Reinforced Concrete Design I

ACI 318-2019

Dr. Nader Okasha

Chapter 8
Design of short columns
 Part 1
Introduction

2
 Columns

Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the
load-carrying beams. They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then
to the soil through the foundations.

Loads

Beam Beam
P
Column
h Slab

b Beam
Column Beam Beam
h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam

Soil

3
 Column slenderness
Columns can be classified as

1- Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the dimensions of the cross section

2- Slender Columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.

Loading type
Columns can be classified as

1-Concentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to axial force only

2-Eccentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to moment in addition to
the axial force; or subjected to axial loads with eccentricity.
4
 P P P
My

=
Beam under Uniaxial Bending
Concentric Column Eccentric Column Beam Column
P Mx
P
M My

=
Eccentric Column Beam under Biaxial Bending
Beam
Beam Column
6
7
8
9
 Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite

10
 Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite

11
 Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in:
1- Restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of
the column.

2-Holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction process.

3- Confining the concrete core.

4- Serving as shear reinforcement when

columns are subjected to lateral forces.

12
13
14
 Part 2
Design of concentric short columns

15
 Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads

P=
0 0.85 f c′ × ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast ACI 22.4.2.2

or
P=
0 Ag 0.85 f c′ + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f c′)

Ag = gross area
Ast = area of longitudinal steel
fc′ = concrete compressive strength
fy = steel yield stress
16
 Maximum Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads

Pn = rP0
Pn r  Ag 0.85 f c′ + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f c′) 
=

r = Reduction factor to account for accidental eccentricity

r = 0.80 ( tied )
r = 0.85 ( spiral ) ACI 22.4.2.1

17
 Design Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads

φ Pn ≥ Pu
φ r  Ag ( 0.85 f c′) + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f c′)  ≥ Pu
or
φ r Ag 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′)  ≥ Pu
where ρg = Ast / Ag

ACI 21.2.2 ACI 22.4.2.1

φ = 0.65 for tied columns r = 0.80 ( tied )

18
φ = 0.75 for spiral columns r = 0.85 ( spiral )
 Design of Short Concentrically Loaded Columns

φ Pn ≥ Pu

φ r Ag 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′)  ≥ Pu

Both Ag and ρg are unknown in this equation. There are

two options to design the column:
1- Select Ag and calculate ρg. The Ag may be selected from initial
sizing (Ag = Pu / 0.5fc′ ).
2- Select ρg and calculate Ag. Usually ρg is assumed as 1-2% as a
starting point.
19
Calculation of required cross section, if steel ratio is known

φ Pn ≥ Pu

φ r Ag 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′)  ≥ Pu

* when ρg is known or assumed:

Pu
Ag ≥
φ × r 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′) 
 
20
Calculation of required steel ratio, if cross section is known

φ Pn ≥ Pu

φ r Ag 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′)  ≥ Pu

* when Αg is known or assumed:

 Pu  1
ρg ≥  ′
− 0.85 f c  ×
 φ × r × Ag  ( f y − 0.85 f c′)
21
Code Requirements

Concrete Cover ACI 20.5.1.3.1

Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the reinforcement from fire, corrosion,
and other effects. Concrete cover is measured from the concrete surface to the
closest surface of steel reinforcement.

22
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel

- Limits on reinforcement ratio:

ACI 10.6.1.1

0.01Ag ≤ Ast ≤ 0.08 Ag

or
0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08

23
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel

- Minimum number of bars

ACI 10.7.3.1

min. of 6 bars in spiral arrangement

min. of 4 bars in rectangular or circular ties
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

24
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel
- Clear distance between reinforcing bars
For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars, shown in the figure, is not to
be less than the larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or
40 mm. This is done to ensure free flow of concrete
between reinforcing bars.

