SolidWorks Simulation

The proponents designed the Combined Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine and Bolt

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine in SolidWorks software. They designed a 50m tall wind turbine

(from sea level) and a BOLT Lifesaver buoy that is attached to a 15m base which will then be

fixed to the sea floor. Figure 4.1 shows the final 3D model of the system.

Figure 4.1 Final 3D Model

In order to simulate the total power output of the system, several initial simulations had

to be done first. These includes a computational fluid dynamics simulation (CFD) to simulate the

forces applied to the mast of the vortex bladeless wind turbine which will then be used to

calculate its vibration and the output movement on each of the pistons attached to the
gyroscope. First the dimensions of the mast are identified. Figure 4.2 shows the dimensions of

the mast.

Figure 4.2 Mast Dimensions

The proponents used Equations in SolidWorks to make the design process easier. They

used two diameters of the mast having 7 meters at the bottom of the mast and 6 meters at the

top, having an average of 6.5 meters in diameter. The total length of the mast is 40 meters. The

proponents chose Carbon Fibre as the model material since this is the usual material being used

for turbine blades due to its light weight. Using the built in Mass Properties toolbox in

SolidWorks, the proponents identified the total mass of the mast. The mass of the mast turned

out to be 23887 kg. This is relatively lighter than the whole weight of the average traditional

wind turbine including its support or base. Figure 4.3 shows the output of the Mass Properties

toolbox.
 Figure 4.3 Output of the Mass Properties Toolbox

These values will be used in the simulation. Table 4.1 shows the model parameters that

will be used in the simulation. The proponents used the damping ratio of the carbon fibre

material as reference for the simulation.

Table 4.1 Model Parameters

Parameters Value
Mass of the Mast, m 23887.70 kg
Model Diameter (Average), D 6.5m
Model Length, L 40m
Model Damping Ratio, ζ
0.203
(Based on Carbon Fibre material)

Several air properties were also identified by the proponents to make the computation

easier. They used the standard values of different air properties since there are no available
data specific to their desired location of implementation. Table 4.2 shows the different air

parameters.

Table 4.2 Air Parameters

Parameters Value
Air Temperature T 305.15 K
Air Pressure P 1 bar
Air density ρ 1.225 kg/m3
Air Dynamic Viscosity μ 1.1846 x 105 kg/m.s

CFD Simulation

The proponents then proceeded with the CFD simulation of the prototype. This can be useful in

identifying the forces that are applied in the turbine. The proponents had to separate the two

turbines since simulating two types of fluid (air and sea water) would be too complex and

requires a lot of computer power and time. They used the external flow simulation, added a

gravity parameter, and the velocity of the fluid. For the simulation, the proponents used 2 m/s

as the wind speed and wave height velocity amplitude. They adjusted the boundary/domain of

the simulation to minimize the amount of meshing that will be needed. For the sake of

simplicity they represented the sea surface as a wall. They setup simulation goals to find several

parameters including the force that will be applied to the mast. This will be used to identify the

lift force which will then be used to calculate the exciting force of the mast. The proponents will

also use CFD to visualize the movement of the fluid. Figure 4.4 shows the setup of the CFD

Simulation.
 Figure 4.4 CFD Simulation Setup of Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine

The proponents shown the result of the CFD Simulation in a Flow Animation of the

velocity using several arrows. Red arrows denote the fastest flow. Blue arrow shows the area

where fluid is steady. Figure 4.5 shows the result of the CFD Simulation of the Vortex Bladeless

Wind Turbine.

(a)
 (b)

Figure 4.5 Result of CFD Simulation of the Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine

The CFD solver iterates the simulation until the values converge and reach a steady

state. This will be the actual value of the results. For the simulation, the proponents identified

the total pressure, fluid velocity and the force in the whole model and in the surfaces. Figure

4.6 shows the result of the CFD Solver.

Figure 4.6 CFD Solver Results

 The proponents are able to calculate the lift coefficient using the equation:
FL
C L=
1 2
ρu DL
2
Where CL is the lift coefficient, FL is the lift force, ρ is the air density, u is the velocity of

the fluid, D is the diameter of the mast and L is the length of the mast.

