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Modul Pre Intermediate

1. The document defines conditional sentences as sentences that express a condition that can only occur if something else happens. There are two types of conditional sentences - real/factual and unreal/contrary to fact. 2. The real conditional refers to present or future situations that are possible or likely to occur if the condition is met. The unreal conditional refers to hypothetical past, present or future situations that are contrary to reality. 3. There are four types of conditional sentences that are distinguished by their verb tenses: Type 0 uses present tense; Type 1 uses present/future; Type 2 uses past/future; Type 3 uses past perfect/future perfect. Each type expresses a different meaning depending on the

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
313 views40 pages

Modul Pre Intermediate

1. The document defines conditional sentences as sentences that express a condition that can only occur if something else happens. There are two types of conditional sentences - real/factual and unreal/contrary to fact. 2. The real conditional refers to present or future situations that are possible or likely to occur if the condition is met. The unreal conditional refers to hypothetical past, present or future situations that are contrary to reality. 3. There are four types of conditional sentences that are distinguished by their verb tenses: Type 0 uses present tense; Type 1 uses present/future; Type 2 uses past/future; Type 3 uses past perfect/future perfect. Each type expresses a different meaning depending on the

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UNIT 1

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Definition
A conditional sentence is a type of sentence that states or expresses a condition. A condition is something
that can only happen if something else (requirement) occurs. Conditional sentence is made up from a
dependent clause and independent clause. It usually contains the word if.

Conditional sentence consists of two clauses- if-clause and main clause.

“If I study hard, I will pass the exam”.


if-clause main clause

Kinds
There are two types of conditionals:
1. The real (factual and habitual), and
2. The unreal (contrary to fact)

1. The real (factual and habitual)


The real or “future possible” as it is sometimes called, is used when the speaker expresses an action or
situation which usually occurs, or will occur if the circumstances in the main clause are met.

Example: If I have much money, I will buy a new car.

If my headache disappears, we can play tennis.

2. The unreal condition (contrary to fact)


The unreal condition expresses a situation (past, present, or future) that would take place or would have
taken place if the circumstances expressed were or had been different now or in the past.

Example: If I had much money, I would buy a new car.


(I know I don’t have much money, and therefore, I can’t buy a new car.)
Patterns
Type Patterns and Example The Facts

If +Simple Present, Simple Present -


0 s + vBI s + VBI
(zero)
If you boil water, it becomes hot.
If we burn paper, it becomes ash.
If + Simple Present, Simple Future -
1 S + V1 S + will + VBI

If I have much money, I will buy a new car.


2 If + Simple Past, Past Future Simple Present
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I don’t have much money, so I
S + V2 S + would + VBI don’t stay in Europe.
or
If I had much money last year, I would stay in Europe. I don’t stay in Europe because I
don’t have much money.
Simple Past
If +  Past Perfect, Past Future Perfect
3 S + had + V3 S+ would + have + V3 I didn’t have much money, so I
didn’t buy a new car.
If I had had much money, I would have bought a new car.
*Negative formo of if + condition: if…not = unless.

If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask.

The followings are the detailed explanations of the types of conditional sentences.

1. The Zero Conditional


The zero conditional is used when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is
real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both
parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually
be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause Main clause


If + Simple Present Simple Present

If we burn paper, it becomes ash.


If you heat ice, it melts.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.

Practice 1: Match these sentences.


- When you freeze water, a. people stop using their cars.
- Plants die b. it becomes a solid.
- If public transport is efficient, c. tell him to meet me at the cinema.
- If you mix red and blue, d. if we get separated.
- If Bill phones, e. you get purple.
- Ask Pete f. call me before 5:00.
- If you want to come, g. if they don't get enough water.
- Meet me here h. if you're not sure what to do.

2. Type 1 Conditional

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The type 1 of conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. It
refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences, the if clause is in the
simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause Main clause


If + simple present Simple Future

If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.


If I study, I will pass the exam.
If it rains today, you will get wet.

In type 1 of conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of the future
tense to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
Example: If he calls you, you should come.
Practice 2: Match these sentences.
- If Sally is late again, a. if I have time.
- You will miss the bus b. I'll call the police.
- What will you do c. I'll shoot!
- Nobody will notice d. if you don't hurry.
- If you drop that glass, e. if you make a mistake.
- If you don't drop the gun, f. if you miss the plane?
- If you don't leave, g. it will break.
- I can finish that letter h. you should go.
- If he calls you, i. I will be mad.

3. Type 2 Conditional
The type 2 of conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is
unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. It is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its
probable result. In type 2 of conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main
clause uses the past future.

Conditional sentence of type 2 refers to situations in the present. An action could happen if the
present situations were different. We don't really expect the situation to change, however we just
imagine “What would happen if …“

If clause Main clause


If + Simple Past Past future

If I had much money, I would buy a new car.


If I spoke Italian, I would be working in Italy.
If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.

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“Were” instead of “was”
In type 2, we do not use “was” but “were” for all subjects.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Practice 3: Match these sentences.


- If the weather were not so bad, a. I would send her an invitation.
- If I were the Queen of England, b. I would love the rain.
- If I were a plant, c. if I had a lot of money
- If I found her address, d. I would give everyone a chicken.
- I wouldn’t stay here e. we would go to the park.

4. Type 3 Conditional
The type 3 of conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary
to reality. The facts are based on the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used
to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

If clause Main clause


If + Past Perfect Past Future Perfect

If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
If I had accepted that promotion, I would have been working in Milan.
If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed in you.

Practice 4: Match these sentences.


- If I had known you were coming, a. I would have visited you.
- I would have been happy b. if I had known it was your birthday.
- If I had worked harder, c. I would have baked a cake.
- If I had known you were in hospital, d. I would have written to you.
- I would have bought you a present e. if you had called me on my birthday
- If you had given me your e-mail, f. I might have passed the exam

Test 1: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verbs form in the parenthesis.
Type I
1. If I ________(to study), I ________(to pass) the exams.
2. If the sun ________(to shine), we ________ (to walk) to the town.
3. If he ________(to have) a temperature, he ________(to see) the doctor.
4. If my friends________(to come), ________(to be) very happy.
5. If she ________(to earn) a lot of money, she ________(to fly) to New York.
6. If we ________(to travel) to London, we ________ (to visit) the museums.
7. If you ________(to wear) sandals in the mountains, you ________ (to slip) on the rocks.
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8. If Rita ________(to forget) her homework, the teacher ________ (to give) her a low mark.
9. If they ________(to go) to the disco, they ________ (to listen) to loud music.
10. If you ________(to wait) a minute, I ________(to ask) my parents.

Type II

11. If I ________(to come) home earlier, I ________ (to prepare) dinner.

12. If we ________(to live) in Rome, Francesco ________ (to visit) us.

13. If Tim and Tom ________(to be) older, they ________ (to play) in our hockey team.

14. If he ________(to be) my friend, I ________(to invite) him to my birthday party.

15. If Susan ________(to study) harder, she ________ (to be) better at school.

16. If they ________(to have) enough money, they ________ (to buy) a new car.

17. If you ________(to do) a paper round, you ________ (to earn) a little extra money.

18. If Joe ________(to get) more money, he ________ (to ask) Doni out for dinner.

19. If we ________ (to hurry), we ________ (to catch) the bus.


20. If it ________(to rain), Nina ________ (to take) an umbrella with her.

Type III
21. If the weather ________ (to be) nice, they ________ (to play) football.
22. If we ________ (to go) to a good restaurant, we ________ (to have) a better dinner.
23. If John ________ (to learn) more words, he ________ (to write) a good report.
24. If the boys ________(to take) the bus to school, they ________ (to arrive) on time.
25. If the teacher ________ (to explain) the homework, I ________ (to do) it.
26. If they ________ (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they ________ (to see) the pop star.
27. If the police ________ (to come) earlier, they ________ (to arrest) the burglar.
28. If you ________ (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad ________ (to taste) better.
29. If Alex ________ (to ask) me, I ________ (to email) the documents.
30. If he ________ (to speak) more slowly, Peggy ________ (to understand) him.

