems used by CNH Industrial Ag/CE Product
Segments when establishing CAD drawing criteria.

A drawing view is an orthographic or pictorial view shown on an engineering drawing. A drawing view may
or may not be generated from a model. See CNH DWGA105 – Detail and Assembly Drawings for further
details on the displaying of views on a drawing.

5.1 3D DESIGN MODEL

When a 3D design model of a detail part or an assembly is available, a pictorial isometric view of the
object must be created and displayed on the drawing. This pictorial view is created to support the
interpretation of the part or assembly.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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When a 3D design model is not available but there are orthographic views on the drawing, the following
note must be placed on the drawing in the upper right quadrant as a substitute for the pictorial view.
NO 3D MODEL, ANY VIEW IS A 2D IMAGE ONLY

This specific note is added to ensure that a drawing is not rejected for non-compliance with the pictorial
view requirement.

5.2 VIEW IDENTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

5.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, the identification of the selected area (line font, view arrows and
identification lettering) for all views must be in accordance with CNH Drawing Standard DWGA102 – Line
Conventions and Lettering.

5.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the identification lettering (size, font and sequence) of the all view
labels must be in accordance with CNH Drawing Standard DWGA102 – Line Conventions and Lettering.

5.2.3 A drawing consisting of views that are either all the same or a mixture of types of views (section
view, removed orthographic view, detail view) would normally be labeled as follows:
Detail views have its own alpha sequence i.e. DETAIL A, DETAIL B
Section Views and Removed Orthographic Views have a single intermingled alpha sequence
whereby the next letter is assigned regardless of view type.
For example, VIEW A-A, SECTION B-B, VIEW C-C, VIEW D-D, SECTION E-E

However, section views and removed orthographic views may each have its own alpha sequence
For example, SECTION A-A, VIEW A-A, VIEW B-B, SECTION B-B

In addition, the method described in ASME Y14.3 for naming detail, section and removed orthographic
views without repeating the same letter is permitted. A drawing consisting of six labeled views of either the
same or different types (section view, removed orthographic view, detail view) would be labeled in a single
intermingled alphabetical order such as:
DETAIL A, DETAIL B, VIEW C-C, SECTION D-D, VIEW E-E, SECTION F-F
SECTION A-A, VIEW B-B, VIEW C-C, SECTION D-D, DETAIL E, DETAIL F
VIEW A-A, SECTION B-B, VIEW C-C, VIEW D-D, DETAIL E, SECTION F-F

5.2.4 To relate the detail view origin to the detail view, an uppercase letter is displayed as part of the
“SEE DETAIL” text. The corresponding detail view is identified as DETAIL ?. The letters I, O, Q, and X are
not used. When the single set of letters is exhausted, additional detail views are indicated by double letters
in alphabetical order, as in AA, AB, AC, etc.

5.2.5 To relate the viewing plane to its removed orthographic view or a cutting plane to its section view,
uppercase letters are placed near the tail of each arrowhead. In order to support a single default method
for all CAD drawings, the optional ‘head on line’ display is no longer permitted. The corresponding
removed orthographic or section view is identified as VIEW ?-? or SECTION ?-?. The letters I, O, Q, and X
are not used. When the single set of letters is exhausted, additional removed or section views are
indicated by double letters in alphabetical order, as in AA-AA, AB-AB, AC-AC, etc.

5.2.6 Per DWGA102, when a view is added to a drawing the last identification letter for that view is
advanced, when removed from a drawing the last sequential letter remains as is and the removed view and
its former location are recorded in the revision history box, for example, “REMOVED VIEW C-C (4D).
Once removed that entity and specific sequence letter cannot be reused except when reinstating that
specific entity.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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5.2.7 In support of standardizing the CAD default setting for the display of section and removed
orthographic views, CNH Industrial Ag/CE has chosen to take exception to Y14.3 and does not permit the
use of the alternative practice commonly referred to as a single reference arrow.

6. PROJECTION

6.1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthographic projection is a system of drawing composed of images of an object formed by projectors from
the object perpendicular to desired planes of projection.

