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SQL Joins Interview Questions

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Contents

SQL Joins Interview Questions for Freshers


1.   What are joins in SQL?
2.   What is the importance of SQL joins in database management?
3.   What are the different types of Joins in SQL?
4.   Explain merge join in SQL.
5.   State the difference between inner join and le join.
6.   State difference between le join and right join.
7.   What is a hash join in SQL?
8.   Can you explain nested join in SQL?
9.   Write an SQL query to join three tables.
10.   How can you join a table to itself?

SQL Joins Interview Questions for Experienced


11.   How should data be structured to support Join Operations in a one-to-many
relationship?
12.   How should data be structured to support Join Operations in a many-to-many
relationship?
13.   Explain natural join.
14.   What is an Equi Join?
15.   What is a Non-Equi Join?
16.   What makes a Union clause different from a Join clause?
17.   Is it required that the Join condition be based on equality?
18.   State difference between Full Join and Cross Join.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

SQL Joins Interview Questions for


Experienced (.....Continued)

19.   Explain CTE (Common Table Expression) SQL.


20.   Distinguish between nested subquery, correlated subquery, and join operation.
21.   State difference between Cross join and Natural Join.

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Let's get Started
With the rise in demand for data analysts, it is only a matter of time before we begin
to see more and more people learning SQL as a necessary skill. 
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a special type of language that is meant entirely
for storing, searching, updating, manipulating, and retrieving data residing in a table
in a relational database. 
What if we have two tables that contain different information about the same
person, and we would like to display this information on an invoice for that person?  
In such a case, an SQL join would be necessary. In SQL, Join statements are used to
join some or all of the rows from two or more tables based on a common column
filed between them. SQL JOIN clauses make a wonderful topic for interviewers to
quiz you on during the interview. 
SQL Interview Questions on Joins are common in technical interviews, but they can
also be asked during data analysts, data scientists, data engineers interviewers, and
so forth. Have you ever considered the kinds of SQL JOIN questions you may face
during an interview? How prepared are you to answer them?

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

In this article, we will cover the most common SQL Joins interview questions and
answers that have been grouped based on their difficulty level, both for freshers and
experienced candidates. To make sure that you become a master at answering these
questions, you should practice them repeatedly.

SQL Joins Interview Questions for Freshers


1.   What are joins in SQL?
A join clause is a SQL command used to combine records from multiple tables or
retrieve data from these tables based on the existence of a common field (column)
between them. A join condition and SELECT statement can be used to join the tables.
Using the SQL JOIN clause, records can be fetched from two or more tables in a
database and combined. In general, they are used when users need to retrieve data
from tables that contain many-to-many or one-to-many relationships between them.
Example: Let's take a look at two tables. Here’s the Employee table.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_No

101 Ashish Kaktan 9450425345

102 Raj Choudhary 8462309621

103 Vivek Oberoi 7512309034

104 Shantanu Khandelwal 9020330023

105 Khanak Desai 8451004522

Here's the Employment table. 

Emp_ID Emp_Profile Emp_Country Emp_Join_Date

Content
101 Germany 2021-04-20
Writer

104 Data Analyst India 2022-12-11

So ware
105 India 2022-01-03
Engineer

Development
108 Europe 2023-02-15
Executive

Marketing
109 Mexico 2020-05-23
Manager

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Let us now join these two tables together using a SELECT statement, as shown below.

SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_No, Emp_Profile, Emp_Country FROM Employee, Employment WHE

Output:

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Em

Ashish Content
101 9450425345 Ge
Kaktan Writer

Shantanu
104 9020330023 Data Analyst In
Khandelwal

Khanak So ware
105 8451004522 In
Desai Engineer

2.   What is the importance of SQL joins in database


management?
SQL joins are important in database management for the following reasons:
A method of stitching a database back together to make it easier to read and
use.
Additionally, they maintain a normalized database. Data normalization helps us
keep data redundancy low so that when we delete or update a record, we will
have fewer data anomalies in our application.
Joins have the advantage of being faster, and as a result, are more efficient.
It is almost always faster to retrieve the data using a join query rather than one
that uses a subquery.
By utilizing joins, it is possible to reduce the workload on the database. For
example, instead of multiple queries, you can use one join query. So, you can
better utilize the database's ability to search, filter, sort, etc.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

3.   What are the different types of Joins in SQL?


There are various types of join statements you can use depending on the use case
you have. Specifically, there are four types of joins as follows:

Inner Join: This method returns datasets that have the same values in both
tables.
Full Join: This is also referred to as a full outer join. It combines all rows from
the le table and the right table to create the result set. It means that a query
would return records from both tables, even if they had NULL values. If there are
no matching rows, the result-set (joined table) will display NULL values.
Right Join: This is also referred to as the Right outer join. All records from the
right table will be returned, as well as any records that match from the le table.
Le Join: This is also referred to as Le outer join. All records from the le table
will be returned, as well as any records that match from the right table.

4.   Explain merge join in SQL.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Merge join produces a single output stream resulting from the joining of two sorted
datasets using an INNER, FULL, or LEFT join. It is the most effective of all the
operators for joining data. Specifically, merge join requires that both inputs be sorted
as well as matching meta-data in the joined columns. Users can't join columns of
different data types together. Users are not permitted to combine a column with a
numeric data type with a column with a character data type.

5.   State the difference between inner join and le join.


Inner Join: This join generates datasets that contain matching records in both
tables (le and right). By using an inner join, only the rows that match between
each of the tables are returned; all non-matching rows are removed.
Example: Let's take a look at two tables. Here’s the Tb1_Employee table.

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_No

101 Ashish Kaktan 9450425345

102 Raj Choudhary 8462309621

103 Vivek Oberoi 7512309034

104 Shantanu Khandelwal 9020330023

105 Khanak Desai 8451004522

Here's the Tb2_Employment table.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Profile Emp_Country Emp_Join_Date

Content
101 Germany 2021-04-20
Writer

104 Data Analyst India 2022-12-11

So ware
105 India 2022-01-03
Engineer

Development
108 Europe 2023-02-15
Executive

Marketing
109 Mexico 2020-05-23
Manager

Let’s perform INNER JOIN on these two tables using a SELECT statement, as shown
below: 

SELECT Emp_Name, Emp_No, Emp_Profile, Emp_Country, Emp_Join_Date


FROM Tb1_Employee INNER JOIN Tb2_Employment
ON Tb1_Employee.Emp_ID=Tb2_Employment.Emp_ID;

Output: 

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Emp_Country

Ashish Content
9450425345 Germany
Kaktan Writer

Shantanu
9020330023 Data Analyst India
Khandelwal

Khanak So ware
8451004522 India
Desai Engineer

Le Join: It returns datasets that have matching records in both tables (le and
right) plus non-matching rows from the le table. By using a le join, all the
records in the le table plus the matching records in the right table are returned.
Example: Let’s now perform LEFT JOIN on these two tables using a SELECT
statement, as shown below: 

SELECT Tb1_Employee.Emp_Name, Tb1_Employee.Emp_No, Tb2_Employment.Emp_Profile, Tb2_Empl


FROM Tb1_Employee LEFT JOIN Tb2_Employment
ON Tb1_Employee.Emp_ID=Tb2_Employment.Emp_ID;

Output:

Page 10 © Copyright by Interviewbit


SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Emp_Country

Ashish Content
9450425345 Germany
Kaktan Writer

Raj
8462309621 Null Null
Choudhary

Vivek
7512309034 Null Null
Oberoi

Shantanu
9020330023 Data Analyst India
Khandelwal

Khanak So ware
8451004522 India
Desai Engineer

6.   State difference between le join and right join.


Le Join: It returns datasets that have matching records in both tables (le and
right) plus non-matching rows from the le table. By using a le join, all the
records in the le table plus the matching records in the right table are returned.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Example: Let's take a look at two tables. Here’s the Tb1_Employee table.