Test 2: Choose the correct answer.


1.  If I ________ stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.

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      a. am b. will be c. were d. has been
2.  If we'd seen you, we ________.
      a.would have stopped b. would stop c. had stopped d. stopped
3.  If we ________ him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
 a. meet b. will meet c. met d. had met
4.  He would have repaired the car himself if he ________ the tools.
      a. has b. had c. had had d. will have
5.  If you drop the vase, it ________.
      a. breaks b. will break c. broken  d. had broken
6.  If I hadn't studied, I ________an exam.
a. do not pass b. will not pass c. would not pass d.would not have passed
7.  I wouldn't go to school by bus if I ________ a driving license.
      a. have b. will have c. had d. had had
8. My brother thinks everybody can be a teacher. He often asks himself “What ____ if I were a teacher?
a. do I do b. will I do c. would I do d. am I doing

9. Had I realized that Tony was a bad driver, I ________ my car.


a. would not lend him b. did not lend him c. would not have lent him d. had not had
10. If you ________ hungry last night, you could take something to eat in my apartment.
a. were                            b. are c. was                           d. can
11. If you had been sick, you ________ some medicine.
a. should have taken      b. would had taken c. could have taken      d. could had taken

12. You wouldn’t pass the examination unless you ________ hard.
a. studying        b. study c. studied           d. studies
13. She would have returned the book ________.
a. if you asked her c. unless you asked her
b. if you had asked her d. unless you had asked her
14. “Will you tell Mary about it?”
a. If I met her c. If I don’t meet her
b. If I meet her d. If I didn’t meet her
15. If you hurt him, I ________ something you.
a. I would have done c. I should have done
b. I might have done d. I would done
16. If I pass my final test, what ________?
a. you will buy for me c. will you buy for me
b. would you buy for me d. you would buy for me

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17. Unless I know the answer, I ________ the question
a. will answer c. won’t answer
b. would answer d. wouldn’t answer 
18. Would you repair this radio if you ________ tools?
a. get b. got c. will get d. had got 
19.  What ________ if he had met an alien? 
a. would happen b. had happened c. would have happened d. will had happened
20. I ________ a taxi if I had known it was such a long way.
a. had taken b. would have taken c. would take d. will have taken

21. If the man carelessly, he would get an accident


a. drives b. didn’t drive c. doesn’t drive d. drove

22. I a taxi if I had known it took such a long way.


a. would have taken b. would not have taken c. would had taken d. would had not taken

23. ____ , I would have gone for a walk.


a. Had it not rained b. If it did not rain c. Had not rained it d. If had it rained

24. If each student late to submit the papers, they wouldn’t be listed as candidates.
a. is b. were c. was d. have been
25. If Jane with us, she would have had a good time.
a. would come b. had come c. would have come d. came

26. ________ two waves pass a given point simultaneously, they will have no effect on earth other’s
subsequent.
a. So that b. That c. They are d. If

27. If the customer not satisfied, please have call the manager.
a. Am b. are c. is d. be

28. If the waiter cannot handle your


request, the captain assist you.
a. will b. did c. has d. is

29. If Peter had enough money, on the trip to Las Vegas.


a. he would have gone b. he would go c. had he gone d. he went

30. If Jane called me now, the news directly.


a. he would have known b. had he known c. he knew d. he would know

31. ____ a reservation, it’ll be impossible to get a hotel room this weekend because of the jazz festival.
a. Without you have b. If you have c. Unless you have d. Unless having

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ERROR ANALYSIS
Direction: Find the error then revise or correct it.
Example
She will have to go as soon as possible if she wanted to catch the last flight.
A B C D
The answer is C. The sentence in the question is a conditional sentence type 1. After If (in if-clause), it
must be simple present tense (S + V1), therefore “wanted” (V2) must be changed into “wants”

32. If potatoes is cultivated in every state, Idaho would produce the largest crop of all.
A B C D

33. If Democratic party would reorganize on a more


moderate platform, it could win the next election.
A B C D

34. The proposal would be submitted last week if the resignation of the director hadn’t made necessary
A B
to revise the entire set of options.
C D
35. If the new Congress involved itself in the issue of the environment, some plants and animal species
A B C
might have had a chance of surviving a few more years.
D
36. If the company appreciated Jane’s success in increasing the market share, he would not have
A B
thought of leaving the company.
C D
Drawing a conclusion and making facts

37. If my car were in a better condition, I would make a long trip. It may be concluded that I _______.
a. have to stay at home c. are enjoying the trip
b. prefer staying at home d. enjoyed the trip e. stayed at home

38. If there had been traffic lights at this intersection, there would not have been so many accidents. We
may conclude that ________.
a. drivers were always careful at this intersection d. traffic lights often doesn’t work
b. despite the traffic lights accident happen e. there are many traffic accident
c. we didn’t find traffic light at this intersection
39. If his mother had not been ill, Tony’d have joined the study tour to Jakarta. We conclude that Tony
________.
a. has just come back from the study tour d. went to Jakarta for study tour
b. left his sick mother at home e. refused to join the study tour to Jakarta
c. went to Jakarta after her mother had recovered
40. The sun always rises in the east.

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a. What would happen if the sun rises in the west?
b. What will happen if the sun rises in the west?
c. What would happen if the sun rose in the west?
d. What would have happened if the sun had risen in the west?
e. What had happened if the sun would have risen in the west?

Test 3: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verbs form in the parenthesis.
1. If we had left the house earlier, they _________ (be; negative) so late getting to the ship.
2. If I finish the assignment before Saturday, I _________ (submit) it to my lecturer.
3. If I had seen the concert, I _________ (tell) you about it last night.
4. Had John not interfered in his brother’s problems, there _________ (be) peace between them.
5. She would give you the money if she _________ (have) it.
6. They would call you immediately if they _________ (need) help.
7. Had my mother arrived at the sale early, she _________ (find) a better dress.
8. If you have enough time, please _________ (clean) your room before you go to school.
9. They could go for a drive if today _________ (be) Sunday.
10. If I win the prize, it will be because I _________ (write) very well.
11. If your sister _________ (buy) that chocolate for you, will you be happy?
12. If she _________ (decide) earlier, she could have left on the morning flight.
13. Had I known his address, I _________ (write) him a letter.
14. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain _________ (leak) inside.
15. If you _________ (see) John tonight, please ask him to call his mother.
16. If I _________ (do) a good job, I would get the raise.
17. My lecturer will not accept my work if I _________ (submit) it in late.
18. If we had known her, we _________ (talk) to her.
19. They would understand it if you _________ (explain) it to them more slowly.
20. If I _________ rich (be), I would travel around the world.
21. My cat always sleeps if it _________ (watch) drama on TV.
22. She would have understood her English teacher if she _________ (speak) slowly.

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23. If my headache disappeared, I _________ (play) tennis this morning.
24. If today _________ (be) Sunday, we could go to the beach.
25. We _________ (go) tonight if we didn’t have to study.
26. If the fireman hadn’t arrived earlier, they _________ (save; negative) the house.
27. Peter _________ (pass) the examination if he studied well.
28. Roni could win the competition if he _________ (practice) more.
29. We wouldn’t know that our parents came if my teacher _________ (tell; negative) us.
30. Don’t expect too much if you _________ (want) to be happy.
31. Had I known that Desti was a liar, I _________ (tell) my secret.
32. If she _________ (know) there was a test, she would have prepared for it well.
33. We _________ (do) our work if our computer had not broken down.
34. If he _________ (be) more confident during the interview, he might have the job he wanted.
35. They would have lost their bag if they _________ (leave) it in the hotel.
36. If I had more time, I (come) ________ to your party yesterday.
37. Give the book to Jane if you (read) _________ it.
38. If you hadn't lost our flight tickets, we (be) _________ on our way to the Caribbean now.
39. If you (have)_________dinner right now, I'll come back later.
40. If we (set) ___________ off earlier, we wouldn't be in this traffic jam now.
41. What would you do if you (accuse) ._________of murder?
42. If I hadn't eaten that much, I (feel / not)_________so sick now.
43. We would take another route if they (close / not) _________ the road.
44. She only (sing)_________ if she's in a good mood.
45. If she were sensible, she (ask)_________that question, by which she offended him so much.