632.641 N 632.641 N
C L= = =1.49
( )
2 2
1 3 2m 424.4898 kg / m s
(1.225 kg/m ) (6.5 m)( 40 m)
2 s

This unitless coefficient can be used in calculating the lift force with changing wind

speeds. Since the proponents will be simulating the system based on real data of the wind

speed and wave height in Dela Paz Proper, Batangas City, this lift coefficient will be very useful.

The proponents proceeded to simulate the BOLT Lifesaver Wave Turbine using CFD

simulation. Figure 4.7 shows the result of the CFD Simulation.

 Figure 4.7 CFD Simulation of BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine

Structural Analysis

The proponents used SolidWorks Simulation toolbox to simulate the structure of the

design. This can be used to identify the stiffness of the design and the natural frequency which

is a very important parameter in Vortex shedding. Oscillation happens when a frequency close

to an object’s natural frequency is applied. Resonance happens during this case. To identify the

stiffness of the mast, the proponents did a Static simulation of the mast by applying a fixed

geometry at the bottom and a force of 1N at the top. The simulation will reveal the deflection

or deformation of the mast which will then be useful to identify the stiffness. Figure 4.8 shows

the result of the Static simulation of the mast.

 Figure 4.8 Result of the Static Simulation in SolidWorks

It can be seen from Figure 4.8 that the minimum deformation is about 3.227 x 10 -5 mm.

The maximum deformation is at 1.29 x 10 -4 mm. To calculate the stiffness, the proponents used

the maximum deformation.

Load 1N
Spring constant k= = =6.289 ×106 N /m
Displacement 1.59 ×10−7 m

The proponents then performed a Frequency Simulation using SolidWorks Simulation

toolbox. This can help identify the natural frequency of the mast. No load is provided since a

free vibration is used in the simulation. Figure 4.9 shows the result of the frequency simulation.

Figure 4.9 Result of the Frequency Simulation

It can be seen from Figure 4.9 that the Natural Frequency sits at 1.9855Hz. For the rest

of the simulation, rad/sec will be used, therefore, the natural frequency is equal to:
 Natural Frequency , ωn=1.9855 Hz ≅ 12.4753 rad / sec

Energy Capture Performance Optimization Test

Several concepts and mathematical models are first studied and formulated before

proceeding to the Energy Capture Performance Optimization Test. The proponents will be using

MATLAB and Simulink to simulate the energy capture performance of the system.

 Mathematical Modelling of the Vortex Shedding Force on the Mast

For the sake of simplicity in mathematical modelling and since the Vortex bladeless wind

turbine is symmetrical, the proponents used 2D model for solving. They used the midplane

cross sectional area and dimensions of the VBWT as the parameters for solving.

The vortex shedding imposes a transverse force that goes back and forth on the mast.

This force is a more a sinusoidal process, which makes it reasonable to model it as a harmonic

in time at the shedding frequency.

F ( t )=F O sin(ω s t)

Where F(t) is the instantaneous exciting force, FO is the oscillating force amplitude and ωS is the

shedding frequency.

The force amplitude FO is dependent on the lift and drag forces applied on the mast of

the vortex bladeless turbine. Moreover, the shedding frequency, ωS, is dependent on the

Strouhal Number, S, as shown in the equation:

ωs D
S=
2 πu
 Where, S is the Strouhal Number, ωS is the shedding frequency, D is the diameter of the

mast, and u is the velocity of the fluid or wind which will be the input of the simulation.

For long cylinders (D/L << 1), a two-dimensional approximation can be used. The effect

of D/L ratio on the aerodynamics coefficients along with Strouhal number is neglected. All

previous experimental data used to calculate both coefficients assume they are independent of

D/L and uses 2D approximation instead of actual 3D calculation.

The Reynolds number for many situations involving fluid induced vibrations is in range

between 1000 and 200,000. For this range of Reynolds number, both the drag coefficient and

the Strouhal number are approximately constant. Figure 4.10 below shows the graph of the

Strouhal number with respect to Reynolds Number.

Figure 4.10 Strouhal number for different Reynolds number

Source: (Achenbach and Heinecke, 1981; Blevins, 2001)

 It can be assumed that the Strouhal number is equal to 0.2 for the sake of simulation.

The vortex shedding frequency will then be equal to:

S ×2 πu 0.4 πu
ω S= =
D D

Using Simulink, the proponents converted the equation into signal blocks that will be

used for the simulation. Figure 4.11 shows the Simulink blocks for the shedding frequency.