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_No

101 Ashish Kaktan 9450425345

102 Raj Choudhary 8462309621

103 Vivek Oberoi 7512309034

104 Shantanu Khandelwal 9020330023

105 Khanak Desai 8451004522

Here's the Tb2_Employment table. 

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Profile Emp_Country Emp_Join_Date

Content
101 Germany 2021-04-20
Writer

104 Data Analyst India 2022-12-11

So ware
105 India 2022-01-03
Engineer

Development
108 Europe 2023-02-15
Executive

Marketing
109 Mexico 2020-05-23
Manager

Let’s now perform LEFT JOIN on these two tables using a SELECT statement, as
shown below: 

SELECT Tb1_Employee.Emp_Name, Tb1_Employee.Emp_No, Tb2_Employment.Emp_Profile, Tb2_Empl


FROM Tb1_Employee LEFT JOIN Tb2_Employment
ON Tb1_Employee.Emp_ID=Tb2_Employment.Emp_ID;

Output:

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Emp_Join_Date

Ashish Content
9450425345 2021-04-20
Kaktan Writer

Raj
8462309621 Null Null
Choudhary

Vivek
7512309034 Null Null
Oberoi

Shantanu
9020330023 Data Analyst 2023-02-15
Khandelwal

Khanak So ware
8451004522 2020-05-23
Desai Engineer

Right Join: It returns datasets that have matching records in both tables (le
and right) plus non-matching rows from the right table. By using a le join, all
the records in the right table plus the matching records in the le table are
returned.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Example: Let’s now perform RIGHT JOIN on these two tables using a SELECT
statement, as shown below: 

SELECT Tb1_Employee.Emp_Name, Tb1_Employee.Emp_No, Tb2_Employment.Emp_Profile, Tb2_Empl


FROM Tb1_Employee RIGHT JOIN Tb2_Employment
ON Tb1_Employee.Emp_ID=Tb2_Employment.Emp_ID;

Output:

Page 15 © Copyright by Interviewbit


SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Emp_Join_Date 

Ashish Content
9450425345 2021-04-20
Kaktan Writer

Shantanu
9020330023 Data Analyst 2022-12-11
Khandelwal

Khanak So ware
8451004522 2022-01-03
Desai Engineer

Development
Null Null 2023-02-15
Executive

Marketing
Null Null 2020-05-23
Manager

7.   What is a hash join in SQL?


Just like any other join, the hash join requires two inputs, which are the probe input
(inner table) and the build input (outer table). A hash join involves the use of a hash
table to identify rows matching between two tables. The hash join is the option when
no other join is preferred (possibly due to the absence of sorting or indexing etc).
Hash joins are best when joining large data sets that are unsorted and non-indexed.

8.   Can you explain nested join in SQL?

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

A JOIN is one of the mechanisms that we use to combine the data of more than one
table in a relational database, and a Nested Join is one of the simplest methods
involving the physical joining of two tables. In essence, a Nested Join uses one joining
table as an outer input table while the other one serves as an inner input table. With a
Nested Loop Join, one row from the outer table is retrieved and then the row is
searched for in the inner table; this process is repeated until all the output rows from
the outer table have been searched for in the inner table. Nested Loop Join may
further be sub-categorized into Indexed Nested, Naive Nested and Temporary Index
Nested Loop Join. 

9.   Write an SQL query to join three tables.


At times, you might need to retrieve data from three or more tables at once. A multi-
table join requires consecutive JOIN operations: the first and second tables are
joined to form a virtual table and then the third table is joined to this virtual table.
Let's take a look at three tables. 
Here’s the Employee table.

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_No

101 Ashish Kaktan 9450425345

102 Raj Choudhary 8462309621

103 Vivek Oberoi 7512309034

104 Shantanu Khandelwal 9020330023

105 Khanak Desai 8451004522

Here's the Employment table. 

