GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Hand out # 3 (Finals)

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
 are major markers of growth and development that serves as the basis of assessing developmental
delay or advancement
1. Period of Infancy
 Play: Solitary play
 Alert: In choosing toys the priority is safety and it must be age- appropriate
 Goal of Play- Sensory Development
 Fear: “Stranger anxiety”- begins by 6-7 months, peaks by 8 months and diminishes at 9 months.
 Milestone
 Neonate
a) Largely reflex
b) Complete head lag
c) Cry without tears
d) Hands fisted
e) Visual fixation on human face
 1 Month
a) Dance reflex disappear
b) Looks at mobile
 2 Months
a) Holds head up when in prone position
b) Social smile
c) Baby coos
d) Closure of the posterior fontanel (2-3 months)
 3 Months
a) Holds head and chest up when in prone position
b) Hand regard
c) Grasp and tonic neck reflexes disappear
d) Follows object past midline
 4 Months
a) Turn from front to back
b) Needs space to turn
c) Head control complete
d) Laughs aloud
e) Babbling sound
 5 Months
a) Turn both ways
b) Teething rings
c) Moro reflex disappear ( 4-5 months)
d) Handles rattles well
 6 Months
a) Reaches out in anticipation of being picked up
b) Eruption of the first temporary teeth ( 2 lower incisor)
c) Sits with support
d) Says with vowel ”ah, eh”
e) Handles bottle well
 7 Months
a) Beginning of fear of strangers (6-7 months)
b) Transfers object from hand to hand
c) Likes objects that are good in size for transferring
 8 Months
a) Sits with support
b) Peak of stranger anxiety
c) Plantar grasps reflex disappears (8-9 months)
 9 Months
a) Creeps and crawl
b) Combines 2 syllables ”mama or dada”
c) Needs space for creeping
 d) Neat pincer grasp reflex