ACI 25.2.3
s ≥ max {1.5 × db , 40 mm}
25
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 25.7.2.3
1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have lateral
support from the corner of a tie with an included angle
≤135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 150 mm clear
on either side from a laterally supported bar.
26
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

27
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 25.7.2.3

28 Ties shown by dashed lines may be omitted if x < 150 mm

 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties
s

- Maximum vertical spacing:

ACI 25.7.2.1

 16db ( db = diameter for longitudinal bars )


s ≤ smax = min  48d s (d s = diameter for stirrups)
smaller of b or h : least lateral dimension of column


29
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Minimum size of ties

ACI 25.7.2.2

size ≥ φ10 bar if longitudinal bar ≤ φ 30 bar

≥ φ12 bar if longitudinal bar ≥ φ 32 bar
≥ φ12 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

30
 Code Requirements
Spiral Reinforcement Spacing, s

4 Asp
s= ACI 25.7.3.3
 Ag   f c ' 
0.45 Dc  − 1  
 
 Ac   f y 

A sp = cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement

D c = core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s = spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)

π Dc2
= =
Ac core area
4
π D2
31 = =
Ag gross area
4
 Code Requirements

Spirals

- Size and spacing of spiral

ACI 25.7.3.2

size ≥ 9.5 mm diameter

ACI 25.7.3.1

25 mm ≤ clear spacing
between spirals ≤ 75 mm
32
 Code Requirements

Bundled bars

33
 Code Requirements

Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions

The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional
dimensions for columns. Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are
considered as the smallest practicable sections. For practical
considerations, column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.

34
 Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column. This can be done by:
a- Tributary Area Method
b- Pu is the sum of the reactions of the beams supported by the column.

2. Assume a starting reinforcement ratio ρg that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually a
1-2 % ratio is chosen for economic considerations.

3. Determine the gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section.

4. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape.

5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area in the
respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code limits.

35
 Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed reinforcing
bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is needed, while a minimum
of six bars is used for circular columns.
8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or
spirals.
9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies ACI
Code requirements.
10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
longitudinal and lateral reinforcement.

36
 Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in the
figure. It is reinforced with 6Φ16mm bars. Calculate the design load
capacity of the cross section.
Use fc′ =28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Ties Φ10@250
Ties Φ8@25cm
mm

Solution:
25025
mm 6Φ16
6Φ16mm
1- Check the steel percentage
Ast 1206
ρ= = = 0.012= 1.21%
Ag 250 × 400
g
40040mm

ρ min = 1 % < ρ g = 1.21% < ρ max = 8 % OK

2- Check the clear distance between bars

h − 2 ( cover ) − 2 ( d s ) − ( No. of bars/2 ) × db
s=
(No. of bars/2) − 1
400 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − 3 × 16
s = 126 mm
3 −1
max {1.5 × db 24 mm , 40 mm} =40 mm < s 126 mm OK
37
=
 Example 1

3- Check the number of ties used

s 126 mm < 150 mm
Also, every other longitudinal bar has a lateral support from the corner of a tie.
Only one external tie is required for the cross section
4- Check the tie diameter and the spacing between ties
 16db =16 ×16 =254 mm

smax = min  48d s =48 ×10 =480 mm s
smaller of b or h = 250 mm ⇐ governs

smax =
250 mm = s 250 mm OK
 ACI requirements regarding tie spacing are satisfied.
Φ10 mm stirrups (for longitudinal bars with Φ16 mm < Φ30 mm)
Ties Φ10@250
Ties Φ8@25cm
mm

 ACI requirements regarding tie diameter are satisfied.

25025
mm 6Φ16
6Φ16mm

38
400 mm
 Example 1

5- Calculate the design load capacity φPn

φ Pn φ r Ag 0.85 f c′ + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c′) 

=

φ Pn = 0.65 × 0.8 × ( 400 × 250 ) 0.85 × 28 + 0.0121( 420 − 0.85 × 28 ) 

φ Pn = 1486.8 kN
Ties Φ10@250
Ties Φ8@25cm
mm

25025
mm 6Φ16
6Φ16mm

400 mm

39
 Example 2
Design a short tied rectangular column to support a factored
concentric load of 1000 kN, with one side of the cross section to
be 25 cm. Use ρg = 2% as an initial guess.

f c′ = 30MPa f y = 420MPa

Solution
1- Determine the section dimensions
Pu
Ag ≥
( )
φ r 0.85 f c′ + ρ g f y − 0.85 f c′ 


1000 × 103
Ag =
0.65 × 0.8 0.85 × 30 + 0.02 ( 420 − 0.85 × 30 ) 