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Profile Emp_Email

101 Content Writer [email protected]

104 Data Analyst [email protected]

105 So ware Engineer [email protected]

Development
109 [email protected]
Executive

108 Marketing Manager [email protected]

Here’s the EmpDetail.

Emp_Country Emp_Email Emp_JoinDate

Germany [email protected] 2021-04-20

India [email protected] 2022-12-11

India [email protected] 2022-01-03

Europe [email protected] 2023-02-15

Mexico [email protected] 2020-05-23

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

SELECT Emp_Name, Emp_No, Emp_Profile, Emp_Country, EmpJoinDate,


FROM Employee e INNER JOIN Employment m ON
e.Emp_ID = m.EMP_ID INNER JOIN EmpDetail d on
d.Emp_Email = m.Emp_Email;

Output:

Emp_Name Emp_No Emp_Profile Emp_Country

Content
101 9450425345 Germany
Writer

104 9020330023 Data Analyst India

So ware
105 8451004522 India
Engineer

10.   How can you join a table to itself?


Another type of join in SQL is a SELF JOIN, which connects a table to itself. In order to
perform a self-join, it is necessary to have at least one column (say X) that serves as
the primary key as well as one column (say Y) that contains values that can be
matched with those in X. The value of Column Y may be null in some rows, and
Column X need not have the exact same value as Column Y for every row.
Example: Consider the table Employees.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_Profile Emp_Country

Ashish Content
101 Germany
Kaktan Writer

Raj
104 Data Analyst India
Choudhary

Vivek So ware
105 India
Oberoi Engineer

Shantanu Development
108 Europe
Khandelwal Executive

Khanak Marketing
109 Mexico
Desai Manager

For instance, we might wish to display results that only include employees with their
managers. By using table aliases and a self-join, this can be accomplished easily. 

SELECT e.Emp_ID, e.Emp_Name, m.FullName as ManagerName


FROM Employees e JOIN Employees m ON e.ManagerId = m.Emp_ID

Output:

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Name ManagerName

101 Ashish Kaktan Raj Choudhary

Shantanu
104 Raj Choudhary
Khandelwal

105 Vivek Oberoi Ashish Kaktan

Shantanu
108 Ashish Kaktan
Khandelwal

109 Khanak Desai Null

SQL Joins Interview Questions for Experienced


11.   How should data be structured to support Join Operations
in a one-to-many relationship?
Among the most common types of database relationships are the ones involving one-
to-many relationships.  Consider the example of the Customer and Mobile table. 
Customer Table:

Customer_ID First_Name Last_Name Email

1 Sasha Frank sashafrank@gmai

2 Isha Joshi [email protected]

3 Danish  Khan danishkhan@gma

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Mobile Table:

Mobile_ID Customer_ID OrderPlaced_Date

1 1 2022-03-24

2 3 2021-05-22

3 2 2022-01-05

4 1 2020-10-14

5 2 2021-08-29

A customer can own many mobile phones, but a mobile belongs to one customer
only. Therefore, we've defined the Foreign Key column (Customer_ID) in the Mobile
table allowing us to perform SELECT queries with JOIN clauses fairly easily.

12.   How should data be structured to support Join Operations


in a many-to-many relationship?
The many-to-many relationship is a bit more complex than the one-to-many
relationship.
Example: Consider a Student table and a Class table, both of which have many-to-
many relationships: any student can be enrolled in many classes, and any class can
have many students. It means an individual student may have many classes, and
there may be many students in each class. 
Student Table