6.2 PROJECTION SYSTEMS

The two internationally recognized systems of projection are third angle projection and first angle
projection. The orthographic views of an object have the same configuration in both projection systems,
but the placement of the views with respect to one another is different. Third angle projection is the
formation of an image or view upon a plane of projection placed between the object and the observer.

In order to reduce confusion and misinterpretation of part information when sharing engineering drawings
across products, platforms and part manufacturers and to support common, unified drawing practices at all
CNH Industrial Ag/CE design centers and outside agencies, CNH Industrial Ag/CE has selected third angle
projection to be the default method of projection. First angle projection is permitted when dictated by
Design Control or when incorporated by means of a supplier drawing.

6.3 CNH INDUSTRIAL AG/CE APPROVED PROJECTION SYMBOL

CNH Industrial Ag/CE has adopted the projection symbols as defined in ASME Y14.3 - Orthographic and
Pictorial Views. To prevent any misinterpretation, CNH Industrial Ag/CE requires that the symbol have an
English label as shown in Figure 1.

6.4 CNH INDUSTRIAL AG/CE METHOD OF PROJECTION

The angle of projection is to be indicated by a labeled international angle of projection symbol in the title
block of the drawing. Per CNH Drawing Standard DWGA100 Drawing Sheet Sizes and Formats 1) the
default value for all engineering drawings is Third Angle Projection and 2) the resultant symbol on the
drawing is in accordance with the Design Control location code for the associated Engineering Change
Order.

CNH Drawing Standard DWGA101 Supplier Drawing Form does not contain an angle of projection symbol.
However, a supplier drawing displayed on this drawing form may contain its own inherent angle of
projection symbol.

FIGURE 1: Projection Symbols and Labels

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See Figure 2 for an example of both a first angle and third angle projection right side view. Please note
that the top surface is displayed in the end view by a solid line for first angle and by a hidden line for third
angle.

Unless otherwise indicated, all figures and illustrations in CNH Industrial Ag/CE Drawing Standards,
Engineering Procedures and Engineering Specifications will use third angle projection.

FIGURE 2: Example of a First Angle Projection and Third Angle Projection right side view

7. PICTORIAL (ISOMETRIC) VIEWS

CNH Drawing Standard DWGA101 CNH Supplier Drawing Form states “A CAD drawing may or may not
have a 3D model”.

To ensure correct interpretation of a detail part or an assembly, this concept has been extended to all CNH
Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings. When a model is available, a pictorial (isometric) view of the
object must be created and displayed on the drawing. The pictorial (isometric) view must be axonometric.
Oblique or perspective pictorial views are not permitted. The phrase “Isometric View” is used to mean an
axonometric pictorial view generated from a 3D model. The view requirement is fulfilled by placing either a
Reference Isometric View or a Working Isometric View as described below on the drawing. When needed,
the drawing may display more than one isometric view but then each isometric view must be clearly
labeled.

An isometric view is not required on objects exempt from the approximate mass requirement as listed in
CNH Drawing Standard DWGA100—Drawing Sheet Sizes and Formats, Appendix A or in those instances
when a 3D model is not available to support the creation of the isometric view.

7.1 REFERENCE ISOMETRIC VIEW

A Reference Isometric View must be of sufficient size to clearly convey part design or assembly structure.
The view is to be placed in the upper right quadrant on Sheet 1 of the drawing. When this location does
not provide sufficient space, the view may be relocated as needed including being placed on a separate
sheet. The reference isometric view is labeled “REFERENCE ISOMETRIC VIEW”. The text must not be
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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abbreviated nor be displayed in a filled or bold font. When space is an issue the view label text may be
placed on one, two or three lines.

A reference isometric view must not display part item balloons, weld symbols, drawing notes, or text. In
addition, center lines, hidden lines or phantom lines must not be shown. Tangent edges may be displayed
to show a change in surface including corner radii in a reference isometric view. Tangent edges must be
displayed as dimmed solid lines and should be omitted from the reference isometric view when their use is
not required for drawing clarity. See Figure 3

It should be noted that due to the requirement that all dimensions be displayed in orthographic views; that
linear and angular dimensions including GD&T are not permitted to be displayed in any isometric view.
See CNH Drawing Standard DWGB100 – Dimensioning and Tolerancing.

