Learning Guide: Unit of Competence Module Title LG Code: TTLM Code
Learning Guide: Unit of Competence Module Title LG Code: TTLM Code
Learning Guide
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
INTRODUCTION
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Information may be related to:kinds of transactions, the most common being the sale of
merchandise or services on a credit sale.
Revenue, expenditure, production, and finance activities are common to business organizations.
This unit will provide an overview of transaction processing applications in each of these major
systems. These systems include sales order processing accounts receivable, purchasing, and
payroll. The application systems discussed in this chapter illustrate and emphasize the concept
Organizational independence requires that the custody of an asset be under a separate authority
from record-keeping functions related to that asset and both custody and record-keeping
functions be under separate authority from any operating functions that utilize the asset. The
applications presented are not intended to serve as blueprints to be duplicated regardless of to the
specific situation at hand. They are however, a checklist. They provide a frame of reference
The data flow diagrams and document flowcharts presentations focus on the logical necessities
of an application system rather than on physical features. The information represented by the
document symbol in diagrams may be a paper form, a telephone call, a computer or satellite data
Transmission, or any other physical form. Technological considerations (equipment and devices)
are not specifically addressed because, although technology may alter the operating
technology. In this chapter you will be introduced with sales order processing, Types of sales
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
order system, accounts receivable system, Transaction flows in Accounts receivable system,
Sales returns and allowances, Write offs accounts receivable and other revenue cycle application
systems.
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
A sales order application system comprises the procedures involved in accepting and
shipping customer orders and in preparing invoices that describe products; services and
assessments. The sales order is the interface between the various functions necessary to
process a customer order. These functions are sales order, credit, finished goods, shipping,
Sales Order -- The sales order function initiates the processing of customer orders
with the preparation of a sales order. The sale order contains descriptions of Products
ordered, their prices and descriptive data concerning the customer such as name shipping
address, and, if necessary, billing address. At this point, the actual quantities shipped and
freight charges (if any) are not known. The invoice will be prepared after the goods have
been shipped and notice of this event is forwarded to billing. Because the invoice is prepared
Credit- A customer’s credit standing should be verified prior to the shipment of goods. For
regular customers, the credit check involves determining that the total amount of credit
granted does not exceed management’s general or specific authorization. For new customers
a credit check is necessary to establish the terms of sale to the customer. The sales order
function should be subjected to the control of an independent credit function to maintain the
separation of duties.
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Once credit has been approved, the sales order function distributes the sales order set. One
copy of each sales order is forwarded to billing. These are filed as open orders, allowing the
billing function to anticipate the receipt of matching shipping advices from the shipping
function. One copy – usually called the packing slip copy- is forwarded to shipping. This
copy authorizes shipping to receive goods from finished goods for shipping. Another copy –
usually called the packing slip copy – is forwarded to shipping. This copy authorizes
shipping to receive goods from finished goods for shipping. Another copy – usually called
the stock copy – is forwarded to finished goods. This copy authorizes finished goods to
In some cases, a customer’s order may require that a production order be issued to produce the
goods, because the goods are not in stock. Such situations arise when the order is for a special
nonstick item. They also may arise as standard company practice due to either the customized
nature of the product or a short production cycle that alleviates the need for an inventory of
finished goods. Such situations also occur when items are out of-stock and must be back
ordered. If the time between receiving an order and actual shipment of the order is significant,
an acknowledgment copy of the sales order may be sent to the customer to inform the customer
Finished Goods- Finished goods pick the order as described on the stock copy of the sales
order (copy 3). Stock records are updated to reflect the actual quantities to be forwarded to
shipping. Actual quantities are noted on the stock copy of the sales order, which is then
forwarded along with the goods to shipping. Shipping should sign the stock copy to
Shipping- Shipping accepts the order for shipment after matching the packing slip copy
to the stock copy of the sales order. Shipping documentation is prepared according to the
situation. Frequently, this requires the preparation of a bill of lading. A bill of lading is the
documentation exchanged between a shipper and a carrier such as a trucking company. The
bill of lading documents freight charges and the transfer of goods from the shipping
company to the transportation company. Frequently, freight charges are paid by the shipper
but billed to the customer on the sales invoice. The packing slip copy of the sales order is
Billing - Shipping forwards documentation of the shipment to the billing function. This
documentation is termed the shipping advice and is usually the stock copy of the sales order and
a copy of the bill of lading. Billing pulls the related open order documentation, verifies the order,
then prepares the invoice by extending the charges for actual quantities shipped, freight charges
(if any), and taxes (if any). Invoices are mailed to customers. Invoices are recorded in the sales
journal and posting copies are sent to accounts receivable. Periodically, a journal voucher is
prepared and forwarded to the general ledger function for posting to the general ledger.