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Student_ID Student_Name

1 Asha Bisht

2 Rohit Sharma

3 Karan Tacker

Class Table

Class_ID Class_Name

1 Maths

2 Science

3 English

4 Physical Education

5 Computer Science

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

In this case, we cannot add the primary key of one table to that of another, or to both
of them, as this only stores a single relationship, while what we really need is multiple
relationships. Thus, we use a concept called a bridging table or joining table. The
joining tables are those that are placed between two other tables in a many-to-many
relationship and are intended to hold a record for each combination of the two other
tables. It may seem like quite a chunk of work, but the process is simple and provides
a much better data structure. In this case, we will create a new table called
ClassEnroll maintaining two columns, one for each of the primary keys of the other
table. Those columns store separate records for every class and student
combination.
ClassEnroll Table

Student_ID Class_ID

1 1

1 3

2 4

2 2

3 4

3 1

13.   Explain natural join.


Natural Joins are a type of join that combines tables based on columns that share the
same name and have the same datatype. Ideally, there should be a common
attribute (column) among two tables in order to perform a natural join.
Syntax:

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

SELECT * FROM TableName1 NATURAL JOIN TableName2;

Example: Consider two tables Employee and Employment.


Employee

Emp_ID Emp_Name

1 Khushboo Ahuja

2 Kartik Sharma

3 Milli Desai

Employment

Emp_ID Emp_Profile

1 Content Writer

2 Business Development Executive

3 Marketing Manager

Now, consider the following query.

SELECT * FROM Employee NATURAL JOIN Employment;

Output:

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_ID Emp_Name Emp_Profile

Khushboo
1 Content Writer
Ahuja

Kartik Business Development


2
Sharma Executive

3 Milli Desai Marketing Manager

14.   What is an Equi Join?


Equi Joins are a type of INNER Joins where a join is performed between two or more
tables using a common column between them. Using the equality sign ( = ), it
compares the data in two columns, if the data is the same, it retrieves it.
Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Table1, Table2


WHERE Table1.ColumnName = Table2.ColumnName;

OR

SELECT column_list FROM Table1, Table2


WHERE Table1.ColumnName = Table2.ColumnName;

OR

SELECT * FROM Table1 JOIN Table2 ON Table1.ColumnName = Table2.ColumnName;


Example: Consider the tables Employee and State.

Employee Table

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name State_ID

Asha Bisht 1

Rohit Sharma 1

Karan Tacker 2

Karan Oberoi 3

Nikhil Bhardwawaj 3

State Table

State_ID State_Name

1 Madhya Pradesh

2 Bangalore

3 Uttarakhand

4 Rajasthan

Now, lets perform Equi-join using the equality operation and the WHERE clause as
follows;

SELECT Emp_Name, State_Name FROM Employee, State WHERE Employee.State_ID = State.State_

Output: 

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Emp_Name State_Name

Asha Bisht Madhya Pradesh

Rohit Sharma Madhya Pradesh

Karan Tacker Bangalore

Karan Oberoi Uttarakhand

Nikhil Bharadwaj Uttarakhand

15.   What is a Non-Equi Join?


A Non-Equi join entails pulling data from multiple tables by using an INNER join. This
type of join matches the columns of two tables based on an inequality using
operators such as <, <=, >, >=, !=, BETWEEN, etc.
Syntax:

SELECT * FROM TableName1, TableName2


WHERE TableName1.columnName [> | < | >= | <= | != | BETWEEN ] TableName2.columnName;

16.   What makes a Union clause different from a Join clause?


To combine data from two or more tables, you may use joins and UNIONS in your
queries.
Join: Essentially, joins allow you to combine data into new columns
horizontally. A join clause is an SQL command used in order to combine records
from multiple tables or retrieve data from these tables based on the existence of
a common field (column) between them. In JOIN, the columns of the joining
tables may differ. Here is a visual representation of how a join looks. See how the
columns from Tables A and B have been combined to generate the result.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Union: In SQL, the term UNION is used to combine the results of more than one
SELECT statement. Union allows you to combine data into new rows vertically.
UNION requires that all queries have the same number of columns and order of
columns. Here is a visual representation of how a union looks. See how the
columns from Tables A and B have been combined to generate the result.

