MORE ABOUT

GENE FLOW AND

GENETIC DRIFT

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 DEBATE LOOK AT THE PICTURES
EXPRESS HOW DO YOU THINK MIGRATION
AFFECTS GENETICS?

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 POPULATION MIGRATIONS

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 MIGRATION OF HUMAN
POPULATION

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 EVOLUTION OF POPULATION
uNatural selection acts on individuals
udifferential survival
u“survival of the fittest”
udifferential reproductive success
uwho bears more offspring
uPopulations evolve
Presence of lactate dehydrogenase
ugenetic makeup of
population changes
over time
ufavorable traits Mummichog

(greater fitness)
become more common

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 VARIATION & NATURAL
SELECTION
uVariation is the raw material for natural selection
uthere have to be differences within population
usome individuals must be more fit than others

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 WHERE DOES VARIATION COME FROM?
• Mutation
• random changes to DNA
• errors in mitosis & meiosis
• environmental damage

• Sex
• mixing of alleles
• recombination of alleles
• new arrangements in every offspring
• new combinations = new phenotypes
• Spreads variation
• offspring inherit traits from parent
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 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

Mutation Genetic Drift Selection Gene Flow Non-random mating

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 1. MUTATION & VARIATION
• Mutation creates variation
• Mutation changes DNA sequence, changes amino
acid sequence, and changes proteins.

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 2. GENE FLOW
• Movement of individuals and their
alleles in & out of populations
• Causes genetic mixing
across regions
• seed & pollen distribution by
wind & insect
• migration of animals
• sub-populations may have
different allele frequencies
• reduce differences
between populations

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 GENE FLOW

Some individuals from a population of brown beetles might

have joined a population of green beetles.
That would make the genes for brown beetles more frequent
in the green beetle population.

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 HUMAN EVOLUTION TODAY
• Gene flow in human
populations is increasing
today
• transferring alleles
between populations

Are we moving towards a blended world?

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 3. NON-RANDOM MATING
• Sexual selection
• Organisms may prefer to mate with others of
the same genotype or of different genotypes.

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 4. GENETIC DRIFT
• Effect of chance events
• founder effect
• small group splinters off & starts a new colony
• bottleneck
• some factor (disaster) reduces population to
small number & then population recovers & expands again

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 4. GENETIC DRIFT
uFounder Effect- When a new population is
started by only a few individuals.
usome rare alleles may be at high frequency; others
may be missing
uskew the gene pool of new population
u human populations that
started from small group
of colonists
u example:
colonization of New World

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 DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD TYPES
• Distribution of the O type blood allele in native
populations of the world reflects original settlement

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 DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD TYPES
• Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of
the world reflects original migration

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 4. GENETIC DRIFT
• Bottleneck Effect- When large population is
drastically reduced by a disaster and lowers variation.
Also narrows the gene pool.
• famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat…
• loss of variation by chance event
• alleles lost from gene pool
• not due to fitness

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 CHEETAHS
• All cheetahs share a small number of alleles
• less than 1% diversity
• as if all cheetahs are
identical twins

• 2 bottlenecks
• 10,000 years ago
• Ice Age
• last 100 years
• poaching & loss of habitat

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 Peregrine Falcon
CONSERVATION ISSUES
• Bottlenecking is an important concept in conservation
biology of endangered species
• loss of alleles from gene pool
• reduces variation
• reduces adaptability

Breeding programs must

consciously outcross
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Golden Lion
Tamarin
 WARM UP-

• What evolution affect deals with a natural

disaster or tragic event killing off the majority of
a population?

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 SHARE YOUR ANSWERS

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 5. NATURAL SELECTION
• Survival & reproduction due to changing
environmental conditions.
• climate change
• food source availability
• predators, parasites, diseases
• toxins
• combinations of alleles
that provide “fitness”
increase in the population
• adaptive evolutionary change

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 5. NATURAL SELECTION

• Directional Selection- one extreme trait is favored

over the others, causing the organism to be more fit and
have more offspring that survive.
• An example of this is running speed in rabbits. The faster
rabbits can outrun predators easier, so they are less likely
to get eaten, and more likely to survive and produce
offspring. Directional selection favors the trait of fast
running.

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 5. NATURAL SELECTION
• Stabilizing Selection- the traits that are the most average
are selected for, and the extremes are selected against.
• One example of a trait that has experienced stabilizing
selection is birth weight. Babies that are very small are often
not healthy enough to survive, while babies that are too large
may get stuck in the birth canal, causing death of the baby and
frequently death of the mother as well.

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 5. NATURAL SELECTION
• Disruptive Selection- the extreme traits are selected for, and
average traits are selected against.
• One example of this is beak sizes in birds. If the only seeds available
in an environment are small seeds and large seeds, natural selection
will favor birds with either small or large beaks. The birds with
medium sized beaks will not be very effective at feeding, so medium
beaks will be selected against.

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 WARM UP-

• A giant mountain separates two types of squirrel.

Is this a Temporal Isolation, Geographic Isolation,
or Behavioral Isolation?

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 GOOD THINGS

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 CFA

• Bit.ly/HISDAssessments

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 5 AGENTS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
Mutation Gene Flow Non-random mating

Genetic Drift Natural Selection

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