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UNIT 2

COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

1. CLAUSE
Definition
Clause is a group of related words that contains at least a subject and a verb. On the other hand, if a
group of related words does not contain a subject with an attached verb, it is simply a phrase.

Kinds
There are two types of clauses:

1. Independent clauses (Main Clause)


Definition : An independent clause is a complete sentence; it can stand alone. It has a subject
and a verb. It is a complete thought. 

Pattern : S + V (./?/!)

Example :

 He ran. (Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still a complete
sentence because it contains one word; subject and one word; predicate, that is also a
complete thought.)
 He ran fast.
 I was late to work.
 The paper does not specify which type of format it must be in. 
 The instructor spent the class period reviewing the difference between independent and
dependent clauses.

2. Dependent Clause (Subordinate clause and relative clause)

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Definition : is a group of words that also contains a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete
thought. Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its
own as a sentence; it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to
form a sentence.

Pattern : Conj. + S + V.

Example : Because your mother goes.

 Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?)


 When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)
 If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time… (what will happen?)

Dependent clauses add additional information to the main clauses, but they are not necessary to
form a complete thought.
Dependent clauses do not form a complete thought by themselves.
Although each of the dependent clauses has a subject and a verb, it does not express a complete
thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone.
A dependent clause often starts with a word that makes the clause unable to stand alone. These
words we call as subordinate conjunction like: until, because, although.
Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause to a dependent clause.
Each subordinating conjunction expresses a relationship between the meaning of dependent clause
and the meaning of the independent clause.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Relationship Example
Unless, provided that, if, even if
Condition
Because, as, as if
Reason
Rather than, than, whether
Choice
Thought, although, even though, but
Contrast
Where, wherever,
Location
In order that, so, so that, that
Result, effect
While, once, when, since, whenever, after,
Time
before, until, as soon as

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When a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction comes before the independent
clause, the clauses are usually separated by a comma. For example:

If you have much money, I’ll marry you.

There are three different kinds of subordinate clauses: adjective clauses, noun clauses, and noun
clauses. Each of the dependent clauses will be discussed in the next pages.

2. SENTENCES
A. COMPUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma,
semicolon, or conjunction. In other word, Compound sentence is formed by combining two independent
clauses. For examples:

Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.


Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction
and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,).

Note that when independent clauses are joined, they need a coordinating conjunction between them.
Coordinating conjunctions include the following words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, etc.
When writing a compound sentence, we need to use a comma before the coordinating conjunction to
punctuate our sentence correctly.
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the
TOEFL or TOEIC test.

A power failure occurred, __________ the lamps went out.


(A) then (B) so
(C) later (D) next

In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure occurred and the
lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next are not

13 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can
connect two clauses.

The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them:

COORDINATE CONNECTORS
and but or so yet for
S V, (coordinate connector) S V
She laughed, but she wanted to cry.

B. COMPLEX SENTENCE
When a dependent clause is joined to an independent clause, it forms a complex sentence. The dependent
clause can come either at the beginning or the end of the sentence. For example:

 When I come home, I will eat dinner.


 If you sell the most cookies, you will win the prize.
 The college gave her a scholarship because she is so smart.

Note that when we place the dependent clause at the beginning of the sentence, we need to put a comma (,)
after it. When the dependent clause is at the end of the sentence, no comma is required.

C. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
As the name suggests, a compound-complex sentence brings both of these sentence forms together. That is,
it contains at least two independent clauses (like a compound sentence) and at least one dependent clause
(like a complex sentence). For example:

 Erin loves her brother, and he loves her too because she pays his bills.
 The dog ran off when I chased him, but I didn't care.
 Though my mother says it doesn't matter, I am tall, and she is short.

Note that the dependent clause can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a compound-complex sentence.
No matter where it is placed, the punctuation follows the rules for both compound sentences and complex
sentences. That means we need to put a comma before the coordinating conjunction and, if applicable,
another comma after the dependent clause when it occurs at the beginning of the sentence.
See some additional examples to get a feel for how compound-complex sentences will help us add detail to
our writing:

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 When I went to the store, my parents wanted me to pick up some milk, but I didn't have enough
money.
 Even if the child is hungry, he will never eat oatmeal, but he will always eat ice cream.
 The man was mean because he was lonely, but his attitude only made his situation worse.
 The dog needed a new leash, and he couldn't go for a walk until he had one.
 It is important to vote when the time comes, or you won't get a say in new laws.

EXERCISE 1: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects
once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences
are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

________ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, and this computer is a laptop.
________ 2. The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
________ 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.
________ 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon.
________ 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water.
________ 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.
________ 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done.
________ 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed.
________ 9. Or you can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed.
________ 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it.

EXERCISE 2: State which of the following sentences are compound and which are complex.
1. The house was destroyed in the fire, but the whole family was saved.
2. Walking through the wood, he saw a fox that was following him.
3. If I do not get this job, I will start a business.
4. He said that he was so disappointed that he would not try again.
5. The men who rule the world with their pens are mightier than those who rule the world with their
swords.
6. The evil that men do lives after them.
7. All that glitters is not gold.

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8. Neither the color nor the design of this cloth appeals to me.

EXERCISE 3: Decide the type (Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex) of sentence in the
following sentence.

1. If you don't succeed, you must try again.


a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
2. Shopping online, Craig bought gifts for everyone in his family.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
3. The students cleaned up after they finished the experiment.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
4. Cassandra could not go on the ski trip because she broke her leg, so she sat on the couch and watched
movies.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
5. The team went our for pizza after the game, but Zach had to go home so that he could work on his
history paper.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
6. Eve knew traffic would be bad, so she left twenty minutes early.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
7. Fatima plays the trumpet, and her sister plays the saxophone.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
8. Ben cleaned the kitchen, vacuumed the living room, and mowed the lawn before going for a bike ride.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
9. I joke with the bats and have intimate chats with the cooties that crawl through my hair.
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex
10. Did you bring copies of the annual report for Sue Dan Joe and Mary?
a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex

PRACTICE 4: Using AND, BUT, OR, and SO. Directions: Choose the correct completion.
1. I was tired, _______ I went to bed.
A. but B. or C. so
2. I sat down on the sofa _________ opened the newspaper.
A. but B. and C. so
3. The students were on time, ________ the teacher was late.

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A. but B. or C. so
4. I would like one pet. I'd like to have a dog _______ a cat.
A. but B. and C. or
5. Our children are happy ________ healthy.
A. but B. and C. or
6. I wanted a cup of tea, ________ I heated some water.
A. but B. and C. so
7. The phone rang, ________ I didn't answer it.
A. but B. and C. so
8. You can have an apple ________ an orange. Choose one.
A. but B. and C. or

PRACTICE 5: Using AND, BUT, and OR. Directions: Add commas where appropriate.

1. I talked to Amy for a long time, but she didn't listen.


2. I talked to Tom for a long time and asked him many questions. (no change)
3. Please call Jane or Ted.
4. Please call Jane and Ted.
5. Please call Jane Ted or Anna.
6. Please call Jane Ted and Anna.
7. I waved at my friend but she didn't see me.
8. I waved at my friend and she waved back.
9. I waved at my friend and smiled at her.
10. Was the test hard or easy?
11. My test was short and easy but Ali's test was hard.

