Erbil polytechnic university

Shaqlawa technical college

Dept. of building and construction

Prepared by: Supervised by:

Muhamad Aziz Hazib M.Muhamad Masoud

2021_2022

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Contents
List of Content………………………………………………………2
Introduction………………………………………………………….3-4
Defintion of building construction………………………….5
Building Constrcution process
The pre-Construction stage……………………………………..6-7
The Construction stage…………………………………………….8-11
Conslusion………………………………………………………………12
Referance………………………………………………………………...13

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 INTRODUCTION
Building Construction is an ancient human activity. It began with
the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the
Effects of climate constructed shelters were one means by which
human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of
Climates and become a global species

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Building construction:

Building Construction is an Engineering Science, which deals with the

technique of construction of buildings.In Building construction, A building
is defined as an enclosed space covered by a roof. Buildings in general can
be classified into two categories viz. Public Buildings and Resident al
Buildings. Public buildings are those which are primarily meant for the
use of the general public, such as an office, a school, a college, a hospital, a
cinema house, etc , whereas a residential building is only meant either for
a single individual or group of individuals, such as an ordinary dwelling
house or a bungalow. As far as techniques of construction are concerned,
for an engineer both are the same.

In Building construction Every structure has two component parts. One is

called; foundation and the other super-structure. Foundation is that part
of the structure which is generally constructed below the ground level. It is
often confused that foundation is constructed to take up the load of the
structure or to support it.

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The Pre-Construction Stage

1. Building plan

Your building plan is the most crucial aspect of building construction. When you are
about to embark on a large-scale project such as constructing a building, it is vital
that you lay out a plan for your building.

The reason is that it helps you to anticipate the features and functions of different
parts of your construction process. You need a team of professionals to carry out this
task to achieve the best results. Architects, civil engineers, electricians, and
plumbers play an essential role in planning a successful building construction
project.

2. Budget estimation

Constructing a building is a considerable investment, which involves setting aside a

specific budget. After planning is done, the details are given to a building estimator
to carry out a survey and estimate the cost of materials, types of machinery, and
labor required to complete the building project.

The cost of materials will be determined by the quantity and quality of fabric needed.
At this stage, if the financial capability is limited, it is advised not to proceed further
or get a loan from financial firms. Otherwise, there might be a cash crunch situation.

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3. Land acquisition

Another essential requirement in setting up a building is to acquire a piece of land.

Since science and evolution haven’t innovated ways to defy gravity and build houses
and factories on air, we stick to the old ways of constructing a building on the land.

It’s important to put several factors in mind; the size of the building, location, and so
on. The size will determine how large the required piece of land should be. As for the
location, it is important to build a factory or industry closer to where its raw
materials are available – to save the cost of production.

4. Documentation

Thousands of buildings are demolished every day due to a lack of appropriate

evidence and documents as proof of ownership. To avoid circumstances like this,
secure the authorities' permission and get registered when you’re about to embark
on a building construction project.

Ensure that you obtain a document showing the transfer/purchase of the acquired
piece of land acquired adequately appended by the transferor and legal authorities
in your locale.

Documents required might include but are not limited to, land survey report, land
soil test report, land purchase/transfer document, architecture drawings, structural
report, and certificate of undertaking by a civil engineer.

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The Construction Stage

1. Site clearing

The designated land area meant for constructing a particular building is known as a
‘site.’ In situations where the piece of land has been abandoned for a long time, it’s
likely to have trees, weeds, and debris on the land. The first thing to do here is to get
rid of such items that might obstruct construction.

On a large piece of land that cannot be cleared using crude implements, you can hire
companies in charge to operate bulldozers, excavators, or land mowers to do the job.

2. Foundation

The foundation is the lowermost part of the building where the building meets the
soil. It constitutes part of the building's invisible structure. There’s no
underestimating the importance of erecting a solid foundation for a building.

It is the most crucial part of building structure because the other parts of the
building rely on the foundation's strength to hold. If the foundation is weak, it will
collapse someday no matter the quality and quantity of materials used to erect the
building.

Construction engineers understand this aspect. Hence, they put in their best effort in
terms of material and human resources to ensure that the foundation is
strengthened to the peak.

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3. Plinth beam and slab

Upon successfully constructing the foundation, another reinforcement known as the

“plinth beam and slab” is added to the top. The purpose of reinforcing the foundation
with the plinth beam and slab is to protect the foundation from dampness and
prevent its cracks from reaching the wall. It will help the foundation to remain
strong in the event of an earthquake.

4. Superstructure

A superstructure provides support for the beam and slab. Members of the
superstructure include the column designed to strengthen the load mounted upon
the building's foundation. The columns are constructed up to the slab level and
frame for further construction. A waterproof coating is added to stop water from
entering the slab and casting.

5. Bricklaying

different kinds of blocks or bricks can erect the building walls. Materials such as
concrete blocks and fly ash bricks are used according to the structure laid down by
the architect in the building plan.

The cement mortar mixer is used to mix cement and sand used to hold the bricks
together as they are arranged by the masonry. The structure of the windows and
doors are carved out by the masonry when erecting the building wall.

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6. The Lintel

After erecting your wall, the lintel is built on top of the wall. Like the plinth beam and
slab, a lintel is a beam placed across door and window openings. It is used as a
support for the load of the structure placed above it.

7. Roof coating

The load that the lintel supports is the roofing structure. Roof refers to the framing
of the uppermost layer of the house to shape covering, protection from harsh
weather, and decoration and beautification.

The building is taking shape at this level, and you can tell what dimension the
building will look like. Different types of roofing materials can add decoration to
your home.

8. Electrical and plumbing

Modern homes have their wires and pipes hidden away from sight.this is because
they were installed at this stage of building construction and hidden between the
walls and slabs: only the endpoint of the pipes and sockets are visible

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9. Exterior and interior finishing
Plastering work commences after electrical and plumbing work has been completed.
A mixture of cement and sand is used to plaster the exterior part of the building. It is
coated with a thickness of 13 mm and sometimes about 20 mm thickness.

Plastering can make the building structurally strong, protect it from the effect of
weather, and make it look attractive. The interior design is done by experts
according to the procedure laid by the architect.

10. Flooring
At this point, the building construction is coming to an end. Flooring works begin
after the exterior and interior décor is completed. There are various types of
flooring according to their uses, economy, and required level of finishing. Ceramic
tiles, vitrified tiles, clay tiles, granite, marble, wood, and epoxy flooring are some of
the best options.

11. Painting

This is the final work on a building. Painting is used to beautify the building and
protect is from the effects of water and sun.

Latex paints are highly water-resistant. Hence, they are favorites for painting the
exterior wall of homes. For decoration, a perfect mixture of different colors while
painting can magnify the beauty of a building.

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Conclusion

Constructing a building is a large-scale and lifetime investment. This is why the real
estate business is one of the most significant investments ever. The demand for
housing will continue to increase as the population of a given area increases.
Therefore, it is crucial to meet this demand with an equilibrium amount of supply of
housing facilities.

This guide has provided an insight into what it takes to construct a building.
Whether it’s a home, office, company, event and tourist center, or shopping mall,
most buildings pass through the construction processes mentioned in this article.

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Referance
-https://www.maramani.com/blogs/home-design-
ideas/building-constructio
-https://pt.slideshare.net/khushi9922/chapter-1-
introduction-of-building-construction
-https://wallpaperaccess.com/blue-construction

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