Reference isometric view scale is optional. When displayed, it is to be shown as a colon ratio value
centered directly below the reference isometric view label or the view as appropriate.

FIGURE 3: Example of a Reference Isometric View with Tangent Edges

7.2 WORKING ISOMETRIC VIEW

A Working Isometric View conveys part design or assembly structure by combining supplemental
information with a 3D perspective. The supplemental information may consist of any or all of the following
items: part item balloons, weld symbols, drawing notes or text. In addition, center lines, hidden lines, and
phantom lines may be shown. The working isometric view may be exploded as shown in Figure 4. See
CNH Drawing Standard DWGA105—Detail and Assembly Drawings for more details.

See Removed Orthographic Views for details on how to display an orthographic view that originates from a
working isometric view.

It should be noted that due to the requirement that all dimensions be displayed in orthographic views; that
linear and angular dimensions including GD&T are not permitted to be displayed in a working isometric
view. See CNH Drawing Standard DWGB100 – Dimensioning and Tolerancing.

Labeling a single working isometric view is optional. When more than one working isometric view is
shown, then all of the views must be identified. The working isometric view label text must not be
abbreviated nor be displayed in a filled or bold font. For example, “LEFT HAND ISOMETRIC VIEW”.

Tangent edges may be displayed to show a change in surface including corner radii in a working isometric
view. Tangent edges must be displayed as dimmed solid lines and should be omitted from the working
isometric view when their use is not required for drawing clarity.
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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Working isometric view scale is optional. When displayed, it is to be shown as a colon ratio value centered
directly below the working isometric view label or the view as appropriate.

FIGURE 4: Example of a Working Isometric View with Tangent Edges

8. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

An orthographic view is the figure outlined on the projection plane by the system of orthographic projection.
Unless otherwise specified, Orthographic views must be arranged in accordance with ASME Y14.3
Orthographic and Pictorial Views “Third Angle Projection Standard Arrangement of the Six Principal
Orthographic Views” or ISO 5456-2 Technical Drawings – Projection Methods – Part 2: Orthographic
representations “Third angle projection”. All orthographic views that are not projected must be labeled.

In an orthographic view, phantom lines or tangent edges are used to display a change in the profile of a
surface. When used, tangent edges are to be displayed as dimmed solid lines. Phantom lines and tangent
edges should be omitted from orthographic views when their use is not required. It should be noted that
dimensioning to phantom lines or tangent edges is not permitted.

See Figures 5 and 6 for examples of how an orthographic side view would appear if the “change in surface
direction” were shown by means of phantom lines or tangent edges. See Figure 7 for an example of an
orthographic side view without phantom lines or tangent edges.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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FIGURE 5: Example of an Orthographic Side View with Phantom Lines

FIGURE 6: Example of an Orthographic Side View with Tangent Edges

FIGURE 7: Example of an Orthographic Side View without Phantom Lines or Tangent Edges
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
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8.1 AUXILIARY VIEWS

Auxiliary views are projected orthographic views used to show the true shape and relationship of features
that are not parallel to any of the principal planes of projection. Depending on the complexity of the part, a
secondary auxiliary view may be needed to fully define part features. Because auxiliary views are aligned
with the views from which they are projected, the views do not have identifying labels, letters or scale. An
auxiliary view must be associated to the view from which it is projected by either a common center line
between the views or one or more projection lines between common surfaces. Any other line type or other
form of alignment is not permitted. See Figure 8

FIGURE 8: Example of Auxiliary Views aligned with projection and center lines
Note: Some details have been omitted for clarity

8.2 REMOVED ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Under certain conditions, it may be impractical to place an orthographic view in its normal aligned position
on the drawing. In this instance, a viewing plane line as described in DWGA102 is used to indicate from
where a view was taken. The removed view is placed in another location on the drawing, which can
include being placed on a different sheet. Associated view label text “VIEW ?-?” is placed below the
removed view. Please note the view label text is not to be displayed in a filled or bold font.