17.   Is it required that the Join condition be based on equality?

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

No, joins can have non-equi conditions as well. Join clauses can be used with
common comparison operators, such as <, <=, >, >=, !=, BETWEEN. For example,
listing records, listing unique pairs, and identifying duplicate records are just a few
situations where non-equi joins can prove to be useful.

18.   State difference between Full Join and Cross Join.


Cross Join: A Cross Join is also referred to as a Cartesian join or Cartesian
product. The result set of a cross join is equal to all of the rows from the first
table multiplied by all of the rows from the second table. It applies to all
columns.
Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Table_1 CROSS JOIN Table_2;

In the case of two lists, one consisting of 4, 5, 6, and the other consisting of a, b, and c,
the Cartesian product between the two lists would be as follows:
4a, 5b, 6c
4a, 5b, 6c
4a, 5b, 6c
Full Join: This is also referred to as a full outer join. In a full outer join, all rows of
tables are combined to form a result set. It basically means that a query would
return a result set from both tables, even if they had NULL values. A result-set
(joined table) will display NULL values if both tables do not contain any
matching rows.
Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Table1 FULL OUTER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.column_name = Table2.column_name;

19.   Explain CTE (Common Table Expression) SQL.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Generally, Common Table Expressions (CTEs) are temporary named result sets that
you can use to refer to within an UPDATE, INSERT, SELECT, or DELETE statement. The
CTEs can be defined by adding a WITH before an UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, SELECT,
OR MERGE statement. Several CTEs may be used within the WITH clause, separated
by commas.

20.   Distinguish between nested subquery, correlated subquery,


and join operation.
Join Operation: A join operation is a binary operation that combines the data or
rows from two or more tables based on a field they have in common. There are
different types of joins, such as INNER JOIN, FULL JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN,
etc.
Subquery: A query can be enclosed within another query, so the outer query is
called the main query, and the inner query is called a subquery.
Nested Query: Nested queries execute the inner query first, and only once.
An outer query is then executed based on the results of the inner query. The
inner query is therefore used to execute the outer query.
Correlated Query: The outer query is executed first, and for every row of
the outer query, the inner query is executed. Thus, values from the outer
query are used in the inner query.

21.   State difference between Cross join and Natural Join.


Natural Join: Natural Joins are a type of join that combines tables based on
columns that share the same name and have the same datatype. Ideally, there
should be a common attribute (column) among two tables in order to perform a
natural join.
Cross Join: A Cross Join is also referred to as a Cartesian join or Cartesian
product. The result set of a cross join is equal to all of the rows from the first
table multiplied by all of the rows from the second table. It applies to all
columns.

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SQL Joins Interview Questions

Conclusion

SQL joins are a simple concept that everyone should be able to grasp, even if writing
codes and handling them isn't hard. There is only one decision to make: which join to
use. What you need to know is what join you should use, which is what makes joining
so challenging at times. If you wish to become better at making such decisions, you
should gain as much experience as possible, following which you will be more
prepared to read and comprehend SQL Joins, understand data, and decide which
join type to use. In this article, you will find a number of frequently asked SQL Joins
interview questions and answers that will help you prepare convincing answers.
At the end of the day, you should know that the goal is to provide a concise, yet well-
illustrated answer that demonstrates your knowledge of the subject matter without
going on and on. The best approach would be for you to give an example of a use
case you have encountered while using this feature. Practice mock interviews and
solve SQL interview questions before your actual interview, as this will boost your
confidence and help you prepare for the different scenarios you may face. As
previously noted, they are not attempting to certify you, but rather gauge your level
of proficiency within your field. In that regard, bear in mind that you should act
confidently, professionally, and courteously during the interview. Remember,
interviews can be long and tiresome, so do not forget to smile!

Recommended Resources

https://www.interviewbit.com/sql-interview-questions/
https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/characteristics-of-sql/
https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/sql-projects/
https://www.interviewbit.com/sql-mcq/

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