PROPERTIES OF GAS

1. Gas has no definite shape.

2. Gas has no definite volume
3. Gas is compressible
GAS PRESSURE
4. Pressure is the force exerted on container walls by particles in a gas.
5. Units used in pressure are KPA, ATM, TORR, and MMHG
6. STP means STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
7. Standard Temperature is equals to 273.15 K or 0 o Celsius.
8. Standard Pressure is equals to
- 1 ATM
- 101.325 KPA
- 760 TORR
- 769 (MM HG)
- 1.013 BAR
9. Molar volume of gas at STP is equals to 22.4 L.
BOYLE’S LAW
10. In Boyle’s Law, PRESSURE and VOLUME have an inverse relationship, if temperature remains
constant.
11. In Boyle’s Law, If VOLUME is increased, PRESSURE is decreased by the same factor.
12. Robert Boyle, was born on the 25th of January, 1627, at Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland.
13. Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional.
- P = k/V
- PV = k
14. Formula: P1V1 = P2V2
CHARLES’S LAW
15. Jacques Charles
16. Charles’s Law simply states that at constant pressure and amount of gas, the volume confined gas is
directly proportional to temperature of the gas.
17. In Charles’s Law, remember that the temperatures are absolute temperatures that are measured in Kelvin,
not in Fo or Co.
18. For a gas, temperature and volume are directly proportional.
19. Formula: V1/T1 = k V2/T2 = k
V1/T1 = V2/T2
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
20. Joseph Gay-Lussac
21. Gay-Lussac states that at constant volume and amount of gas, the applied pressure on gas is directly
proportional to its temperature.
22. Gay-Lussac’s Law implies that the ratio of the initial pressure and temperature is equal to the ratio of the
final pressure and temperature for a gas of a fixed mass kept at a constant volume.
23. Formula can be expressed as: (P1/T1) = (P2/T2)

AVOGADRO’S LAW
24. Avogadro’s Principle states that equal volume of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of particles
25. Formula: v/n = k
- V1/n1 = V2/n2
26. Molar Volume – for a gas, this is the volume that one mole of that gas occupies at STP.
27. Avogadro showed experimentally that 1 mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 22.4 L at STP.
28. 1 mol (any gas) at STP.
IDEAL GAS LAW
29. Ideal Gas Law is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions.
30. Formula: PV = nRT
31. R is dependent on the units of the variables P,V and T.
32. Temperature is always in Kelvin
33. R = 0.0821 if the given units are in atm.
DALTON’S LAW
34. Dalton’s Law states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of the individual gases.
35. Formula: Pt = P1 + P2 + P3
GRAHAM’S LAW
36. Diffusion is a property of gasses to fill up the container in which they are contained occupying the whole
container.
37. In 1848, Thomas Graham introduced his Law of Diffusion for Gases.
38. It states that the diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
• This implies that the heavier the gas, the slower it diffuses.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GAS
39. It states that,
1. Gases are comprised of large number of particles that are in continuous, random motion and travel in a
straight lines.
2. The volume of the gas particles in a sample is extremely small compared to the total volume occupied
by the gas.
3. Gas pressure is the force exerted by the gas particles against the wall of the container they were in.
4. We assume that the particles do not interact with each other.
5. The average kinetic energy of the particles in the gas is proportional to the temperature in kelvin.
- increase in temperature will increase the kinetic energy result in particles move also faster.
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
40. Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of the relative amounts of reactants and products in chemical
reactions; gas stoichiometry involves chemical reactions that produce gases. It is based on the law of
conservation of mass, meaning that the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
41. In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the nucleus. The orbits are
labeled by an integer, the quantum number n. Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or
absorbing energy.
42. The Rutherford atomic model was also known as the "Rutherford nuclear atom" and the "Rutherford
Planetary Model". In 1911, Rutherford described the atom as having a tiny, dense, and positively charged
core called the nucleus. Rutherford established that the mass of the atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
43. Atomic spectrum- certain pattern of banded colors that is emitted by the atom.
44. Bohr use hydrogen atom as a model for his explanation of the atomic spectrum
❑He explained the movement of the lone electron.
a) The electron of the hydrogen atom moves in discreet circular orbits around the nucleus
b) The orbits are in fixed distance from the nucleus
c) The farther the orbit the higher its energy
d) The electron can make a quantum leap from one orbit to another (lowest energy-ground state, higher
energy- excited state).
45. Heinsberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that a particle that is moving very fast cannot be precisely
located or its position cannot be exactly determined.
THE PERIODIC TABLE: ATOMIC TRENDS AND PROPERTIES
46. Antoine Van Lavoisier- the first one to try to group the elements.
47. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (German Chemist)– grouped the elements according to similarity of their
chemical properties.
48. John Newlands (1864) - English chemist, noticed that upon arranging the elements the eighth elements has
similar properties with the first. This became known as the LAW OF OCATVES.
49. Lothar Meyer, arranged the then known 56 elements according to the deviations in their properties.
50. Dmitri Mendeleev independently created an almost the same table. But leave a gap for those elements that
 are yet to be discovered.
51. ionization energy (IE)- this is the energy required to remove an electron in the valence shell of an atom.
52. Electron affinity is the counterpart of ionization energy. It is the energy released whenever electrons are
added to the valence shell of an atom.
53. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
Electronegativity is closely related to ionization energy.
54. Atomic and Ionic radius – defined as the distance from the nucleus to the outermost energy level of an
atom.
ELECTRONS AND CHEMICAL BONDS
55. In 1916, Gilbert Newton Lewis noted that atoms react chemically with other atoms except for a
group of gases which are the inert or the noble gases (VIIIA).
56. According to Lewis there must be 2 valence electrons to achieve He-like electronic configuration and 8
valence electrons to achieve the electronic configuration of the noble gases (octet rule).
57. Ionization process creates ions that are more stable than the atoms where they originated since they have
the same electronic configuration as those of the noble metals.
58. Common valence electrons- are the number of unpaired valence electrons or the covalency.
59. IONIC BOND- two opposite charged ion attract each other.
60. Ionic compound - compound that are formed by Ionic bonding.