 10 Months
a) Pull self to stand
b) Peek-a boo
c) Understand the word “no”
d) Responds to own name
e) Pats a cake since they can clap
 11 Months
a) Stands with support
b) Cruising
c) One word + mama & dada
 12 Months
a) Stands alone
b) Takes the first step
c) Drinks from a cup
d) Cooperative in dressing
e) Pots and pan
f) Push-and pull toys and nursery rhymes
g) Walks with assistance
h) Says two words + mama & dada.
B. Toddler
1. Play- Parallel play- two toddlers playing separately
2. Significance: Provide2 similar toys such as waddling ducks to pull, truck to push, squeaky frog
to
squeeze, building blocks and pounding peg.
3. Goal of Play: Motor development
4. Fear: Separation Anxiety- begins by 9 months and peaks by 18 months
3 Phases of Separation Anxiety:
A Protest- Characterized by anger. May scream and call the mother to come back
B. Despair- characterized by being withdrawn and does not want to talk.
C. Denial- exhibited by ignoring the parents
How to prevent Separation Anxiety
 Do not prolong the goodbyes and say goodbye firmly
15 Months
a. Plateau Stage
b. Walks alone- lateness in walking is a sign of mild mental retardation.
c. Puts pellets in bottles
d. Scribbles the pencil voluntarily
e. Seat self on chair
f. Creeps upstairs
g. 4-6 words
18 Months
a. Bowel control achieved
b. Height of possessiveness.
c. No longer rotates the spoon
d. Can run and jump in place
e. Walks up and down the stairs holding on to a persons 'hand or railing
f. 7-20 words
g. Can name body part
h. Typically places both feet on the same step before advancing
24 Months
a. Terrible twos
b. Can open door by turning door knobs
c. 50- 200 words (2 words sentences)
d. Day time bladder control achieved
30 Months
a. Makes simple lines and strokes or cross with a pencil
b. Can jump down from a chair
c. Knows full name
d. Copies a circle
 e. Holds up fingers to show age
f. Temporary teeth complete-20 deciduous teeth ( last to erupt posterior molar)
36 Months
a. Trusting three
b. Can do tooth brushing with little supervision
c. Unbuttons buttons
d. Draws a cross
e. Learns how to share
f. Knows full name and sex
g. Speaks fluently
h. Night time bladder control achieved
i. 300 t0 900 words
j. Rides a bicycle
Character traits
 Rigid ritualistic and stereotypic
 Negativistic, their favorite word is “No” as their way to search for independence
 Nursing Significance:
 Limit questions, offer options
 Temper tantrums- ignore the behavior
 They have physiologic anorexia
C. Pre-school
 1. Play: Cooperative and Associative Play such as role playing
 2. Fear: Fear of castration and body mutilation, fear of dark places and witches, fear of lightning
and t
thunder, fear of ghosts.
Milestones
 4 years old
a. Furious fours- as they are noisy, aggressive And stormy
b. Button buttons
c. Copies square
d. Jumps or skips
e. Laces shoes
f. Vocabulary of 1500 words
g. Knows the four basic colors
 5 years old
a. Frustrating fives
b. Copies a triangle
c. Copies square
d. Draws a six part man
e. Imaginary playmates
f. Vocabulary of 2100 words
 6 years old
a. Years of constant motion
b. Clumsy movement
c. Recognizes all shapes
d. First grade teacher becomes authority figure
e. Beginning interest in God
f. Temporary teeth begin to fall while permanent teeth begin to appear. First permanent teeth is
the
first molar last to appear is wisdom tooth or third molar
Character Traits
 Curious, creative imaginative and imitative
 Presence of Complexes:
 Oedipal Complex- identification of pre-school boy o his father and attachment to
his mother
 Electra Complex- is the identification of the pre-school girl to her mother and
attached
D. School Age
 Play: Competitive Play
 Fear: School Phobia
 Can be prevented by orienting the child to the new environment
  Significant Person: Teacher, peer of the same age
Significant Development:
 Prone to bone fracture- green stick fracture because bones are still porous
 They have normal vision
Milestones
 7 years old
 Age of assimilation
 Copies a diamond
 Enjoys playing and teasing
 Quieting down period
 9 years old
 Coordination improves
 Tells time correctly
 Hero worship
 Stealing and lying are common
 Take care of body needs completely
 Teacher finds this age group difficult to handle.
 10 years old
 Age of special talents
 Writes legibly
 Ready for competitive games
 More considerate and cooperative
 Joins Organization
 Well mannered with adult
 11-12 years old
 Pre-adolescent period
 Full of energy and constantly active
 Secret language is common
 Sharing secret with friends
 Sense of humor is present
 Sociable and considerate
 Character Traits
 Industrious
 They love to collect objects
 They can’t afford to lose; they cheat
 They are modest.
D. Adolescent Period
Milestones
1. Fear: Fear of obesity, death, acne, homosexuality and replacement from friends
2. Significant Person: Peers from opposite sex
Significant Development
 Experience conflict between his need for sexual satisfaction and societal expectation
 Their core concern is the change in body image and acceptance of the opposite sex.
 There is distinctive odor- due to stimulation of the apocrine glands
 Nocturnal emissions or “wet dreams” is hallmark of adolescence
 Sperm is viable by age 17
 Scrotum and testis increase in size up to 17 years old
 Breast and female genitalia increases in size up to 18 years old
 Sexual Maturation
GIRLS BOYS
Increase in the size of the breast and Increase in the size of testis and penis.
genitalia
Widening of the hips Deepening of the voice
Appearance of pubic hair and axillary hair Development of the muscles
Menarche-onset of menstruation Appearance of pubic hair and axillary
hair
Production of visible sperm

Personality Traits
 Idealistic, rebellious and reformers
 Very conscious of body image
  Adventurous
Common Problems
 Alcoholism
 Smoking
 Drug Addiction
 Pre-marital sex resulting to pregnant adolescents.
Young Adulthood
 Selecting a mate
 Learning to live with marriage partners
 Starting a family and rearing children
 Managing a home
 Getting started in an occupation
 Taking civic responsibility
 Finding a congenial social group
Middle Adulthood
 Accepting and adjusting to physical changes
 Attaining and maintaining a satisfactory occupational performance
 Assisting children to become responsible adults
 Relating to one’s spouse as a person
 Adjusting to aging parents
 Achieving adults social and civic responsibility
Late Adulthood
 Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
 Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
 Adjusting to death of a spouse
 Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group
 Adjusting and adapting social roles in flexible ways
 Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.