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Airstream Mechanism

Here are a few reasons why the rules for marking stress and intonation keep changing and why we don't have fixed rules: 1. Stress and intonation patterns vary across languages and dialects. Even within a single language like English, stress and intonation patterns differ between American English, British English, Australian English, etc. 2. The stress and intonation patterns of a language evolve over time as the language changes. What was stressed or said with a particular intonation centuries ago may be different now. 3. Stress and intonation can depend on factors like the type of word (content word vs function word), the surrounding words, the intended meaning or emphasis, and the speaker's personal speech

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75 views4 pages

Airstream Mechanism

Here are a few reasons why the rules for marking stress and intonation keep changing and why we don't have fixed rules: 1. Stress and intonation patterns vary across languages and dialects. Even within a single language like English, stress and intonation patterns differ between American English, British English, Australian English, etc. 2. The stress and intonation patterns of a language evolve over time as the language changes. What was stressed or said with a particular intonation centuries ago may be different now. 3. Stress and intonation can depend on factors like the type of word (content word vs function word), the surrounding words, the intended meaning or emphasis, and the speaker's personal speech

Uploaded by

MY NGUYỄN THỊ KIỀU
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Airstream Mechanism

Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the words provided (some words may
be used more than once):

voiced    clicks      ejectives    velaric   voiceless    glottalic    pulmonic    plosives   


implosives
There are three principle airstream mechanisms: the ______ pulmonic______ airstream
mechanism, the _____ glottalic_______ airstream mechanism, and the ____ velaric ________
airstream mechanism. In normal utterances in all the languages of the world, the airstream is
always flowing outward if the ______ pulmonic _________ airstream mechanism is involved.
Stops made with this mechanism are called _______ plosives _______. The only mechanism
that is used in some languages to produce some sounds with inward going air and some
sounds with outward going air is the _____________ airstream mechanism. Stops made with
this mechanism acting ingressively are called ____________. Stops made with this mechanism
acting egressively are called ______________. The mechanism that is used in language to
produce sounds only with inward going air is the __________ airstream mechanism. Stops
made with this mechanism are called _____________. Stops may vary in their voice onset time.
In this respect, [b,d,g] are ______ voiced _______ stops, [p,t,k] are ___ voiceless ____stops.

2. Phonetic description

Give the appropriate phonetic symbol in brackets for each of the sounds described
below:

a) voiceless velar stop [k]

b) voiced labiodental fricative [v]

c) voiced palato-alveolar affricate [ʤ]

d) voiced palatal glide [j]

e) voiced velar nasal [ŋ]

f) voiceless interdental fricative [θ]

3. Phonetic description
Work out the vowel sound associated with each of the following descriptions. Supply
its correct phonetic symbol and illustrate the vowel with a word in English. One
example has been done for you.

a) long (tense) high front unrounded [i:] heat

b) short low central unrounded [ʌ] _butter____

c) short high back rounded [ʊ] __put___

d) long mid-high back rounded [ɔː] __warm___

e) long mid central (slightly) rounded [ɜː] __bird___

4.  Assimilation

Provide two phonetic transcriptions for each of the following examples, one which
reflects the way you would say it in formal or careful speech style, the other the way
you would say it in more rapid, casual speech style. Identify the assimilation process
that occurs in the sound sequence.

1.                                                         Would you like it

Careful style: /wʊd jə laɪk ɪt/

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

2.                                                         A basket maker

Careful style

Casual style

Assimilation process:

3.                                                         A good cook


Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

5. Stress

Stress in a sentence is used to emphasize important information in a sentence, usually


Noun, Verb, Adjective & Adverb.

Look at the underlined word that receives the stress in each sentence, and tell what the
speaker means. One example has been done for you. 

Word stressed in sentence What the speaker means

1. I asked you to buy red roses. E.g. It was me who was asking – not him or her

2. I asked you to buy red roses.

3. I asked you to buy red roses.

4. I asked you to buy red roses.

5. I asked you to buy red roses.

6. I asked you to buy red roses.


6.  Choose either Question A or Question B. Do NOT do both.

Question A

Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following words:

[rupi]       ‘ruby’             [mul]               ‘water’

[kiri]      ‘road’              [pal]                ‘big’

[saram]   ‘person’          [soul]/[seul]    ‘Seoul’

[irumi]   ‘name              [ilkop]             ‘seven’


[ratio]     ‘radio’             [ipalsa]                        ‘barber’

Are [r] and [l]  two different phonemes or are they allophones of the same
phoneme? State your reasons.

Question B

Consider the distribution of [p] and [pʰ] in the following words. Are they two different
phonemes or are they allophones of the same phoneme? State your reasons.

spat [sp&t]                  pat [pʰ&t]                    lap [l&p]

spool [spu:l]               pool [pʰu:l]                 stop [stQp]

speak [spi:k]               peak [pʰi:k]                 steep [sti:p]

7. Analyze the syllable structure of the words: spring, little, doctor,


structure.

Number of First Second


Word
syllables syllable syllable

    Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme

      Nucleus Coda   Nucleus coda

spring  1            

little  2            

doctor  2            

structure  2            
8. Why do the rules for marking stress and intonation keep changing?
Don’t we have any fixed rules?

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