Figure 4.11 Shedding Frequency Simulink Blocks

By supplying a wind velocity signal u to the equation and supplying the diameter of the

mast into the blocks, the shedding frequency at any given wind speed can be calculated. The

proponents will be using real life data of wind velocity for the simulation.

Since the oscillating force FO is the lift force FL, the proponents used the lift coefficient

simulated in the CFD simulation to come up with the equation of the oscillating force F O.

FL FO
C L= =
1 2 1 2
ρu DL ρu DL
2 2

1 2
F O= ρ u C L DL
2
 The equation of the oscillating force FO can be formed into Simulink signal blocks as

shown in Figure 4.12.

Figure 4.12 Oscillating Force Simulink Blocks

By supplying the velocity signal, and the four parameters, the oscillating force can be

calculated. The instantaneous exciting force F(t) can now be calculated using the wind velocity

as shown in equation below:

F ( t )=F O sin ( ω s t )

1 2
F ( t )= ρ u C L DL sin (ω s t)
2

Where, F(t) is the instantaneous exciting force, ρ is the air density, u is the wind velocity,

CL is the lift coefficient, D is the mast diameter, L is the mast length, ωs is the shedding

frequency and t is any given time. This will be used to calculate the displacement of the mast

using a vibration model.

  Vibration Model

The exciting force still needs to be converted into linear motion to convert it to piston

motion, thus allowing energy conversion using a linear alternator mathematical model. To

compute for the motion of the mast, the proponents used the Damped Harmonic Oscillator

model. Figure 4.13 shows the Damped Harmonic Oscillator Diagram.

Figure 4.13 Damped Harmonic Oscillator Diagram

Where “m”, “k”, “c”, and F are the mass of the vibrational parts of VBT, the structural

stiffness, and the wind force, which causes the VBT to vibrate, respectively. The general

structure vibration equation presented in the y-direction is as follows

m ÿ+ c ẏ +ky =F( t)

1
m ÿ+ 2mζ ωn ẏ +ky = ρu 2 C L DL sin(ωs t)
2

According to Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Vortex Bladeless Turbines by Ahmed

Elsayed and Mohamed Badr Farghaly, the steady-state response with amplitude A, frequency

ωS, and phase, ϕ are defined in equations:

y m= A sin(ω s t +φ)
 1 2
ρu C L DL
2
A=

√( ( )) ( )
2 2 2
ωs ωs
k 1− + 2ζ
ωn ωn

( ( ))
ωs
2ζ
ωn
φ=tan−1 2
ωs
1−
ωn

These three equations are formed into Simulink blocks as shown in Figures 4.14 and

4.15. First the amplitude A and phase angle ϕ are identified using different mathematical

blocks.

Figure 4.14 Amplitude A and Phase Angle ϕ Simulink Blocks

 Figure 4.15 Mast Displacement Simulink Blocks

It can be observed in Figure 4.15 that the shedding frequency is multiplied to time t then

added to the phase angle ϕ before sending it to a sine function. The amplitude A is the

multiplied to the result, thus outputting the Mast displacement y m. The output mast

displacement ym will then be the oscillating motion of the mast. This will be used to compute

for the motion in the piston.

 Oscillation of the Pistons

Four clamps are designed to act as the piston for the linear alternator. To calculate for

the average vertical displacement in the piston, the proponents used basic trigonometry.

Figure 4.16 Conversion of Mast Displacement to Piston Displacement

It can be seen from Figure 4.16, the mast displacement forms a right triangle with the

mast length as the hypothenuse containing an angle of α. The mast displacement divided by the
mast length is equal to the sine of angle α. Moreover, the piston displacement forms a right

triangle with the radius from the center of the piston to the center of mass. The tangent of

angle α is equal to the piston displacement divided by the radius. Therefore the equation of the

piston displacement can be derived.

mast displacement , y m
sin α=
mast length , L

piston displacement , y p
tan α=
gyro radius ,r

( ( ))
y p=r tan sin
−1 ym
L

The proponents identified the radius from the SolidWorks 3D model. The center

distance between two opposite pistons is equal to 4 meters as shown in Figure 4.17. Thus, the

radius is equal to 2 meters.

