Scribd
Upload
106 views

Ultrasonic Generation

This document discusses ultrasonic waves, including their generation, properties, and applications. It defines ultrasonic waves as sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz. Two common methods for generating ultrasonic waves are described: piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillators. Key properties and various applications are outlined, such as using ultrasonic waves for flaw detection in metals, drilling hard materials, welding certain metals, and measuring distances and depths. Medical uses including ultrasound imaging and removing kidney stones are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Kilaru Sai Kiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
106 views

Ultrasonic Generation

This document discusses ultrasonic waves, including their generation, properties, and applications. It defines ultrasonic waves as sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz. Two common methods for generating ultrasonic waves are described: piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillators. Key properties and various applications are outlined, such as using ultrasonic waves for flaw detection in metals, drilling hard materials, welding certain metals, and measuring distances and depths. Medical uses including ultrasound imaging and removing kidney stones are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Kilaru Sai Kiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASONIC
• SPECTRUM OF SOUND WAVES
• GENERATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
• PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
• ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
• APPLICATION AND USES
• CONCLUSION
ULTRASONIC
SPECTRUM OF SOUND
WAVES
FREQUENCY DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

>20 HZ INFRASOUND EARTHQUAKES

20HZ-20KHZ AUDIBLE SOUND MUSIC

<20 KHZ ULTRASONICS BAT


•The word ultrasonic combines the Latin roots ultra, meaning ‘beyond’
and sonic, or sound.
•The sound waves audible having frequencies above the above
range i.e. ultrasonic 20000Hz are called
waves.
•Generally these waves are called as high frequency waves.
•The field of ultrasonics have applications for imaging, detection and
navigation.
•The broad sectors of society that regularly apply ultrasonic technology
are the medical community, industry, the military and private citizens.
•They have a high energy content.
•Just like ordinary sound waves, ultrasonic waves get
reflected, refracted and absorbed.
•They can be transmitted over large distances with no appreciable loss
of energy.
•If an arrangement is made to form stationary waves of ultrasonic
in a liquid, it serves as a diffraction grating. It is called an
acoustic grating.
•They produce intense heating effect when passed through a
substance.
GENERATION OF ULTRASONIC
WAVES

• METHODS TO GENERATE ULTRASONIC:


• ULTRASONIC ARE GENERATED BY USING OSCILLATORS NAMELY.
• 1. PIEZO ELECTRIC OSCILLATOR.
• 2. MAGNETO STRICTION OSCILLATOR
Principle: Magnetostriction effect

When a ferromagnetic rod like iron or nickel is placed in a


magnetic field parallel to its length, the rod experiences a
small change in its length. This is called magnetostricion
effect.
The change in length (increase or decrease) produced in the rod depends
upon the strength of the magnetic field, the nature of the materials and is
independent of the direction of the magnetic field applied.

Advantages Disadvantages

1. The design 1. It has low upper frequency


oscillator simple and limit and cannot generate
its production cost is ultrasonic frequency above
low 3000 kHz (ie. 3MHz).
2. At low ultrasonic frequencies, 2. The frequency of oscillations
the large power output can be depends on temperature.
produced without the risk of 3. There will be losses due to
damage of the oscillatory hysteresis and eddy currents
circuit.
Principle : Inverse piezo Electric effect

•If mechanical pressure is applied to one pair of opposite faces of certain crystals like
quartz, equal and opposite electrical charges appear across its other faces. This is called
as piezo-electric effect.
•The converse of piezo electric effect is also true.
•If an electric field is applied to one pair of faces, the corresponding changes in the
dimensions of the other pair of faces of the crystal are produced. This is known as
inverse piezo electric effect or electrostriction.
The circuit diagram is shown in Figure

Piezo electric oscillator


Advantages Disadvantages

•Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5 x •The cost of piezo electric


108Hz or 500 MHz can be obtained with quartz is very high
this arrangement. •The cutting and shaping of quartz
•The output of this oscillator is very crystal are very complex.
high.
•It is not affected by
temperature and humidity.
Applications of Ultrasonic Waves
(1)Detection of flaws in metals (Non Destructive Testing –NDT)

Principle
Ultrasonic waves are used to detect the presence of flaws or defects in the form of cracks,
blowholes porosity etc., in the internal structure of a material
By sending out ultrasonic beam and by measuring the time interval of the reflected beam,
flaws in the metal block can be determined.
Experimental setup