EXERCISE 6: Add commas where necessary.


1. I opened the door and walked into the room. (no commas)
2. I opened the door, walked into the room, and sat down at my desk.
3. Their flag is green and black.
4. Their flag is green black and yellow.
5. Tom ate a sandwich and drank a glass of juice.
6. Tom made a sandwich poured a glass of juice and sat down to eat his lunch.
7. Ms. Parker is intelligent friendly and kind.
8. Mr. Parker is grouchy and unhappy.

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9. Did you bring copies of the annual report for Sue Dan Joe and Mary?
10. I always read the newspaper and watch the TV news in the morning.
11. Can you watch television listen to the radio and read the newspaper at the same time?
12. Doctors save lives and relieve suffering.
13. Doctors save lives relieve suffering and cure diseases.
14. The restaurant served a five-course dinner: soup fish entree salad and dessert.
15. I had fish and a salad for dinner last night.

UNIT 3
GERUND (V-ing)
A. GERUND
Definition
Gerund is the –ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun. In a sentence, gerund can be in the positions of
subject, object, and adverb. It also, in a phrase, can be functioned as modifier of nouns and as head of
noun phrase.

sleeping bag (as a modifier of noun)


reading books (as a head)

Functions
I. Gerund as subject
Smoking is a bad habit.
S (gerund) V

Reading novels makes me happy.


S (gerund phrase) V

Drinking mineral water and eating fruit make us healthy.


S (gerund phrase) v

II. Gerund as object


As an object, gerund has two functions:
1. Object of certain verbs
A. Not all verbs can be followed by a gerund, only certain verbs can be followed by a gerund.
They are as follows:
admit, advice, anticipate consider, can’t help delay, deny, detest enjoy
appreciate, avoid complete dismiss escape

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finish, forgive imagine keep mention, mind,
miss

notice
postpone, practice quit recall , recollect suggest
prevent report, resent, resist
resume , risk understand

John admitted stealing the jewels.


We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
You shouldn’t risk entering that building in its present condition.
Michael was considering buying a new car until the prices went up
The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.
Note: These sentences are made negative by adding the negative particle “not” before the infinitive or gerund.
Would you mind not smoking in this office?
John admits not stealing the diamond.
We regretted not going to the party last night.

B. The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in
meaning.

Begin cant’ bear, can’t stand, cease, continue dread


hate intend like, love prefer
Regret start try

He started to study after dinner. OR He started studying after dinner.


Jihan hates to ride her bicycle to school. OR Jihan hates riding her bicycle to school.

C. Verbs that can be followed by either gerund or to infininitive, but they have different meaning.
stop remember forget

John stops studying. (John is not going to study anymore.)


John stops to study. (John stops doing something in order to study.)

When I was kid, I was so happy. I remember doing many great things with my frieds.
I remember buying some milk. (1. Do it, 2. Remember)
I remember to buy some milk. (1. Remember, 2. Do it)
Remeber to call me tonight! OK.

When I went down town. I asked my brother to take care my plants. He forgot to water the plants
and now they’re dead.

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My brother forgot watering the plants. (He has already watered the plants, but he doesn’t remeber he did it)

2) Object of preposition + gerund (The object used after a preposition)


Example:
She left me without saying anything.
They are always careful in working.
She thanks the guests for visiting her house.

If a verb + preposition, adjective + preposition, noun + preposition, or preposition alone is followed


directly by a verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form.

a. verbs + preposition + gerund


The following list consists of verbs + prepositions.

approve of be better off count on depend on give up


insist on keep on put off rely on succeed in
think about/of worry about

John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.


Mary insisted on taking he bus instead of the plane.
I am thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

The following expressions contain the preposition to. The word to in these expressions must not be
confused with the to in the infinitive. These verbs + preposition to must also be followed by gerund.

object to look forward to confess to

Fredy confesses to stealing the jewels.


After a very long holiday, we are looking forward to going back to school.

b. adjectives + prepositions + gerund


The following adjectives + prepositions are also followed by the gerund. They are as follow.
accustomed to afraid of capable of fond of
intent on interested in successful in tired of

Mita is afraid of getting married now.


We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jihan is not capable of understanding the predicament.
I am intent on finishing school next year.
Desy is fond of dancing.

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We are interested in seeing this film.

c. nouns + prepositions + gerund


The following nouns + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.
choice of excuse for intention of method for
possibility of reason for (method of)

George has no excuse for dropping out of school.


There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
The scientist has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Any time a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in the gerund form.
After leaving the party, Ali drove home.
He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to Canada.

III. Gerund as subject complement


One of my father’s hobbies is watching horror movie at night.
Even Rina has a lot of problem, she always keeps smiling.

IV. Gerund as compound noun (means a tool or place).


Swimming pool              Sewing machine
Swimming suit               Washing machine
Reading books           Writing paper

V. Gerund as appositive (additional information)


My hobby, fishing, can make my body relaxed.
I still insist in my decision, staying at home. Please do not invite me to go somewhere.

VI. possessive adjectives /possessive noun + gerund


I’m so sorry for my coming late.
The secretary received his calling this morning.
We still hope your leaving.
They do not even know John’s buying this house.

VII. gerund used as warning or short ban


No smoking                                         No spitting
No parking                                          No loitering

VIII. together with certain expression or phrases.

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it's no use cannot help to be worth
it's no good cannot stand to be used
busy let's go to be accustomed to

It’s no use crying. It’s worth reading magazines.


Let’s go shopping. I am used to wearing a tie during work.

UNIT 4
TO INFINITIVE (to inf)
Functions:
1. As a subject

To read is my hobby.
To drink mineral water is good for health.
To fish and (to) watch movie are my hobbies.

2. As an object
I want to play football every day.
Rina does not like to drink coffee.

3. As a subject complement
My hobby is to read.
The purpose of his coming is to accompany you.
My goal was to become a well-known writer.
Your duty is to finish the work in time.

4. certain verbs + to infinitive


Verbs that are always followed by the infinitive.
agree, afford, aim, appear, bother care, claim, decide, desire, endeavour,
arrange, attempt condescend, consent demand, determine, expect
Fail guarantee happen, hesitate, hope intend learn
manage need offer plan, prepare, pretend, proceed, refuse, resolve
promise, propose, prove

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seek, seem, strive, swear, tend, threaten, trouble volunteer, vow want, wish, would like

John expects to begin studying law next semester.


Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The budget committee decides to postpone this meeting.
The president will attempt tto reduce inflation in the next four years.
The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.
Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5. Adjective followed by the infinitive


The following adjectives are always followed by the infinitive form of the verb and never by gerund.

anxious boring dangerous hard


eager easy good strange
pleased prepared ready able*
usual common difficult

David is eager to see his family.


It is dangerous to drive in this weather.
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
I am pleased to be admitted to the college.

*Able means the same as capable in many instances, but the grammar is very different. While able is
followed by the infinitive, capable is followed by of + [verb + ing].

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.

Practice 1: Identifying gerunds and infinitives. Directions: Underline the gerunds and infinitives in the
sentences. Circle GER for gerunds. Circle INF for infinitives.

1. GER INF Ann promised to wait for me.


2. GER INF I kept walking even though I was tired.
3. GER INF Alex offered to help me.
4. GER INF Karen finished writing a letter and went to bed.
5. GER INF The police officers planned to work overtime during the conference.