8.2.1 When the removed orthographic view scale is different from the title block scale for that sheet, the
removed orthographic view scale is then displayed as a colon ratio value centered below the view label text
“VIEW ?-?”. See Figure 9.

8.2.2 When the drawing is not to scale or the title block shows ‘NONE’ in the DWG SCALE field, the
removed orthographic view must display either ‘ENLARGED’ or ‘REDUCED’ in order to clarify the relative
proportions to the original view.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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FIGURE 9: Example of a Rotated Removed Orthographic View

8.2.3 When the removed orthographic view has been rotated, the direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise) and angle of rotation in degrees are displayed as a notation below the view label or
below view scale when present but above the view location notation when present. The terms
CLOCKWISE or COUNTERCLOCKWISE or their abbreviations CW or CCW are to be used as required.
The full text or the degree symbol (°) will be used to indicate “degrees” of rotation. See Figure 9

8.2.4 When the removed orthographic view is shown on a different sheet of a multiple sheet drawing, the
numeric-alpha zone locations for both view origin and where the removed orthographic view is displayed
on the drawing are recorded on the drawing by means of a view table (See Section 10) or location notation.
The location notation is placed below or next to the view identification letter. The origin notation is placed
below the removed view label “VIEW ?-?” or below the removed view scale when present. See Figure 10.

8.2.5 A removed orthographic view may be created or taken from a working isometric view including
exploded views. The removed orthographic view must be indicated, identified and meet the same
requirements as if created from an orthographic view. On the drawing, the viewing plane line is aligned
parallel to its corresponding plane of projection in the isometric view.

FIGURE 10: Example of a Removed Orthographic View on a Different Sheet

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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8.3 DETAIL VIEWS

Detail views are used where a clarification is necessary or a complex design needs a better illustration to
describe it. CNH Industrial Ag/CE takes exception to ASME Y14.3 and permits the use of a circular or
elliptical envelope to enclose the selected area. The view is identified by linking the view label text “SEE
DETAIL ?” to the perimeter of the envelope with a leader line and arrow. The view label text “SEE DETAIL
?” must not be abbreviated nor be displayed in a filled or bold font. See Figure 11.

8.3.1 When the detail view scale is different from the title block scale for that sheet, the detail view scale
is then displayed as a colon ratio value centered below the “DETAIL ?” view label. See Figure 11.

8.3.2 When the drawing is not to scale or the title block shows ‘NONE’ in the DWG SCALE field, the
detail view must display either ‘ENLARGED’ or ‘REDUCED’ in order to clarify the detail view’s relative
proportion to the original view.

FIGURE 11: Example of a Detail View

8.3.3 When the detail view is shown on a different sheet of a multiple sheet drawing, the numeric-alpha
zone locations for both view origin and where the detail view is displayed on the drawing are recorded on
the drawing by means of a view table (See Section 10) or location notation. The location notation is placed
below the detail view text “SEE DETAIL ?”. The origin notation is placed below the detail view label
“DETAIL ?” or below the detail view scale when present. See Figure 12.

FIGURE 12: Example of a Removed Detail View on a Different Sheet

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 15 of 28

9. SECTION VIEWS

9.1 PRINCIPLES

9.1.1 Section views, also called sections, are used to clarify interior construction, which cannot be clearly
described by hidden lines in exterior views. A section view is created by passing an imaginary cutting
plane through the object perpendicular to the direction of sight. The portion of the object between the
cutting plane and the observer is assumed to be removed and the exposed cut surfaces of the object are
indicated by section lining (cross-sectioning).

9.1.2 Section lining is generally drawn at a 45° angle to the principal object line of the section view,
regardless of the orientation of the view. On assembly drawings, the angle of the section lining of adjacent
parts may be 30° or 60° to create a distinction between parts. Spacing between lines may vary with the
size of the section area but must be distinct to minimize misinterpretation as shown in Figure 13.

9.1.3 When shown in the next higher-level assembly, welded assemblies and sub-assemblies are to be
section lined as if the assembly is a single homogenous part. In those instances when the CAD system
does not support section lining as a single part, the distinct section lining of the components may be
retained.