It consists of an ultrasonic frequency generator and a cathode


ray oscilloscope (CRO),transmitting transducer(A), receiving
transducer(B) and an amplifier
(2) Ultrasonic Drilling
•Ultrasonic are used for making holes in very
hard materials like glass, diamond etc.
•For this purpose, a suitable drilling tool bit is fixed at the
end of a powerful ultrasonic generator.
•Some slurry (a thin paste of carborundum powder and
water) is made to flow between the bit and the plate in
which the hole is to be made
Ultrasonic generator causes the tool bit to move up and
down very quickly and the slurry particles below the bit just
remove some material from the plate.
•This process continues and a hole is drilled in the plate.
(3) Ultrasonic welding
•The properties of some metals change on heating
and therefore, such metals cannot be welded by
electric or gas welding.
•In such cases, the metallic sheets are welded
together at room temperature by using ultrasonic
waves.
•For this purpose, a hammer H is attached to a
powerful ultrasonic generator as shown in Figure
•The metallic sheets to be welded are put together
under the tip of hammer H.
•The hammer is made to vibrate ultrasonically. As a
result, it presses the two metal sheets very rapidly
and the molecules of one metal diffuse into
the molecules of the other.
•Thus, the two sheets get welded without heating.
This process is
(4) Ultrasonic soldering
(5) Ultrasonic cutting and machining
(6) Ultrasonic cleaning
(7) SONAR

Other Applications of Ultrasonic in Medicine


(1)Diagnostic sonography (2)Ultrasound
therapeutic applications (3)Ultrasonic blood Flow
meter
ONE IMPORTANT APPLICATION
HOW TO GENERATE THE
ULTRASONIC WAVE
ULTRASONIC BASED DISTANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
ULTRASONIC SENSORS (ALSO KNOWN AS TRANSCEIVERS WHEN THEY BOTH SEND AND RECEIVE) SHOWN IN
FIGURE WORK ON A PRINCIPLE, WHICH EVALUATE ATTRIBUTES OF A TARGET BY INTERPRETING THE ECHOES
FROM RADIO OR SOUND WAVES RESPECTIVELY. ULTRASONIC SENSORS GENERATE HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND
WAVES AND EVALUATE THE ECHO WHICH IS RECEIVED BACK BY THE SENSOR
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
WAVES
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
WAVES
ULTRASONIC SENSOR DISTANCE
DETERMINING
• SCIENTISTS HAVE DETERMINED THAT THE SPEED OF SOUND IS APPROXIMATELY 341M/S IN AIR. THE
ULTRASONIC SENSOR USES THIS INFORMATION ALONG WITH THE TIME DIFFERENT BETWEEN SENDING AND
RECEIVING THE SOUND PULSE TO DETERMINE DISTANCE TO AN OBJECT USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA

• DISTANCE TO OBJECT =
𝐓 𝐱 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝
𝟐
• T=TIME BETWEEN WHEN AN ULTRASONIC WAVE IS EMITTED AND WHEN IT IS REVISED THAT’S TIME IS
CALLED T
HOW IS THE DEPTH OF SEA
MEASURED USING ULTRASONIC
WAVES?
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC
WAVES
• SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• 1. IT IS USED TO DETECT FLAWS OR CRACKED IN METALS.
• 2.IT IS USED TO DETECT SHIPS, SUBMARINES, ICEBERG ETC, IN OCEAN.
• 3. IT IS USED FOR SOLDERING ALUMINUM COIL CAPACITORS, ALUMINUM WIRES AND PLATES WITHOUT
USING ANY FLUXES.

• 4. IT IS USED TO WELD SOME METALS WHICH CAN’T BE WELDED BY ELECTRIC OR GAS WELDING
• 5. IT IS USED TO CUTTING AND DRILLING HOLES IN METALS.
CONT…
….
• MEDICINE
• 8. IT IS USED TO REMOVE KIDNEY STONES AND BRAIN TUMORS
WITHOUT SHEDDING ANY BLOOD.

• 9. IT IS USED TO REMOVE BROKEN TEETH.


• 10. IT IS USED FOR STERILIZING MILK AND TO KILL BACTERIA.
• 11. IT IS USED TO STUDY THE BLOOD FLOW VELOCITIES IN
BLOOD VESSELS OF OUR BODY.
CONT
….

• ULTRASONIC CAN ALSO SPEED UP CERTAIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS. HENCE, IT HAS GAINED APPLICATION
IN AGRICULTURE,
USES OF
ULTRASONIC
• ULTRASONIC CLEANERS ARE USED AT FREQUENCIES FROM 20 TO 40 KHZ FOR
• JEWELRY,
• LENSES
• OTHER OPTICAL PARTS,
• WATCHES, DENTAL INSTRUMENTS
• SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
• DIVING REGULATORS AND INDUSTRIAL PARTS.
CONCLUSION
• ULTRASOUND IS USED IN MANY DIFFERENT
FIELDS. ULTRASONIC DEVICES ARE USED TO
DETECT OBJECTS AND MEASURE DISTANCE
ULTRASONIC IMAGING IS USED IN BOTH S.
VETERINARY
 MEDICINE AND HUMAN MEDICINE. IN THE
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRODUCTS AND
SED
STRUCTURES, ULTRASOUND IS USED TO DETECT
INVISIBLE FLAWS. INDUSTRIALLY, ULTRASOUND
IS U FOR CLEANING AND FOR MIXING, AND TO
ACCELERATE CHEMICAL PROCESSES. ANIMALS
SUCH AS BATS AND PORPOISES USE
ULTRASOUND FOR LOCATING PREY AND
OBSTACLES.

You might also like