40 Ag = 57594 mm 2
 Example 2
250 mm
Ag = 57594 mm 2

 b = 250 mm
250 mm
∴ h 57594
= / 250 230 mm
Use column dimensions of 250 mm × 250 mm

2- Determine adjusted steel ratio

 Pu  1
ρg ≥  ′
− 0.85 f c  ×
 φ × r × Ag  ( f y − 0.85 f c′)
 1000 × 103  1
ρg =  − 0.85 × 30  × =0.0134
 0.65 × 0.8 × 250 × 250  ( 420 − 0.85 × 30 )
0.01<ρg =0.0134<0.08 OK
As = ρ g bh = 0.0134 × 250 × 250 = 835 mm 2
41 Use 6Φ14 (As ,sup = 924 mm 2 )
 Example 2
250 mm
3- Check bar spacing
h − 2 ( cover ) − 2 ( d s ) − (No. of bars/2) × db
s=
(No. of bars/2) − 1 250 mm

250 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − (6 / 2) × 14
= 54 mm
3 −1
max {1.5 ×= =
db 21 mm, 40 mm} 40 mm < 54 mm < 150 mm OK

4- Design stirrups
Use Φ 10 mm stirrups (for longitudinal bars with Φ 14 mm < Φ 30 mm)

=16db 16 = (14 ) 224 mm ⇐ governs


s ≤ smax = min  48d s = 48 (10 ) =
480 mm
smaller of b or h = 250 mm
 s
Use Φ 10 mm @ 200 mm
42
 Example 2
Φ 10 @ 200 mm
6 Φ 14 mm

250 mm

250 mm

43
 Example 3
Design a short, spirally reinforced column to support a service
dead load of 800 kN and a service live load of 400 kN.
Use ρg = 1% as an initial guess.
f c′ = 28MPa f y = 420MPa

Solution

Pu = 1.20 PD + 1.60 PL = 1.2 × 800 + 1.6 × 400 = 1600 kN

Pu
Ag ≥
( )
φ r 0.85 f c′ + ρ g f y − 0.85 f c′ 

1600 × 103
Ag =
0.75 × 0.85 0.85 × 28 + 0.01( 420 − 0.85 × 28 ) 
Ag = 90405 mm 2
44
 Example 3
360 / N
Ag = 90405 mm 2

π D2 Ag
=Ag → D= =339 mm
4 π 4
L
Use column with D = 350 mm
No need to recalculate ρ g because we used 1%
 π × 3502 
As ρ=
= A
g g 0.01  =  962 mm 2

 4 
Use 7φ14 (As ,sup =1078 mm 2 ), n =7 > 6 bars for spiral columns
Check spacing between longitudinal bars  360 / N 
 
L =350/2 – 40 – 10 – 14/2=118 mm  2 
 360/N   360/7 
Q= L sin   = 118 × sin  =51.2 mm L
 2   2 
=
s 51.2 × 2 − 14/2 − 14/2= 88.4 mm Q
45 max {1.5 ×= =
db 21 mm, 40 mm} 40 mm < 88.4 mm OK
s
Example 3
Design the spiral, try Φ10
Dc =350 − 2(40) =270 mm
4 Asp 4 × 79
s =
 Ag   fc '   π/4 × 3502   28 
0.45 Dc  − 1   0.45 × 270  − 1  420 
  π/4 × 270 2
 
 Ac   fy 
s 57.3mm, taken as 50 mm (center − to − center)
sc =50 − 10/2 − 10/2 =40 mm,
25 mm < 40 mm < 75 mm=> OK
Use Φ10 mm spiral with a pitch of 50 mm center − to − center.
Spiral Φ10 @ pitch s =50 mm

350 mm 7φ14 mm

46
 Part 3
Design of eccentric short columns

47
 Interaction diagrams
60

4Φ20
The shown cross section was found to

0.5 m
fail in the conditions and under the
4Φ20
applied Pn and Mn pairs shown in the
60
table:
0.30m

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Strain 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
distribution εs’ εs’

εs =0.001 εy =0.0021 εs=0.0151

Pn (kN) 2038 1376 0 4190
48 Mn (kN.m) 352 407 212 0
 Interaction diagrams

Case 2 The section fails (the strain in the concrete reaches

0.003) when the strain in the steel reaches the yield strain
εy =0.0021 . In other words, the concrete and steel fail
simultaneously. This condition is called balance failure.
The corresponding load and moment are called balance
axial load Pb and balance moment Mb.