Accounts receivable and General Ledger- The distinction between billing and accounts
and sends periodic statements of accountant to customers. Billing does not have access to the
financial records (the receivables ledger), and the financial records are independent of the
invoicing operation. The control total of postings to the accounts receivable ledger that is sent to
the general ledger by accounts receivable is compared to the journal voucher sent from billing to
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
validate shipping, and, finished goods is importance to the establishment of accountability for the
Self Check
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Accurate reconciliation of subsidiary ledgers to general ledger accounts is performed and fees
Information Sheet – 1
Various relationships between the order, billing, and shipping functions are feasible depending
on the circumstances. The major consideration is the preparation of the invoice. In a complete
pre-billing system, the complete invoice is prepared at the same time as the shipping order. In
this case, the shipping order is usually a copy of the invoice. This system minimizes paperwork.
The invoice is released after the goods are shipped. A complete pre-billing system requires that
all invoicing information be known prior to the preparation of the invoice/shipping order set.
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
This requires few back-orders or other inventory problems. Also, freight and other charges must
be either absorbed by the seller or standardized (e.g., “add 50 cents fir postage”). Any change
between the customer order as rewritten and as actually shipped requires a new invoice and the
destruction of the original invoice. If such situations are common, complete pre-billing is very
inefficient.
The shipping order is prepared separately from the invoice. The invoice is prepared after the
goods have been prepared for shipment. A separate order and billing system is necessary when
there is a significant difference between the information on the shipping order (internal to the
seller) and the invoice. For example, technical specifications in the shipping order may not be
required or desired on the invoice. Excessive back-order and out-of-stock conditions also warrant
this approach, because the final content of the invoice cannot be determined until the goods are
ready for shipment. In many industries, alterations of substitution of goods ordered are allowed
by customary trade practices. In retailing, for example, different styles or colors may be
substituted in an order for clothing. The changed specifications from the customer’s order must
be shown on the invoice. In other instances, several shipments are made to the same customer
over a specific time period under a single blanket order. In this case, there is no one-to-one
correspondence between the customer order and the subsequent invoices. Typically, one blanket
order requires several separate invoices-- one for each shipment made under the blanket order.
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Invoice Sample-
CITRUS SUPPLY CO. INVOICE
SOLD 1467 CLAY STREET
TO: PETERSBURG, WISCONSIN Burroughs B
44444
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Incomplete rebilling is a third type of sales order system. The incomplete pre-billing system is
very similar to a separate order and billing system. The only difference is that an invoice is
originally prepared by the sales order department rather than a sales order. The invoice is
completed to the extent possible, but because actual quantities shipped and freight charges (if
any) cannot be known with certainty until shipment, the invoice is incomplete (i.e., only partially
finished). This invoice is then distributed in the same fashion as the sales order in a separate
order and billing system--with copies to finished goods, shipping, and billing--except that
multiple copies of the invoice are sent to billing. When billing receives notification of shipment,
it pulls its copies of the invoice and completes them. In separate order and billing prepares the
Both separate order and billing and incomplete billing are post-billing systems. Incomplete
billing is commonly used in manual systems, as only one document (an invoice) rather than two
documents (a sales order and an invoice) must be prepared. This reduces transcription of
information and thus is often more efficient in a manual system. Note that the sales order is
primarily an internal document. The invoice, on the other hand, is the customer’s formal
notification of the amount due for the shipment. Note also that the terms invoice and bill can be
used interchangeably. A bill of lading is an invoice for freight charges. Separate order and billing
Accounts receivable represents the money owed by customers for merchandise sold or services
rendered. Because most business is done on credit, accounts receivable often represents the
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
credit and payment history information, which is useful in the overall administration of company
ledger of individual accounts is maintained, with a control account in the general ledger.
Remittance advices are routed from the cash receipts function; credit memos and other invoice
adjustments are routed to the accounts receivable department from the billing department. Debits
and credits are posted to the individual accounts; periodically, statements are prepared and sent
to customers. Aging schedules are prepared as a by-product of sending statements. Special credit
There are also two basic approaches to an accounts receivable application: open- item and
accounts receivable system for each of the customer’s unpaid invoices. As customer remittances
are received, they are matched to the unpaid invoices. In balance-forward processing, a
customer’s remittances are applied against a customer’s total outstanding balance rather than
against a customer’s individual invoices. Data processing of accounts receivable can be tedious
because of the volume of transactions and number of accounts that may exist. A large insurance
company or bank may have close to a million separate accounts. Even with computer processing,
mailing all statements at month’s end may be impossible. Many businesses use a cycle billing
plan, in which the accounts receivable file is subdivided by alphabet or the working days of the
month; for example, accounts A to H may be billed on the 10th, I to P on the 20th, and so on.