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Practice 2: Choose the option that best completes the sentences.
1. Daniel suggested _____ video games after school.
a. to play b. playing
2. My father enjoys _____ football match.
a. to watch b. watching
3. I miss _____ as a teacher. I hope I can get that profession back someday.
a. to work b. working
4. Where did you learn _____ a pizza?
a. to make b. making
5. Do you mind _____ that book?
a. to take b. taking
6. She asked _____ with you.
a. to talk b. talking
7. She hopes _____ to Europe next week.
a. to go b. going
8. The singer always practices _____ ten minutes before performing on the stage.
a. to sing b. singing
9. Mandy promises _____ with me to the cinema tonight.
a. to go b. going
10. My father chooses _____ the promotion from his boss rather than finding a new job.
a. to accept b. accepting

Practice 3: Fill in the blanks with verbs in the parentheses into either the gerund or the infinitive.
1. We insist on __________ (cook) the dinner ourselves.
2. I don’t fancy __________ (go) out tonight.
3. She avoided __________ (tell) him about her plans
4. I would like __________ (come) to the party with you.
5. She helped me __________ (carry) my suitcases.
6. I’ve finished __________ (cook) – come and eat!
7. We discussed __________ (go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home.
8. I don’t recommend __________ (take) the bus – it takes forever!
9. We hope__________ (visit) Amsterdam next month.
10. Do you mind ________ (travel) such a long way to work every day?

Practice 4: Choose the best answer.

1. Because of the on-going dispute, the politician rests the president’s________ for hearing the session on
a cabinet reshuffles.
a. to call b. call c. called d. calling

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2. According to the diet procedure, ________________will decrease our fat.
a. if we eat tomato everyday c. to eat daily tomato
b. tomato to be eaten daily d. eating tomato every day
3. “May I find a shady spot and take a rest, mom?”
“That isn’t a good idea, dear. We can’t stop                        all the rooms till they’re clean.
a. sweeping b. sweep c. to sweep d. being swept
4. My son is looking forward to________ a graduation gift from his elder brother this week.
a. being getting b. getting c. to get d. get
5. “Is it a good idea if I spend holiday in Bali for a week?”
“I do not think so. I would advise you _______ holiday in your uncle’s town.”
a. spend b. to spend c. will spend d. spending
6. Our new English lecturer, who is used to________shirts and a good looking person, is Mr. Antony.
a. use b. to use c. using d. be used
7. I was interested in ____ more about history.
   a. learn b. to learn c. learning d. to learning
8. Praying and trying are important ways to make our dream come true. They’re very useful ________.
a. do b. being done c. to do d. doing

PROGRESS TEST

Test 1: Completion
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses: gerunds or infinitive.

1. It’s difficult for me (remember) _____________ phone numbers.


2. My cat is good at (catch) __________ mice.
3. I bought a newspaper (look) __________ at the ads for apartments for rent.
4. Tourists like (go) ______ (swim) ________ in the warm ocean in Hawaii.
5. I called my friend (invite) ________ her for dinner.
6. Children, stop (draw) ___________ pictures on the tablecloth!
7. Professor Arnold has a strong accent. It is difficult for his students (understand) ________ him.
He needs (improve) __________ his pronunciation if he wants (be) __________ a good
lecturer. (lecture) ___________ requires good communication skills.

8. A: Hi! I’m home!


B: Welcome back. Did you have a good trip?
A: Yes, thanks. How’s everything? How are my goldfish? I hope you didn’t forget (feed)
___________ them.
B: Oh, my gosh!

25 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


9. Dan’s goldfish died when he was away on a trip because his roommate forgot (feed)
__________ them. Dan is considering (get) ___________ roommate.

10. It takes care, patience, and a little luck (take) _________ a really good photograph of wildlife.

11. No matter how wonderful a trip is, it’s always good (get) ___________ back home and
(sleep) ___________ in one’s own bed.

12. A: Quit (stare) __________ at the phone. Greg isn’t going to call
B: I keep (think) __________ the phone will ring any second.
A: I don’t mean (be) _________ unsympathetic, but I think you’d better forget about Greg.
It’s over.

13. It’s important to your health for you (work) _____ at a job you like. If you hate (go) ______
to your job, you should seriously think about (look) ____________ for a different kind of
job. The stress of (do) _________ work you hate day in and day out can damage your health.

14. (ask) ________ others about themselves and their lives is one of the secrets of (get) ________
along with other people. If you want (make) _________ and (keep) ___________ friends, it
is important (be) ______________ sincerely interested in other people’s lives.

15. I keep (forget) ________ (call) ___________ my friend Lousi. I’d better write myself a note.

16. I like (travel) _____________ to out-of-the-way places. I don’t like (go) _____________ to
usual tourist places when I’m on holiday.

17. Stop (crack) _______________ those nuts with your teeth! Here. Use a nutcracker. Do you
want (be) ______________ toothless by the time you’re thirty?

18. Different cultures have different gestures. When North Americans meet someone, they usually
offer a strong handshake and look the other person straight in the eye. In some countries,
however, it is impolite (shake) ____________ hands firmly, and (look) ___________ a
person in the eye is equally rude.

26 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


19. How close do you stand to another person when you are speaking? North Americans prefer
(stand) _______ just a little less than an arm’s length from someone. Many people in the
Middle East and Latin America like (move) _______ in closer than that during a conversation

20. (smile) _____________ at another person is a universal, cross-cultural gesture. Everyone


throughout the world understands the meaning of a smile.
Test 2: Completion
Direction: Complete this conversation with the correct verb forms.
A: Have you made any vacation plans?
B: I was hoping (go) __________ to an island off the Atlantic coast, but my wife wanted (drive)
__________ down the Pacific coast. We’ve decided (compromise) __________ by going to neither
coast. We’ve agreed (find) __________ a place where both of us want.
A: So where are you going?
B: Well, we’ve been considering (go) __________ (fish) __________ in Canada. We’ve also discussed
(take) __________ a train across central and western Canada. We’ve also been thinking about (rent)
_________ a sailboat and (go) __________ (sail) __________ in the Gulf of Mexico.
A: Have you ever thought about (stay) __________ home and (relax) __________?
B: That’s not a vacation to me. If I stay home during my vacation, I always end up doing all the chores
around house that I’ve put off (do) __________ for the past year. When I go on a holiday, I like (visit)
__________ new places and (do) __________ new things. I enjoy (see) __________ parts of the world
I’ve never seen before.
A: What place would you like (visit) __________ the most?
B: I’d love (go) ______ (camp) ______ in New Zealand. My wife loves (camp) _______ in new places
too, but I’m afraid she might refuse (go) ________ to New Zealand. She doesn’t like long plane flights.
A: Why don’t you just pick a spot on a map? Then call and make a hotel reservation.
B: Neither of us can stand (spend) ________ the whole weeks at a luxury hotel. I don’t mean (say)
_______ anything bad about big hotels, but both of us seem (like) _______ more adventurous vacations.
A: Well, keep (think) __________ about it. I’m sure you’ll figure out a really great place for your vacation.
B: We’ll have to stop (think) __________ about it sometime soon and make a decision.
A: I can’t wait (find) __________ out where you decide (go) __________. I’ll expect (hear) __________
from you when you make a decision. Don’t forget (call) __________ me.

27 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


B: Hmmm. Maybe we should go (ski) __________ in Switzerland. Or perhaps we could go (waterski)
__________ on the Nile. Then there’s the possibility of going (hike) __________ in the Andes. Of
course, we’d probably enjoy (swim) __________ off the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. And we
shouldn’t postpone (explore) ________ the Brazilian rainforest much longer. Someday I’d like (climb)
_______ to the top of an active volcano and (look) ________ inside the crater. Or maybe we could.

Test 3: Completion
Direction: complete the sentences with the correct verb forms from the words in parentheses.
What is your most (embarrass) ________ experience? Let me tell you what happened to my uncle
Ernesto when he (go) ________________ to Norway for a business meeting last year.