FIGURE 13: Example of Section Lining Distinction on Adjacent Components

9.1.4 When a representation of a specific material is desired, the symbolic section lining for that material
may be used. Appendix A contains examples of section lining for various materials.

9.1.5 Parts Not Sectioned - Where the cutting plane lies along the axis of parts such as shafts, bolts,
nuts, rivets, keys, pins, etc. and their internal configuration is not pertinent, these parts must not be shown
sectioned in the section view except when internal construction must be viewed. See Figure 14.

FIGURE 14: Example of a Section containing Non-sectioned Items (Shafts, Bolts, Nuts, Keys,)
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 16 of 28

9.1.6 Hidden Lines Display – Hidden lines beyond the cutting plane must be omitted and may only be
shown when these lines add value to the visualization of the part.

9.1.7 Visible lines - Visible lines beyond the cutting plane are generally shown. Selected lines may only
be omitted when these lines add no value to the visualization of the part.

9.2 SECTION VIEW DISPLAY

9.2.1 A section view should appear on the same drawing with the cutting plane view and be projected
from and perpendicular to the cutting plane in conformity with the standard arrangement of views. This will
result in the section view being placed behind the cutting plane in a properly projected position. When
space does not permit placement in the standard position, a removed or rotated section may be used.
Views must be oriented according to the cutting plane orientation, unless clearly noted. The view label text
“SECTION ?-?” must not be abbreviated nor be displayed in a filled or bold font. See Figure 15.

9.2.2 The location of the cutting plane is shown by a cutting plane line that represents the edge view of
the cutting plane. The cutting plane line must be shown when the cutting plane is bent, offset, or when the
resulting section is asymmetrical. The cutting plane for a section view should be shown through an exterior
view and not through a section view.

9.2.3 The cutting plane line and the arrowheads used on CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings will
follow the ‘tail on line’ display shown in Figure 15. To relate the cutting plane to its section view, uppercase
letters are placed near the tail of each arrowhead. The arrowhead points in the viewing direction. The
section view identification letters are placed below the section view.

9.2.4 Unless otherwise specified, a section view is presumed to be at the same scale as the view from
which the section is projected. If the section view scale is different from the title block scale on that sheet,
the section view scale is then displayed as a colon ratio value centered below the “SECTION ?-?” label.

FIGURE 15: Example of Projected and Removed Section Views with display set to “Tail on Line”
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 17 of 28

9.3 FULL SECTIONS

A full section is obtained when the cutting plane extends straight through an object, usually on the center
line of symmetry, as shown in Figure 16. CNH Industrial Ag/CE takes exception to omitting the cutting
plane line and identification letters for a full section and requires that for all full sections the cutting plane
line must be shown and identified.

FIGURE 16: Example of a Full Section View

Note: Some details have been omitted for clarity

9.4 HALF SECTIONS

The view of a symmetrical – or very nearly symmetrical – object which represents both interior and exterior
features by showing one half in section and the other half as an external view is known as a half section.

The half section is obtained by passing two cutting planes, at right angles to each other, through the object
so that the intersection of the two cutting planes coincides with the axis of symmetry of the object. Thus,
one fourth of the object is considered removed and the interior exposed to view. Cutting plane lines,
arrows and section letters may be omitted where cutting planes are coincident with the center lines. A
center line is used in the view to divide the sectioned half from the un-sectioned half of a half section view.
See Figure 17.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 18 of 28

FIGURE 17: Example of a Half Section View with and without Cutting Plane
Note: Some details have been omitted for clarity

9.5 OFFSET SECTIONS

In order to include features not located in a straight line, the cutting plane may be stepped or offset to pass
through said features. Such sections are called an offset section. The offset section is drawn as if the
offsets were in one plane. The offsets are not indicated in any manner in the sectioned view. See Figure
18.