These plans often have a beneficial effect on a company’s cash flow, because consumers
Ledger less bookkeeping may be used to streamline receivable procedures in certain situations an
important procedural question is whether copies of sales slips are to be included with monthly
statement. This practice is increasingly uncommon. Usually, individual transactions are itemized
on the statement, with supporting document references by either code or invoice number. A
company is obligated to produce supporting documents at the customer’s request; this demands
careful attention to the details of filing source documents. Owing to the preceding procedural
aspects some companies sell their accounts receivable at a discount to collection agencies. This
process, called factoring, avoids record keeping costs. This alternative should be considered by
the analyst. But he or she must also carefully consider the potential negative effects of factoring
on customer relations.
Condition:
Students and trainer’s are legally required to lock the health and safety of trainer.
This applies to all organizations and including voluntary organizations.
Students must provide safe working environment.
Students must not put themselves or others at risk.
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Procedure:
Need to establish a team
Identify the team objective
Prepare effective common plan
Apply practically
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TTLM Development Manual Date: September,2021
Compiled by: Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
Self check
Error records and exception reports are analyzed and responded to according to standard
procedures and within required timeframes
Activity reports monitoring the nature and level of transaction activity are provided and
database records or customer files updated according to standard procedures and within
required timeframes
Information Sheet – 1
Customer records are stored safely, securely and in accordance with standard processes and
The main feature in transaction flow of accounts receivable is the separation of the following
functions.
Cash Receipts- Customer remittance slips are forwarded to accounts receivable for posting from
cash receipts. Accounts receivable does not have access to the cash or checks that accompany
customer remittances.
Billing- Invoices, credit memos, and other invoice adjustments are routed to accounts receivable
for posting to the customer accounts. This maintains a separation of functions. Billing does not
accounts receivable ledger. A control account is maintained in the general ledger department.
Debits and credits are posted to the customer accounts from the posting media- remittance
advices, invoices, and so on- received from billing and cash receipts. This maintains separation
TTLM Development Manual Date: November ,2020
Compiled by Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
of functions. Periodically, customer statements are mailed directly to customers by the accounts
receivable department. Periodic Processing also includes the preparation of an aged trial balance
of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger for review by the credit department. Other types of
customer credit reports may be prepared based on the needs of the company. Such reports are
often prepared as a by-product of the processing required to send customers their statements.
Credit- Credit department functions in an accounts receivable application system include the
approval of sales returns and allowances and other adjustments to customer accounts, the review
and approval of the trial balance to ascertain customer’s creditworthiness, and the initiation of
write-off memoirs to charge accounts to bad-debt expense. These functions are discussed in what
follows.
General Ledger- General Ledger maintains the accounts receivable control account. Debits and
credits are posted to the accounts receivable control account fro the journal vouchers / control
totals received from billing and cash receipts. These amounts are reconciled to the control totals
sent to the general ledger directly from accounts receivable. This reconciliation is an important
Sales, returns and allowance typically require careful control. Allowances occur when, because
of damaged merchandise, shortages, clerical errors, or the like, the customer and the seller agree
to reduce the amount owed by the customer. Generally the merchandise is retained or destroyed
by the customer. The amount of an allowance is negotiated between the customer and the sales
order department (or salesperson). The allowance should be reviewed and approved by an
independent party (usually the credit department); when authorized, billing issues a credit
memorandum to document the reduction to the customer’s account. Sales return procedures
(i.e., for goods actually returned, usually for full credit) are typically initiated by the receiving
department. Once goods are received and returned to inventory for proper control (this would be
memorandum. Note that for both returns and allowances, two independent parties are required to
approve the transaction, and a third party maintains the records. This is another example of
The principle of organizational independence also applies in the write off of accounts receivable
procedure. The central feature in a write-off procedure is an analysis of past due accounts,
usually done with an aged trial balance. Numerous techniques are available to collect past due
accounts (e.g., follow-up letters, collection agencies), but some accounts are ultimately
worthless. In this case the credit manager initiates a write-off, which is approved by the treasurer.
On approval, accounts receivable is authorized to write off the account. A copy of the
authorizations also sent to an independent third party (internal audit) for purposes of record
keeping. This is necessary because after the write off, accounts receivable no longer has an
active record of the account. Note that internal audit confirms write-offs directly with the
customer to ensure that no collections have been made on written-off accounts. An employee
might intercept a customer’s payment on account and then arrange for the account to be written
off, so that the customer does not continue to be billed for the amount.