First, I must tell you about my uncle. He (be) _________ a businessman from Buenos Aires,
Argentina. He (manufacture) _________ a new kind of computer compass for ships. Computer compasses
(make) __________ by many companies in the world, so my uncle (have) ___________ a lot of
competition for his product. In order to sell his product, he (need) _______ (meet) _________ with
companies that might want to buy it. He (travel) _________a_ frequently to other countries.

Last year, he (go) _____ to Norway (meet) ______ with a shipping company. It was his first trip to
Scandinavia. My Uncle Ernesto(speak) _____ Spanish, of course and also (know) _______ a little English,
but he (know, not ) ________any Norwegian. While he (stay) _________ in Norway, he (have) ________ a
problem.

Uncle Ernesto (stay) _____________ at a small hotel in Oslo. One morning, while he (get)
______________ ready to take a shower, he (hear) ____________ a knock at the door. He (walk)
_____________ to the door (open) _____________it, and (find) ____________ no one. He (take)
_________ a step out of his room and (look) _______ down the hall. He (see) _________no one. So he
(turn) __________ (go) _______ back into his room , but the door (close) _____________. It (lock)
__________, and he (have, not) ________ properly. In fact , he (wear) ______________ nothing but a
towel. Poor Uncle Ernesto! “What (I, do ) ________________?” he asked himself.

Instead of (stand) ________ in the hallway with only a towel, he (decide) ________ (get)
_________ help. So he (start) _________ (walk) _____ down the hall toward the elevator. He thought
about (knock) _______ on someone else’s the door (ask) _______ for help, but decided it was better (ask)
___________the hotel personnel. He hoped the elevator would be empty.
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When he (reach) _______ the elevator, he (push) _______ the down button and (wait) ________.
When it (come) __________Uncle Ernesto (take) _________ a deep breath and (get) ___________ in even
though the elevator wasn’t empty. The other people in the elevator (surprise) ___________ when they
(see) ________ a man who (wrap) ________ in a towel .

Uncle Ernesto (think) _______ about (try) __________ (explain) _______ his problem, but
unfortunately he (know, not) ________ any Norwegian. He said in English “ Door. Locked. No key” A
businessman in the elevator (nod) ________ but he (smile, not) _______. Another man (look) ________ at
Uncle Ernesto and (smile) ________ broadly.

After an eternity, the elevator (reach) ________ the ground floor. Uncle Ernesto (walk) _________
straight to the front desk and (look) __________ at the hotel manager helplessly. The hotel manager (have
to understand, not) _________ any language (figure) ________ out the problem. My Uncle (have to say,
not )_________ a word. The manager (grab) _________ a key, (take) ________ my uncle by the elbow,
and (lead) _________him back to the nearest elevator .

My Uncle (embarrass, still) __________about the incident. But he ( laugh) _________ a lot when he
(tell) ____________ the story.

Test 4: Error analysis


Direction: Correct the errors.
1. Do you enjoy to go to the zoo?
going
2. I went to the store for getting some toothpaste.

3. Did you go to shopping yesterday?

4. I usually go to the Cafeteria for to get a cup of coffee in the morning.

5. Bob needed to went downtown yesterday.

6. I cut the rope by a knife.

7. I thanked him for drive me to the airport.

8. Is difficult to learn a second language.

9. It is important getting an education.

10. Timmy isn’t enough old too get married.


29 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
11. Do you want go to swimming tomorrow?

12. I went to the bank for cashing a check.

13. I was to sleepy to finish my homework last night

14. Is easy this exercise to do.

15. Last night too tired no do my homework.

16. I’ve never gone to sailing, but i would like to.

17. Reading it is one of my hobby.

18. The man began to built a wall around his garden.

19. I like to travel because you learn too much about other countries and cultures.

20. Instead of settle down in one place, I’d like to travel around the world.

21. My grandmother likes to fishing.

22. Marry would like to has a big family.

Test 5: Error Analysis


Direction: Correct the errors.

1. I decided not buying a new car.

2. The Johnsons are considering to sell their antique store.

3. Sam finally finished build his vacation home in the mountains.

4. My wife and I go to dancing at the community center every Saturday night.

5. Suddenly, it began to raining and the wind started to blew.

6. The baby is afraid be away from her mother for any length of time.

7. I am excited for start college this September.

8. You can send your application fax.

9. My country is too beautiful.

10. Is exciting a sports car to drive.

30 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


11. My grandparents enjoy to traveling across the country in a motor home.

12. Elena made this sweater with her hands.

13. Swimming it is one of the sports we can participate in at school.

14. That was very good, but I'm too full no eat any more.

15. My mother-in-law went to a tourist shop for buying a disposable camera.

16. Instead to get her degree in four years, Michelle decided traveling abroad first.

17. Swim with a group of people is more enjoyable than swim alone.

18. Is interesting meet new people.

19. Is hard me to stay up past 9:00.

20. The professor thanked his students do we.

Test 6: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences.

1. ‘What did the speaker say at the seminar?’‘_______ while they are watching TV is very important.’

A. That you should accompany your children D. Accompanying your children


B. You should accompany your children E. You are accompanying your children
C. That accompanying your children

2. ‘What can we do to improve our employees’ skills?’


‘________ them more training is the first what we can do.’
A. Giving B. To be given C. We give D. It is giving E. To give

3. ‘What annoys your mother so much?’ ‘_______ in the bedroom.’

A. My father is smoking D. The smoking of my father


B. It is my father who smokes E. My father’s smoking
C. My father smokes

4. ‘What has made him so busy these days?’ ‘________ for the Bazaar that will be held next month.’
A. To prepare B. Preparing C. She prepares D. In preparing E. Its preparation

5. According to the latest issue of the journal of American Medical Association, _ ______ can reduce the risk of
sudden cardiac death in men.

A. fish being eaten every week B. if we eat fish once a week

31 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


C. to eat weekly fish E. eating fish just once a week
D. fish to be eaten weekly

6. _______ clothes can often be very time consuming.


A. They buy B. Man buying C. To be buying D. Buying E. In buying
7. ‘Why don’t you want Amir to be the team leader?’ ‘Well, I don’t like _______ people around.’
A. his ordering B. he order C. why he orders D. with his ordering E. he is ordering
8. “What don’t you like about Irwan?” “_______”

A. Why he wears earrings


B. His wearing earrings
C. For wearing earrings
D. His wearing earrings
E. To wear earrings

32 PRE − INTERMEDIATE LEVEL


9. “What are your mother’s hobbies?” “Growing orchids and _______ antique jewelry.”
A. collect B. is collecting C. collecting D. to collect E. she collect

10. ‘What is she worrying about this time?’ ‘__ from her son after the car accident.’
A. Not to hear B. In setting up C. Having heard D. She hasn’t heard E. Set up
11. ‘What has the donated money been used for?’
‘_______ a school for the needy.’
A. We set up B. In setting up C. Setting up D. Sets up E. It is set up

12. ‘What has the donated fund been used for?’ ‘_______ a school for the needy.’
A. We set up B. In setting up C. Setting up D. Sets up E. It is set up

13. Tati declined the offer of _______ to Singapore a representative of our company.
A. being transferred B. to transfer C. is transferred D. transferred E. be transferred

14. We decided to stay home because Sita wasn’t keen on _______ out in the rain.
A. go B. to go C. goes D. going E. went
15. ‘What does this song remind you of?’ ‘_______ with my first date.’
A. I dance B. To be dancing C. To dance D. Dance E. Dancing
16. Little children are usually afraid of _______ by their mothers.
A. left B. leaving C. to leave D. been left E. being left
17. My parents are very happy about _______ the first prize in the essay contest.
A. my winning B. that I win C. I am winning D. I win E. me winning

18. My brother has been away from home for years without ever _______ to us.
A. to write B. writing C. to be writing D. written E. have written