FIGURE 18: Example of an Offset Section

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 19 of 28

FIGURE 19: Example of Aligned Section

9.6 ALIGNED SECTIONS

Where the features lend themselves to an angular change in the direction of the cutting plane (less than 90
degrees), the section view is drawn as if the bent cutting plane and features were rotated into a plane
perpendicular to the line of sight of the section view. Such sections are called an aligned section, whether
the features are rotated into the cutting plane or the cutting plane is bent to pass through them. See Figure
19.

9.7 REVOLVED SECTIONS

When a cutting plane is passed perpendicular to the axis of an elongated symmetrical feature such as a
spoke, beam, or arm, and then revolved in place through 90 degrees into the plane of the view, a revolved
section is obtained. Visible lines on each side of the revolved section may be removed and break lines
used. No cutting plane is indicated. See Figure 20.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
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Rev C
Views and Sections
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FIGURE 20: Revolved Section View

9.8 BROKEN-OUT SECTIONS

When only a portion of an object is required to be sectioned; that area may be "broken out." The broken-
out area is limited by a freehand break line of equal thickness to the part outline. No cutting plane is
indicated. See Figure 21.

FIGURE 21: Broken-out Section

9.9 AUXILIARY SECTIONS

An auxiliary section is a section view appearing in other than a principal view and is similar in concept to a
partial auxiliary view. Rules for cutting planes and sectioning are the same as for other section views. See
Figure 22.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
UNCONTROLLED COPY When Printed
 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 21 of 28

FIGURE 22: Example of an Auxiliary Section

9.10 REMOVED SECTIONS

A removed section is not in a direct orthographic projection from the view containing the cutting plane line,
but is displaced from its normal projection position.

9.10.1 Removed sections that are symmetrical may be placed on center lines extended from the imaginary
cutting planes. See Figure 23.

9.10.2 Removed sections are preferably shown on the same sheet from which the section has been taken.
When it is not practical to place the removed section on the same sheet as the cutting plane, cross-
referencing of removed section views must be effected as follows. See Figure 24.

• The removed section may be drawn at the same scale as the view from which it is taken or to a
different scale from its parent view. In the latter instance, the scale must be displayed.

• When the section view is shown on a different sheet of a multiple sheet drawing, the numeric-alpha
zone locations for both view origin and where the section view is displayed on the drawing are
recorded on the drawing by means of a view table (See Section 10) or location notation. The
location notation is placed below or next to the section identification letter. The origin notation is
placed below the removed section view label “SECTION ?-?” or below the removed section view
scale when present.

• View origin and location will be designated in the following manner: The label SEE SHEET or SEE
SHT, the sheet number, a space, followed by the parenthetically enclosed numeric-alpha zone
location. For example, SEE SHEET 1 (3A) or SEE SHT 1 (3A).

• When the removed section view has been rotated, the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise)
and angle of rotation in degrees are displayed as a notation below the section view label or below
section view scale when present but above the section view location notation when present. The
terms CLOCKWISE or COUNTERCLOCKWISE or their abbreviations CW or CCW are to be used
as required. The degree symbol (°) or full text will be used to indicate “degrees” of rotation.
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
UNCONTROLLED COPY When Printed
 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 22 of 28

FIGURE 23: Removed Section Placed on a Center line

FIGURE 24: Example of a Removed Section shown on a Different Sheet

10. VIEW LOCATION TABLE

In those instances where Detail views labeled “DETAIL”, Section views labeled “SECTION” and/or
removed orthographic views labeled “VIEW” are being displayed on a drawing, an optional View Location
Table may be used to list the origins and locations of the various types of views. Although only one

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
UNCONTROLLED COPY When Printed
 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 23 of 28

method is required to record “removed” views both methods (location notation and view location table) may
appear together on the same drawing.

When used the designer places the table in the upper right hand corner, on Sheet 1 of the drawing, above
the reference isometric view. In the event of a conflict with a burn table or other prescribed information, the
view table may be re-positioned in the upper right quadrant as necessary.

The View Location Table may be applied even in those instances when all views are shown on Sheet 1.