Every organization defines its own unique application systems. A large organization
probably has several specialized application subsystems within its overall sales and accounts
receivable application systems For example; a sales order entry application system might
include a separate pricing or quotation subsystem-a set of files, documents, and procedures
used to price complex products such as electrical generating equipment. Another special
subsystem might maintain a firm’s product or service catalog. The shipping application
might include a warehouse subsystem concerned with converting an order into the exact
storage locations that need to be picked. An automated warehouse system might also
generate an optimal path for pickers to take through the warehouse to minimize travel
distance in picking the order. The shipping application might include a shipper-ordering
freight costs, and controlling all shipments. The finished goods function would maintain
several inventory files, and billing would need its own files and procedures.
Basic transaction processing systems are the source of important tactical and strategic control
information. Data for sales analyses such as product sales by territory, product sales by
salesperson, sales forecasting, customer credit analysis, and other such summarized reports are
accumulated by the transaction processing application systems. Such reports and analyses are
common and routine in a computerized accounting system. It is important to realize that these
types of upper-level management reports cannot be more accurate or reliable than the data on
Summary
A sales order application system comprises the procedures involved in accepting and
shipping customer orders and in preparing invoices that describe products; services
and assessments. The sales order is the interface between the various functions
necessary to process a customer order. These functions are sales order, credit,
Once credit has been approved, the sales order function distributes the sales order
These are filed as open orders, allowing the billing function to anticipate the receipt
of matching shipping advices from the shipping function. One copy – usually called
the packing slip copy- is forwarded to shipping. This copy authorizes shipping to
receive goods from finished goods for shipping. Another copy – usually called the
receive goods from finished goods for shipping. Another copy – usually called the
stock copy – is forwarded to finished goods. This copy authorizes finished goods to
statements of accountant to customers. Billing does not have access to the financial
records (the receivables ledger), and the financial records are independent of the
invoicing operation. The control total of postings to the accounts receivable ledger that is
sent to the general ledger by accounts receivable is compared to the journal voucher sent
from billing to validate shipping and finished goods is importance to the establishment of
Accounts receivable represents the money owed by customers for merchandise sold or
services rendered. Because most business is done on credit, accounts receivable often
maintains customer credit and payment history information, which is useful in the overall
with a control account in the general ledger. Remittance advices are routed from the cash
receipts function; credit memos and other invoice adjustments are routed to the accounts
receivable department from the billing department. Debits and credits are posted to the
individual accounts; periodically, statements are prepared and sent to customers. Aging
schedules are prepared as a by-product of sending statements. Special credit reports may
also be prepared.
Sales, returns and allowance typically require careful control. Allowances occur when,
because of damaged merchandise, shortages, clerical errors, or the like, the customer and
the seller agree to reduce the amount owed by the customer. Generally the merchandise is
the customer and the sales order department (or salesperson). The allowance should be
reviewed and approved by an independent party (usually the credit department); when
TTLM Development Manual Date: November ,2020
Compiled by Accounting and Business Department
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials
customer’s account. Sales return procedures (i.e., for goods actually returned, usually for
full credit) are typically initiated by the receiving department. Once goods are received
and returned to inventory for proper control (this would be evidenced by documentation),
the credit manager authorizes billing to issue a credit memorandum. Note that for both
returns and allowances, two independent parties are required to approve the transaction,
and a third party maintains the records. This is another example of organizational
due accounts, usually done with an aged trial balance. Numerous techniques are available
to collect past due accounts (e.g., follow-up letters, collection agencies), but some
accounts are ultimately worthless. In this case the credit manager initiates a write-off,
write-off the account. A copy of the authorizations also sent to an independent third party
(internal audit) for purposes of record keeping. This is necessary because after the write
off, accounts receivable no longer has an active record of the account. Note that internal
audit confirms write-offs directly with the customer to ensure that no collections have
on account and then arrange for the account to be written off, so that the customer does
Every organization defines its own unique application systems. A large organization
probably has several specialized application subsystems within its overall sales and
accounts receivable application systems For example; a sales order entry application
concerned with converting an order into the exact storage locations that need to be
picked. An automated warehouse system might also generate an optimal path for
pickers to take through the warehouse to minimize travel distance in picking the
freight costs, and controlling all shipments. The finished goods function would
maintain several inventory files, and billing would need its own files and procedures.
Self Check
1. A sales order application system comprises?
2. Once credit has been approved, the sales order function distributes ? These are filed as ?
3. Every organization defines its own unique application systemson the Customer
transaction? Briefly explian?