Figure 4.17 Center Distance Between Two Opposite Pistons

 The proponents then modelled the Simulink blocks for the conversion of the mast

displacement to the piston displacement using the equation derived. Figure 4.18 shows the

Simulink blocks for the piston displacement.

Figure 4.17 Piston Displacement Simulink Blocks

The piston displacement will have a sine wave value since the input mast displacement

is a sine wave itself. Therefore, a bias should be added to signal to get a piston displacement of

0 to its amplitude displacement. The amplitude value is added to the signal to eliminate the

negative values. The velocity of the movement of the pistons will also be used in the next

simulations therefore the proponents connected a derivative block after the piston

displacement signal to output the velocity. Figure 4.18 shows the output of the Simulink

simulation.

Figure 4.18 Output of the Simulink Simulation

The piston displacement and velocity signals are outputted back to MATLAB to be

processed for the simulation of the linear alternators. Linear alternators use differential
equations for calculation. Therefore, the proponents decided to use MATLAB built in Ordinary

Differential Equation Solver ODE45, which is primarily used for non-stiff differential equations.

First, the proponents mathematically modelled the output of the linear alternators using

position and velocity as the inputs.

 Mathematical Modeling of Linear Alternators

The proponents then mathematically modelled the linear alternator. A dynamic

mathematical model of a linear generator using permanent magnets was developed based on

Linear PM Generator for Wave Energy Conversion by R. Parthasarathy and tested using a

variety of simulations. An alternator is known as “synchronous” when the waveform of the

generated voltage is synchronized with the actuation of the generator/piston. Permanent

magnets are used to provide the field excitation in a linear synchronous alternator. Figure 4.19

shows the topology of a linear synchronous alternator.

 Figure 4.19 Topology of Linear Synchronous Alternator

The proposed structure of the permanent magnet linear synchronous alternator consists

of four flat primary elements and four secondary elements enclosed within one housing. The

secondary elements, which correspond to the translator, move with the buoy or the mast and

are called translators. The primary elements, which correspond to the stator winding, do not

move, and are called stators. Each of the flat sides is similar in structure to a flat linear machine

as shown in Figure 4.20.

Figure 4.20 Flat Linear Machine

Figure 4.20 depicts the stator, which is the top element in the figure, and the translator,

which is the bottom element shown in the figure. The stator contains the windings. Normally a

permanent magnet linear synchronous generator contains several individual windings stacked

together. The model used in this study describes a permanent magnet linear synchronous

generator with three phases. The three phases of windings are labeled A, B, and C. L is the

length of the stator core; Ys is the stator yoke thickness; hs is the height of the slot; W is the

width of the stator; hm is the height of the magnet; Yr is the translator yoke thickness. The
translator will move along with the buoy that moves with the ocean wave or the piston that

moves with the mast in the vortex bladeless wind turbine. Since the magnets on the translator

are also moving with it, the magnetic field that passes through the motionless stator windings

will change with time. According to Faraday’s Law this will induce currents in the circuit. This is

the mechanism that transforms the kinetic energy of the wind or the ocean wave into

electricity.

The structure of the primary core (unslotted) is shown in Figure 4.21, where g eq is the

equivalent air gap. The primary core is the stator.

Figure 4.21 Unslotted Primary Core showing the Equivalent Air Gap

The stator circuit windings run through slots in the stator (primary core). Each winding

follows a three-phase topology. The slot dimensions are shown in Figure 4.22.
 Figure 4.22 Illustration of Primary Core Slots

An equivalent circuit model of the alternator is as shown in Figure 4.23.

Figure 4.23 Equivalent Circuit Model of the Alternator

The proponents followed the parameters of the linear alternator model discussed in

Linear PM Generator for Wave Energy Conversion by R. Parthasarathy. The model parameters

are as shown in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Model Parameters for Linear Alternator

Name Symbol Value Units

Number of Phases m 3
 Number of Poles p 6

Number of slots/pole/phases q 1

Number of armatures Ms 4

Number of Turns per coil N 82

Length of the Stator Core Lc 0.432 m

Stator Width Wstator 0.2 m

Air Gap ga 0.002 m

Height of Magnets hm 0.006 m

Permissible flux density in translator core Br 1.2 T

Coercive magnetic field intensity Hc 905000 A/m

Armature resistance Ra 1.5 Ω

Load Resistance RL 7.5 Ω

Synchronous inductance LS 0.115 H

Permeability of free space μo 4π x 10-7 T . m/A

To mathematically model the linear alternator, the proponents first defined the pole

pitch and the tooth pitch. The pole pitch τ p is the overall width of each pole. It may be

expressed as a function of stator core length Lc and the number of poles p:

Lc
τ p=
p

The tooth pitch τt may be derived from the pole pitch τp, number of phases m, and

number of slots per pole per phase q. It is equal to:

τp
τ t=
mq

The proponents then assumed that the slot width is the same as the assumed slot width

in the reference model.

 b s=0.016 m

F. W. Carter. proposed a model for estimating air gap reluctance based on a coefficient

that depends upon the ratio of slot width to gap length. In this approach the increased air gap

reluctance is considered by computing an equivalent air gap g eq, which then influences flux

density calculations. The equivalent air gap is calculated using Carter’s coefficient and air gap

value:

geq =K C × ga

τ t (5 ga +b s )
K C=
τ t ( 5 g a +b s )−b s2

For each phase, the air-gap flux density (accounting for increased reluctance) is:

B r h m H c μ0
Φ=
hm H c μ0 −g eq B r

The voltage equations associated with the equivalent circuit in Figure are as follows,

where e1,e2, and e3 are the values of induced electromotive force for each phase.

d i1
e 1=Ra i 1+ L s +v 1
dt

d i2
e 2=Ra i 2+ Ls +v 2
dt

d i3
e 3=R a i 3 + Ls + v3
dt

where v1, v2¸and v3 are generator terminal phase voltages, and i 1, i2, and i3 are the phase

currents. The voltage induced in the phase winding by the translator motion is:
 e ph =K E cos ( )
π
T
z v (t )

where z is the displacement of the piston, v(t) is the vertical velocity of the piston/buoy

and the voltage constant KE is calculated using:

K E=M s ×W s × N ph × Φ × v av

2
where vav is the average buoy speed defined as v av = v m where vm is the vertical speed
π

amplitude, and Nph = Nc · p · q is the number of turns per coil for each phase. The induced

voltages in the windings for each phase are computed as follows:

e 1=K E cos ( Tπ z) v (t)

e 2=K E cos ( Tπ z− 23π ) v (t )
e 3=K E cos ( Tπ z− 43π ) v (t)
The generator terminal phase voltages are:

v1 =i1 R L v 2=i 2 R L v3 =i 3 R L

For the sake of simplicity and faster simulation speed, the proponents used the lower

fidelity mathematical model which ignores the electromagnetic force in the formulation of the

governing differential equations. This means that only the induced current in the circuit is

considered without the effect it has on the moving translator. In this model, due to the absence

of the electromagnetic force, v(t) will be the same as the piston shaft velocity or the wave
elevation equation that defines ocean wave elevation as a function of time u(t). The change in

currents per phase is given by the differential equations below:

d e −v −i R
i1 = 1 1 1 a
dt Ls

d e2−v 2−i 2 R a
i2 =
dt Ls

d e3−v 3−i 3 R a
i3 =
dt Ls

This will be used to compute the changes in the current and will be fed back to the

simulation. The output power is calculated by the equation:

P¿ =i 1 v1 +i 2 v 2 +i 3 v3

To consider the power losses inside the linear alternator, the proponents used the

power efficiency from the reference linear alternator model equal to 85%.

Pout =P ¿ ×0.85

The proponents coded the algorithm for solving the currents and power based on the

piston displacement and velocity and wave height input using MATLAB. The code is as shown

below:
 function [t,x,Pout] = Simulate_power(ydata, ytime, dydata, dytime)

% run simulation
[t,x] = ode45(@(t,x) LPM_3Phase(t,x, ydata, ytime, dydata, dytime),
[0 3600], [0 0 0 0 0]);

% calculate power
RL = 7.5; %Ohm
v(:,1) = x(:,3)*RL;

The proponents used ode45 solver which calculates the differentials of each variable in

every iteration. They defined a function LPM_3Phase that will be called by the ode45 solver

multiple times between 0 and 3600 seconds. This will show the outputs in one hour. The