10.1 A view location table consists of three columns, a header row and a minimum of five lines. The
following uppercase, left justified, vertically centered labels appear in the header row, Column 1 displays
“VIEW LABEL”, Column 2 displays “ORIGIN (SHEET-ZONE)” and Column 3 displays “LOCATION
(SHEET-ZONE). See Table 1.

10.2 The left justified view label (DETAIL, SECTION or VIEW) is listed in Column 1 along with its
associated view identification letter(s). The sheet number, a space, followed by the parenthetically
enclosed numeric-alpha zone location of where the view originates is listed in Column 2. The sheet
number, a space, followed by the parenthetically enclosed numeric-alpha zone location for the where the
view is displayed on the drawing is listed in Column 3.

For “ORIGIN”, use the numeric-alpha zone location of the detail circle identification letter and the lowest or
when horizontal the leftmost letter of a viewing or cutting plane line. For “LOCATION” use the zone
location of the view label. All zone locations are listed even when the same view is displayed on more than
one sheet.

When used, a view location table must list all detail, section and removed orthographic views displayed on
the drawing. No other views are to be listed.

10.3 When a view is deleted from a drawing, the view label will be retained in the table but the word
“REMOVED” will be displayed in the origin column. The location field will be made blank. The view label
and letters must not be reused.

10.4 Views may be listed by either view identification letter sequence (see Tables 1 and 3) or by view
type (see Table 2). Any additional views will be inserted or added in such a manner that the selected order
or sequence is preserved. It should be noted that in some CAD tools the default dual letter labeling (A-A,
B-B) is assigned in alphabetical sequence regardless of the view creation.

10.5 Unless specifically required to be removed, previously released view tables must be retained.
Existing view tables are not required to be revised or modified, even when said drawing is being revised.
Views may be added in accordance with the existing table style. Views must be removed in accordance
with this standard. See Section 9.3.

TABLE 1: Example of a View Table sorted by Single then Dual Alphabetical Letter Sequence
regardless of View Type
ORIGIN LOCATION
VIEW LABEL
(SHEET-ZONE) (SHEET-ZONE)
DETAIL A 1 (6E) 1 (14J)
DETAIL B 2 (12K) 3 (10E)
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 24 of 28

DETAIL C REMOVED
DETAIL D 1 (5D) 1 (7C)
SECTION A-A 1 (8E) 1 (13C)
VIEW B-B 1 (5G) 1 (15F)
SECTION C-C 1 (8F) 2 (12E), 3 (14C)
VIEW D-D 2 (15C) 2 (15G)
SECTION E-E 1 (7E) 2 (5K)
SECTION F-F 2 (7E) 3 (5E)

TABLE 2: Example of a View Table sorted by View Type then Letter Sequence when each View
Type has its own Alphabetical Letter Sequence
ORIGIN LOCATION
VIEW LABEL
(SHEET-ZONE) (SHEET-ZONE)
DETAIL A 1 (6E) 1 (14J)
DETAIL B 2 (12K) 3 (10E)
DETAIL C REMOVED
DETAIL D 1 (5D) 1 (7C)
SECTION A-A 1 (8E) 1 (13C)
SECTION B-B 1 (8F) 2 (12E), 3 (14C)
SECTION C-C 1 (7E) 2 (5K)
SECTION D-D 2 (7E) 3 (5E)
VIEW A-A 1 (5G) 1 (15F)
VIEW B-B 2 (15C) 2 (15G)

TABLE 3: Example of a View Table sorted by Alphabetical Letter Sequence using the Optional View
Label Method
ORIGIN LOCATION
VIEW LABEL
(SHEET-ZONE) (SHEET-ZONE)
DETAIL A 1 (6E) 1 (14J)
SECTION B-B 1 (8E) 1 (13C)
DETAIL C 2 (12K) 3 (10E)
VIEW D-D 1 (5G) 1 (15F)
DETAIL E REMOVED
SECTION F-F 1 (8F) 2 (12E), 3 (14C)
DETAIL G 1 (5D) 1 (7C)
VIEW H-H 2 (15C) 2 (15G)
SECTION J-J 1 (7E) 2 (5K)
SECTION K-K 2 (7E) 3 (5E)

11. MULTIVIEW DRAWING

11.1 PURPOSE

An orthographic multiview drawing represents the shape of an object using two or more views. These
views, together with necessary dimensions, tolerances and notes, are generally sufficient for the part to be
manufactured without further information concerning its shape.
THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 25 of 28

The number and type of views must be selected as to completely define the true shape of the part and be
able to permit dimensioning of visible outlines in their true shape as stated in ASME Y14.5. The number of
views is controlled by the complexity of the part, while the type of views is selected to show the fewest
hidden lines and still convey maximum clarity.