19. “What are the horns of buffalo used for?” “Well, mostly for _______ handicrafts.”
A. make B. they make C. to make D. making E. being made
20. We are astonished at _______ a good score for his TOEFL in spite of his poor English.
A. he could get B. to be able to get C. be able to get D. being able to get E. his being able to get

21. She was very sad because her father did not approve of _______ too often.
A. I saw her B. me seeing her C. me to see her D. that I see her E. my seeing her
22. “What was he punished for?” “_______ others to break school rules.”
A. When he persuaded C. To persuade E. By persuading
B. In order to persuade D. Persuading

23. Don’t put off _______ the application form.


A. to fill in B. filling in C. fill in D. you fill in E. for filling in

33 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris


24. Please excuse me _______ you.
A. to interrupt B. for interrupting C. interrupt D. interrupt E. interrupting
25. ‘How did your sister get a scholarship to study in Japan?’ ‘She got it after_________ a writing
competition.’
A. win B. to win C. winning D. she win E. won

26. After _______ his pass, he was allowed to enter the building.
A. shown B. showing C. have shown D. to show E. showed

27. I am looking forward to _______ you next week.


A. seeing B. be seeing C. see D. be seen E. will see

28. I am looking forward to _______ a salary raise next month.


A. get B. have go C. be getting D. got E. getting

29. Facing hard time, people with very low income are looking forward to _______ by the well-to-do in getting the
daily basic necessities.
A. being supported B. be supporting C. supporting D. be supported E. supported

30. My brother, who was not used to _______ a room with someone else, was quite unhappy when he couldn’t have
his own room in the dormitory.
A. sharing B. be shared C. share D. being shared E. be sharing

31. In her letter my friend said that she was looking forward _______ from me again.
A. to hearing B. having hear C. to being heard D. to hear E. hearing

32. He was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment after he confessed_______.


A. steal the jewels C. he stole the jewels E. to be stealing the jewels
B. when stealing the jewels D. to having stolen the jewels
33. “My niece” is not used __ in dormitory.’
A. to live B. lives C. live D. to living E. living
34. I __ to his behaving so rudely toward his sister.
A. object B. regret C. complain D. disagree E. dislike
35. Despite criticisms from political opponents, the new president continues his _______ abroad to appeal to
foreign countries to invest in Indonesia.
A. to travel B. be travelling C. traveled D. to be traveled E. travelling
36. ‘I need to do some exercise to stay up fit.’ ‘Have you considered _______ for one hour every day?’
A. walking B. to be walking C. you walk D. walk E. travelling
37. “Did you thank Andi for dictionary he bought for you?” “Yes, I did; I really appreciate _______ it for
me.”
A. to buy B. to have bought C. buys D. his buying E. buying it
38. Fast-food restaurants have become popular in big cities because many people prefer _______ quickly.
34 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris
A. served B. they are served C. being served D. be serving E. serving
39. When I received my salary last month, I avoided _____ to the mail; otherwise, I would have spent all my
money.
A. going B. having gone C. to go D. I go E. to have gone
40. ‘Do you think I can wear my new necklace?’
‘I wouldn’t advise_______ jewelry in a difficult time like this.’
A. wear B. wearing C. to wear D. you wear E. to be wearing
41. Have you considered _______ to an apartment closer to your office?
A. move B. moving C. to move D. to be moving E. moved
42. My friend Hasan is considering _______ school before finishing it because of financial reasons.
A. he leaves B. he wants to leave C. about leaving D. leaving E. in leaving
43. We always try to avoid_____preserved foods.
A. consuming B. we consume C. to consume D. being consumed E. consumed
44. The thief denied _____ the jewelry although the police forced him to admit it.
A. steal B. stolen C. in stealing D. to steal E. stealing
45. They have considered_____down the factory because of continuous losses.
A. to close B. closed C. the close D. closing E. in closing
46. Since my father and my mother are both working, we usually go_____on Sundays.
A. to shop B. for shopping C. they shop D. shop E. shopping
47. We always avoid_____to the zoo on Sundays because it was too crowded.
A. going B. to go C. go D. to be going E. we go
48. The children enjoy playing on the beach and _____.
A. to be swimming in the ocean C. to swim in the ocean E. swimming in the ocean
B. they are swimming in the ocean D. swim in the ocean
49. The man sitting next to Ratu said, “Do you mind _____?”
A. smoking B. be smoking C. my smoking D. to smoke E. smoke
50. As a child I always enjoyed _______ in the rain.
A. be playing B. to play C. playing D. played E. play
51. He must avoid _______ too hard because of his poor health.
A. be working B. to be working C. working D. work E. in working
52. Ivan is working hard for his examination, he avoids_______too much.
A. to be going out B. goes out C. to go out D. going out E. go out
53. Although Dino has denied _______ the money, they are still suspecting him.
A. stolen B. stealing C. steal D. have stolen E. to steal
54. ‘Why don’t you ask Mr. Andrew for a donation?’
‘Well, you know that he is not generous. So it’s no use _______ him.’
A. to ask B. asking C. you ask D. ask E. to be asking
55. “Can you turn on this electric stove?” “I’m sorry. I don’t know _______.”

35 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris


A. operating it B. what is operated C. the way operating D. how to operate it E. it is operated
56. ‘People are concerned about the depletion of energy sources. However, they should not forget another important
thing _______.’
A. to protect B. having to protect C. it is protecting D. protected E. they protect
57. The director wants the result of the research _______ at the regional meeting.
A. to present B. to be presented C. to be presenting D. to have presented E. is to present
58. He hasn’t got enough experience _______ principal of our school.
A. promoted B. he will be promoted C. to be promoted D. to be promoting E. be promoted
59. ‘You seem to like him very much.’ ‘Yes, he is such a nice man_______.’
A. talking to B. be talking to C. talked to D. to talk to E. to be talked to
60. Being members of a team in a debate contest, you are all supposed_______to the opposite team.
A. don’t give B. you are not giving C. not giving D. that you don’t give E. not to give
61. “Why am I not allowed to make Marta’s picture?” “Well, she doesn’t like _______.”
A. she photographed C. was photographed E. to be photographed
B. she was photographed D. photographed
62. Dony does not mind doing extra work, but doesn’t like _______.”
A.to criticize B. being criticize C.criticizing D. to be criticized E. is criticized
63. The regulation in our dormitory does not allow dinner _______ before sunset during the fasting month.
A. to serve B. is served C. to be served D. is serving E. to present
64. ‘What are you going to do with your research findings?”
‘They expect me _______ them at the national seminar on technology to be held in Surabaya.’
A. presenting B. present C. to be presented D. for presenting E. to present
65. ‘What did Adi finally decide?’ ‘_______his master’s degree in Australia.’
A. He takes B. Present C. Presenting D. For presenting E. To present
66. ‘What did Prabu promise you yesterday?’ ‘_______together in the library.’
A. We study B. Studied C. His taking D. To study E. In studying
67. ‘What did the cashier of the bookstore tell you?’ ‘_______with a credit card.’
A. Not paying B. Not to pay C. Not pay D. Did not pay E. Let’s not pay