49
 Interaction diagrams
60

4Φ20
The pairs of moment and axial load

0.5 m
found for the section can be plot
4Φ20
together. The obtained curve is
60
called the interaction diagram of the
0.30m
section.

Fail region
(0,4190)

(352, 2038)
Case 4
Case 2
Pn Case 1
(407, 1376)
Safe region
(212, 0)

50 Mn Case 3
 Interaction diagrams
60

The interaction diagram represents all 4Φ20

0.5 m
possible combinations of axial load and
moment that produce failure of the 4Φ20
given section. 60
Any combination of Pn and Mn outside 0.30m
the envelope will cause failure and
inside will not.

Fail region
(0,4190)

(352, 2038)
Case 4
Case 2
Pn Case 1
(407, 1376)
Safe region
(212, 0)

51 Mn Case 3
 Interaction diagrams

Between A and B: Axial load carrying capacity decreases (almost)

linearly with increasing the moment.

Between B and C: Moment carrying capacity increases with

increasing axial load.

A (Mn, Pn )

D
Pn
B

52 Mn
 Interaction diagrams

shown

8φ25

8φ20

8φ20 bars

8φ25

Pn 8φ20

53
Mn
 Design interaction diagrams
Tied columns:
φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 
=

r = 0.80
φ = 0.65
0.65Po φ = 0.65

0.52Po
0.65Mo

54
 Design interaction diagrams
Spiral columns:
φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 
=

r = 0.85
φ = 0.75

φ = 0.75

55
 Design interaction diagrams
If e/h < 0.1 for tied e/h < 0.05 for spiral:
The column may be designed as concentrically loaded (like in Design I)

φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 

=

This equation takes into account the limited amount of eccentricity by the factor r.

56
 You need to make
sure that the section
you design has the
same properties and
reinforcement
pattern.

1 MPa = 10 kg/cm2

57
 You need to make
sure that the section
you design has the
same properties and
reinforcement
pattern.

1 ksi = 7 MPa

58
When e ≤ 0.2h, or when the column is under biaxial
bending, the longitudinal bars are arranged all around
the perimeter of cross section as shown in Figure (a).
Otherwise, rectangular tied columns are used with
the longitudinal bars placed on the faces farthest
from the axis of bending, as shown Figure (b).
 Example

Design the reinforcement for a 400 mm x 500 mm short tied column. The
column, which is part of a braced frame. It is subjected to a factored axial load
of 2400 kN in addition to the factored bending moments as shown. The material
properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 30 MPa.

Solution
2400 kN

500KN.m

500KN.m

60
2400 kN
 Solution
M u 500(103 )
=e = = 208mm
Pu 2400
e 208
= = 0.42 > 0.1 ⇒ Cannot use the concentrically loaded column design equation
h 500

Assuming φ30 mm bars and φ30 mm stirrups

500 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 30
γ = 0.74
500
Φ Pn Pu 2400(103 )
= = = 12 MPa
= 120kg / cm 2
Ag b h 400(500)
ΦM n Mu 500(106 )
= = = 5 =
MPa 50 kg / cm 2

A g h b h 2 400(500)(500)
Using the interaction diagram given for
fc′ =30 MPa, fy= 420 MPa and γ = 0.75  Read: ρ = 0.035
0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK
61
 Solution

62
Solution
As = 0.035(400)(500) =7000mm2  use 10φ30mm

Try distributing the bars as shown.

h − 2(cover) − 2(d stirrup ) − nd bar

s=
n -1
400 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 5(30)
s= = 37.5 mm < 1.5(30) = 45 mm
5 −1

Not OK.

10Φ30 400
Therefore, use bundled bars.

500
 Solution

400 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 3(30)

s= = 105 mm > 1.5(30) > 40 mm OK
3 −1

•16db = 16(30) = 480 mm

•48dstirrup = 48(10) = 480 mm
•Smallest side of column = 400 mm
 use φ10 mm ties @ 400 mm

64