Unless otherwise indicated, such as in the case for bent tubes, the front view is normally the principal view
in the drawing and all other views are developed from it as required.

View orientation must be such that the view maximizes dimensional clarity and readability.

11.2 NUMBER OF VIEWS

When an object is supported by the existence of a 3D model, two or more adjacent orthographic views
must be shown and aligned in such manner that the views clearly illustrate the object. This requirement
includes 3D models that have been created by CNH Industrial Ag/CE as well as supplier furnished 3D
models. See Figure 25.

Unless specifically exempted by means of another CNH Industrial Ag/CE standard a drawing consisting of
a single orthographic view is not permitted but a drawing consisting of a single isometric view is permitted.

FIGURE 25: Two-Adjacent Orthographic Views

12. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION

Conventional representation refers to the practice of using simplified methods of representing an object on
a drawing, for enhancing drawing economy and clarity. While it allows some deviations from true
orthographic projection practices, these simplified methods are generally recognized and accepted as
standard basic drawing practice. Definitions and illustrations on this topic can be found in the standards
listed in the Related Standards section of this document. The following sections are representations that
may be used on CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings.

12.1 THIN SECTIONS

Sections through thin material such as sheet metal, packing, gaskets, etc. which are too thin for effective
section lining, may be shown with section lining omitted or filled in completely. See Figure 26.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 26 of 28

FIGURE 26: Thin Material in Section

12.2 INCLINED ELEMENTS

Where the true projection of a part results in foreshortening, inclined elements such as lugs, ribs, spokes,
arms or similar elements are rotated into a plane perpendicular to the line of sight of the section view, or
omitted. The elements are not section lined. See Figure 27.

FIGURE 27: Inclined Elements in Section

12.3 ROTATION OF FEATURES

Holes, slots and other similar features spaced around a bolt circle or cylindrical flange are rotated to their
true distance from the center axis. See Figure 28.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 27 of 28

FIGURE 28: Bolt Circle Hole Rotated in Conventional Representation

13. LEGACY DRAWINGS AND IMPLEMENTATION

13.1 LEGACY DRAWINGS

All CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings released prior to the publication and adoption of CNH
DWGA103 Rev C are not required to be modified to meet this standard but can retain their original
view(s) and associated information until revised or modified.

13.2 IMPLEMENTATION

13.2.1 All CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings (including those made from cloned parts) released
after the publication and adoption of CNH DWGA103 Rev C must be drawn in accordance with this
standard.

13.2.2 All CNH Industrial Ag/CE engineering drawings released prior to the publication and adoption of
CNH DWGA102 Rev B must be drawn in accordance with this standard when revised or modified with
the following exceptions:

• Existing view label identifiers (letters) are not required to be revised or modified as documented
within this standard unless said identifiers result in duplicate labeling in which case the duplication
must be resolved. This exception does not extend to the line type in which case viewing direction
line type must be in accordance with this standard and any reference arrow method or single arrow
usage must be replaced.
• Existing view location tables are not required to be revised or modified as documented within this
standard. Unless specifically required to be removed, existing view location tables must be
retained. If removed, the Views must be removed in accordance with this standard. See Section
10.3. Views may be added in accordance with the existing view location table style.

13.2.3 The latest version of this standard supersedes all previously published versions.

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
UNCONTROLLED COPY When Printed
 DWGA103
Drawing Standard 87034373
Rev C
Views and Sections
Page 28 of 28

APPENDIX A: Section Lining for Various Materials

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH INDUSTRIAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
UNCONTROLLED COPY When Printed