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A triple-effect standard vertical-tube evaporator, each effect of which has 140 m2 of heating
surface, is to be used to concentrate from 4 percent solids to 35 percent solids a solution Snap a photo from you
possessing negligible boiling-point elevation. Forward feed is to be used. Steam is available at phone to post a questio
120°C, and the vacuum in the last effect corresponds to a boiling temperature of 40°C. The We'll send you a one-tim
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overall coefficients, in W/m2 · °C, are 2,950 in I, 2,670 in II, and 1,360 in III; all specific heats may
be taken as 4.2 J/g · °C; and radiation is negligible. Condensates leave at condensing
temperature. The feed enters at 90°C. Calculate (a) the kilograms of 4 percent liquor that can be 888-888-8888 Text
concentrated per hour and (b) the steam consumption in kilograms per hour.
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Step-by-step solution

My Textbook Solutions
Step 1 of 13

Steam consumption is the amount of steam required per to evaporate the desire component from
the solution to concentrate the solution. A
tex
To find the steam consumption and steam required per unit feed in standard vertical tube
Unit Transport
triple effect evaporator, assume that the basis and then take enthalpy balance. Operations... Phenomena
7th Edition 3rd Edition
Boiling point elevation is negligible and use forward feed.
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Comment

Step 2 of 13

(a)

Consider a basis that amount of feed of solution as enters in evaporator and feed
containing of dissolve solid and water then calculate amount of solid and water in
feed and product stream as follows:

In feed stream, calculate the amount of solid as follows:

…… (1)

Here, is concentration of solid in feed.

Substitute as and as in equation (1) as follows:

Now, calculate amount of water in feed as follows:

…… (2)

Here, is concentration of water in feed.

Substitute as and as in equation (2) as follows:

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In product stream,
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Total amount of product material after entering of feed as
Practice 

Take overall material balance of tie component which is solid in this case as follows:

…… (3)

Here, is concentration of solid in product stream. Rearrange equation (3), to get the result as
follows:

Amount of solid in product stream is same as the amount of solid .So, amount of

water in product stream is as follows:

…… (4)

Substitute as and as in equation (4) as follows:

Now, calculate amount of water evaporates from last effect as follows:

…… (5)

Substitute as and as to get the value of evaporates from effect III as,

Comment

Step 3 of 13

Calculate the total temperature drop , since there is negligible boiling point elevation and

only have steam temperature as and boiling temperature of last effect as

, as follows:

…… (6)

Comment

Step 4 of 13

Substitute all variables given above in equation (6) get the value of temperature drop as
follows:

Now, calculate the value of temperature drop per effect boiling temperature of water in each
effect as follows:

Since temperature drop in several effects is inversely proportional to the overall heat transfer
coefficient and directly proportional to the heat transfer coefficient of that effect which
temperature drop is being calculated.

For effect I,

…… (7)

Here, , and are the overall heat transfer coefficient of effectI, II and III respectively.

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To find the value of temperature drop of effect I, substitute as , as

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and as and get as:

Solve above value get temperature drop of effect I,

Similarly, calculate temperature drop of effect II as follows:

And temperature drop for effect III,

Now, calculate the value of boiling temperature in effect I as follows:

…… (8)

Substitute as and as thus,

Since boiling temperature is the feed temperature for effect so, boiling temperature in
effect II,

Comment

Step 5 of 13

For effect III, boiling temperature in effect II act as feed temperature. So, calculate boiling
temperature in effect III as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above equation, to get the value of

boiling temperature of effect III as follows:

Comment

Step 6 of 13

To find the values of latent heat of steam and liquor to effect I, II and III in first convert
boiling temperatures of effect I, II and III from to and then take values of latent heat from
Appendix . After that convert latent heat from to as follows:

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For steam,
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Temperature
Textbook Solutions
is and in
Expert Q&A
this value is
Study Pack Practice
so latent heat at this temperature


from Appendix is .

Now, convert this value from to as follows:

Since is and is then,

For liquor to effect I,

Temperature is and in this value is so latent heat at this

temperature from Appendix is .

Now, convert this value from to as follows:

Since is and is then,

Comment

Step 7 of 13

For liquor to effect II,

Temperature is and in this value is so latent heat at this

temperature from Appendix is .

Now, convert this value from to as follows:

Since is and is then,

For liquor to effect III,

Temperature is and in this value is so latent heat at this temperature

from Appendix is .

Now, convert this value from to as follows:

Since is and is then,

Above calculated values of triple effect evaporator are shown in the following table:

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Now, to calculate mass flow rate of feed material take heat balance of effect I, II and III. And got
three equations then solve these equations to get the value of mass flow rate of feed for each
effect as follows:

For effect I, enthalpy of steam is used as sensible heat of liquor and some heat is used to
vaporize the more volatile component of the solution. This relation is given below as:

…… (9)

Here, are mass flow rate of steam, feed material and thick liquor from effect I,
is latent heat of vaporization of steam and vapor from effect I, is specific heat are the
boiling temperature of effect I and feed respectively.

Substitute as , and as and , as

and as in equation (9) as follows:

Rearrange above equation and get an expression as given below:

…… (10)

For effect II,

Substitute all variables given above as follows:

Rearrange above equation and get an expression as given below:

…… (11)

Similarly, take enthalpy balance over effect III as follows:

Substitute all variables given above as follows:

Rearrange the above equation and get an expression as given below:

…… (12)

Now, calculate values of and from equation (10), (11) and (12) as follows:

Comment

Step 8 of 13

Now, calculate heat transfer rate and surface area available for heating in each effect separately
as follows:

Heat transfer rate for effect I,

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Substitute as and as , as , as and
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convert value of heat transfer rate in kilowatt
Study Pack
to get as:
Practice 

For effect II’

Substitute as , as and as , as , as
and convert value of heat transfer rate in kilowatt to get as:

Comment

Step 9 of 13

Similarly Heat transfer rate for effect III,

Substitute as as and as , as ,
as and convert value of heat transfer rate in kilowatt to get as:

Comment

Step 10 of 13

Now, calculate heat transfer area of each effect by Newton’s law of cooling. Formula for surface
area are as follows:

…… (13)

Here, is overall heat transfer rate, is overall heat transfer coefficient and is
temperature difference.

So, for effect I, heat transfer area is calculated as,

Here convert from to then

Substitute as , as and as in the above

equation as follows:

So, for effect II, heat transfer area is calculated as,

Here convert from to then

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Substitute as , as and as in the above equation

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as follows:

So, for effect II, heat transfer area is calculated as,

Here, convert from to then, substitute as ,

as and as in the above equation as follows:

Comment

Step 11 of 13

Now, calculate average heat transfer area for all effect through heat transfer takes place
as follows:

Substitute as , as and as in the above equation as

follows:

If total feed flow rate as then heat transfer area as obtained

by calculation. Then for heat transfer area having , feed flow rate is as
follows:

Comment

Step 12 of 13

Substitute as , as and as in the above equation as

follows:

Therefore, the kilograms of liquor of feed which get concentrated in triple effect

evaporator having heat transfer area as is .

Comment

Step 13 of 13

(b)

Steam consumption is defined as the requirement of steam per hour for concentrating a
dilute solution.

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For total feed flow rate as , total steam require as then for
 
feed
Textbook Solutions Expert Q&A
having ,calculate steam
Study Pack Practice
requirement is as follows:


Substitute as , as and as in the above

equation as follows:

Therefore, steam consumption in for triple effect evaporator is .

Comment

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