68. As I found out that not all of the workshop participants knew about this week’s schedule, I got my secretary
_______ it right away.
A. distributing B. to distribute C. distributed D. in distributing E. she distributes
69. Even a very small satellite in orbit round the earth can be used __twice as much electricity as the largest
conventional power station.
A. product B. productive C. to produce D. productivity E. production
70. The memory trace, which forms the internal representation of the specific information about an event stored in
the memory, is probably made by structural changes in the brain, although the problem is that the memory trace
isn’t really subject to direct observation because it’s more a theoretical contruction that we us _______ about
how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time.
A. speculating B. speculated C. to speculate D. to be speculating E. we speculate
36 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris
71. The term “placebo” is used _______a “pill” that contains no medical ingredients but that often produces the
same effect as genuine medication.
A. describe B. it describes C. to describe D. they describe E. describing
72. Some people use music or clothing or certain hairstyle_______them in connection with a certain pieces of
music for instance other, teenagers like them are example of this use of music.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. they help E. helped
73. “What was the last thing you said to the students just now?” “_______to campus.”
A. Not now to wear sandals C. You don’t wear sandals E. They don’t wear sandals
B. For not wearing sandals D. wearing no sandals
74. “Why do you always leave so early?” “_______the first train to campus.”
A. Not miss B. For not missing C I don’t miss D. Do not miss E. Not to miss
75. ‘Why are your friends writing a petition to the headmaster?’
‘_______our canteen and sport facilities improved.’
A. Get B. Got C. Getting D. To get E. Forgetting
76. The motion picture originated when a series of still photographs were spliced and viewed in rapid
succession___ the illusion of movement and continuity.
A. for creation B. in the creation of C. to be created by D. to create E. created
77. ‘What are you planning to do with all these painting?’ ‘_______them in the cultural center next month.’
A. To be exhibiting B. Be exhibiting C. To exhibit D. We exhibit E. Will exhibit
78. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful _______ a balanced and healthful diet.
A. to keep B. they keep C. kept D. for keeping E. keeping
79. ___ a skillful photographer, a person should have both manual skill and a good eye for detail.
A. Becoming C. When he becomes E. He can become
B. Having become D. To become
80. ‘What is Iwan’s decisions concerning his house?’ ‘____it before putting it up for sale.’
A. His renovating B. Renovated C. For renovating D. To renovate E. Be renovated
81. ‘What do you use my calculator for?’‘________this math problem.’
A. In solving B. To solve C. My solving D. I solve E. Solved
82. ‘Why do you have to stay at home tomorrow?’ ‘_______my little brother.’
A. Takes care B. For taking care C. Taking care D. I will take care E. To take care
83. The reason why I am here is _______you fill in the forms for the scholarship.
A. help B. I will help C. to help D. I am helping E. helping
84. The crowd has been waiting outside the hotel for hours just _________a glimpse of the famous singer.
A. getting B. for getting C. they get D. to get E. get
85. I usually take a walk early in the morning _______ some fresh air.
A. getting B. I get C. get D. be getting E. to get
86. Would you like the merchandise ________ early in the morning?
A. delivering B. deliver C. when delivered D. to be delivered E. is delivered

37 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris


87. We did not know _________ him stop drinking.
A. make B. to be made C. made D. making E. to make
88. ‘Have you told your problem to be supervisor.’ ‘No, he was too busy ________ to me yesterday.’
A. talk B. he didn’t talk C. for talking D. to talk E. talking
89. My sister thinks that the ceramic vase is too big _________ on the piano.
A. be put B. for being put C. being put D. to be put E. it is put
90. Your hand writing is almost impossible _________.
A. my reading it B. be read C. to read D. reading E. for reading it
91. It is useful ________ chapters before they are discussed in class.
A. reads B. for reading C. reading D. to read E. having read
92. I believe Soe is too young _______ the personnel manager of our company.
A. when he is B. if he be C. to be D. Of being E. in being
93. The text is too long_____within ten minutes.
A. be read B. when read C. we read D. reading E. to read

94. She is very unhappy_______the beginning of the play.


A. she misses B. when missing C. has missed D. to have missed E. in missing

95. It is often difficult for new university students ______ themselves to their new environment.
A. they adapt B. adapt C. to adapt D. being adapted E. adapting
96. ‘Has there been a new policy about sick leaves?’ ‘I don’t know, I don’t remember ______ about it.’
A. was being told B. to be told C. being told D. be told E. I was being
told
97. Being lost, the tourist stopped ________ at his map for the place they wanted to visit.
A. looking B. he looked C. to look D. was looking E. looked
98. ‘Let’s go and have lunch’
‘I’ll join you later. I had better not stop________ on this report now.’
A. work B. working C. to work D. am working E. I’ll work
99. ‘Why are so late?’ ‘We had to stop on the way _________ some gasoline.’
A. to buy B. we had to buy C. we bought D. buying E. must buy
100. ‘Where is Jack?’ ‘Oh, I completely forgot _________ him.’
A. to invite B. not to invite C. not inviting D. inviting E. invite

101. I remember __ in this town when traffic wasn’t too heavy yet.
A. be driving B. our driving C. we drive D. to drive E. drive
102. Are you familiar with the environment here? Very much. I can remember ____ here and there by a friend
around.
A. was accompanied C. being accompanied E. I was being accompanied
B. to be accompanied D. be accompanied

38 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris


103. Mrs. Devina required the children _______ off their muddy shoes before they came into her house.
A. taking B. took C. take D. to be taking E. to take

104. ‘Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house?’
‘Yes, we know the house needs________, but we love the surroundings.’
A. to repair B. repaired C. to be repairing D. be repaired E. repairing

105. ‘It’s hot in here. The air-conditioner is not working.’ ‘I think it only needs__________.’
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. be cleaned E. cleaned
106. All new students at this university are required __________ an English proficiency test.
A. taking B. will take C. having to take D. to take E. take

107. ‘What do the employees exactly want?’ ‘____________.’


A. To get better working conditions D. Increasing worker’s motivation
B. Whether the number of employees should be reduced E. Greater responsibilities are given to them
C. They get more training programs
108. The progress of this class needs___.
A. to be evaluated B. in evaluating C. evaluated D. be evaluated E. to evaluated

109. ‘The students are talking so excitedly; what do they want?’ ‘________ the test postponed until next week.’
A. In having B. To have C. Having D. They have E. I have

110. “What is it that you want us to do?” “________ all the lights when you leave the office.”
A. Turning off B. To turn off C. For turning off D. We turn off E. You turn off
111. In a movie, music in the background helps _____ your mood. In a church or temple, music makes the
ceremonies more effective.
A. determination B. determiner C. determined D. determine E. determining

112. ‘Can you send this letter for me? I’m in a hurry.’ ‘Don’t worry. I will have Tina _________ it for you.’
A. fax B. faxes C. faxed D. to fax E. will fax
113. The teacher had students who didn’t bring their identification cards ________ the auditorium where the exams
were held.
A. left B. leaving C. leave D. leaves E. to leave

114. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him_______the bed before night fell.
A. clear B. be clearing C. to be cleared D. to clear E. cleared

115. ‘I fixed the lights in the bathroom yesterday, but it went out again today.’
‘Why don’t you have an electrician_________it.’
A. checking B. check C. checked D. checks E. to checked

39 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris


116. ‘I’ve tried to fixed my motorbike, but it is still not running well.’
‘Why don’t you have a mechanic _________it?’
A. check B. in checking C. checking D. checked E. to check
117. ‘I’m having trouble with my computer again, I’ve done everything I can but it doesn’t work properly.’
‘Why don’t you have Damar________it?’
A. to fix B. fix C. fixing D. fixed E. to be fixed

118. The schoolmaster had the students________their lessons before the exam.
A. to review B. reviewed C. reviewing D. review E. to be reviewed

119. Since her handwriting is very bad, we will have her_______her composition.
A. types B. type C. typed D. to type E. typing

120. “Aren’t you going to make hotel reservation?” “No, I’ll have the travel agent_________.”
A. to do it B. do it C. in doing it D. he does it E. doing it
121. I will have my secretary_________an appointment with Mr. Sandy for next week.
A. cry B. to make C. made D. making E. make

122. The fact that he was put into prison for something he has not done made his wife__.
A. cry B. to cry C. to be crying D. crying E. cried

123. The reality that he is a cold-blooded murderer makes his family__________.


A. weep B. to weep C. to be weeping D. weeping E. weeped

40 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTERMEDIATE – ADVANCED GRAMMAR | HI-ENGLISH anti gagap Inggris

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