LPM_3Phase function contains all the equations defined in this section of the paper. The

function is as shown below:

 function dx = LPM_3Phase(t,x, ydata, ytime, dydata, dytime)

dx = zeros(5,1);
p = 6;
q = 1;
m = 3;
N = zeros(1,3);
for i = 1:3
N(i) = 82*p*q;
end
L = 0.432; %m
taup = L/p; %m
taut = taup./(m*q); %m
bs = 0.016; %m
ga = 0.002; %m
Kc = taut*(5*ga+bs)/(taut*(5*ga+bs)-bs^2);
geq = Kc*ga;
hm = 0.006; %m
Br = 1.2; %T
mu0 = 4*pi*10^(-7);
Hc = 905000;
phi = zeros(1,3);
for i = 1:3
phi(i) = (Br*hm*Hc*mu0)/(hm*Hc*mu0 - geq*Br);
end

um = 2.2; %m/s
uav = 2/pi*um; %m/s
%%T = 12.6; %s
Ra = 1.5; %Ohm
Ls = 0.115; %H
RL = 7.5; %Ohm
Ms = 4; %number of armatures
Ws = 0.2; %m
KE = Ms*Ws*N(i)*phi(i)*uav;
% u = um*sin(omegam*t);
%u = um.*sin(2*pi.*t./T);
u = interp1(ytime, ydata, t);
du = interp1(dytime, dydata, t);
e = zeros(1,3);
e(1) = KE*cos(pi.*x(1)./taup)*u;
e(2) = KE*cos(pi.*x(1)./taup - 2*pi/3)*u;
e(3) = KE*cos(pi.*x(1)./taup - 4*pi/3)*u;
v = zeros(1,3);
v(1) = x(3)*RL;
v(2) = x(4)*RL;
v(3) = x(5)*RL;
F = zeros(1,3);
for i = 1:3

The output of the ode45 simulation will be the three phase current in A and the power

in W. It uses inputs such as piston displacement and piston velocity for the wind turbine, and

wave height for the wave energy turbine. To identify the movement of the piston in wave

turbine based on the wave height amplitude, the proponents used a simple wave model.
  Wave Model

To help calculate the power generation in the BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy turbine, the

proponents used the wave height amplitude equation defined by:

u ( t )=um sin ( 2Tπt )

Where um is the wave height amplitude or the maximum wave amplitude specific to the

location, and T is the wave period. The proponents used the weather data from

seatemperture.info website to get the wave height amplitude in Batangas. They used the wave

period of 12.6s as described in the reference wave model.

Power Production Validation Test

The proponents used the data from Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) for the wind speed in Dela Paz Proper,

Batangas, Philippines, and the maximum wave height data from seatemperature.info. Both data

covers the whole year of 2021. The proponents imported the data to MATLAB and used each

average wind speed per day to simulate the overall power generation of the system. Figure

4.24 shows how this was done.

Figure 4.24 Importing Data to MATLAB

 The wind speed data from PAG-ASA will be used to simulate the piston displacement

and velocities in Simulink. Figure 4.25 shows the overall Simulink model of the piston output.

Figure 4.25 Overall Simulink Model for Piston Displacement

After simulating the piston Simulink model, the outputs are used to run the ode45

MATLAB simulation model coded. Figure 4.26 shows the extra codes that are used in running

the simulation.
 Figure 4.26 Scripts for Running the Power Generation Simulation

The proponents also coded the scripts for printing the outputs into a more readable

visual format. They used figures to graph the output three phase current and maximum power

output of the linear alternators.

Figure 4.27 Scripts for Graphing the Outputs

The output power shows the power generated by the alternators. This is by using the

average values of the wind speed and wave height per day based on the input data. Since they

are averaged, it is safe to say that the output power can be assumed to be the same throughout

the day. Therefore, the power capacity or the power that can be saved for commercial use is

equal to the average power output times 1 hour to get the kW-hr. Multiplying it by 24 hours

will result to the total capacity generated in a day. Since each power output is different per day,

the proponents had to iterate each day to get the power output and power capacity per day.

The total generated power for the whole year is the sum of all the power capacity per day in

365 days.
 power generated∈a day ( kWhr )= power output ( W ) ×1 hour ×24 hours

365
total power generated=∑ power generated (n)
n=1

MATLAB/Simulink Simulation Results

The proponents tested 10 situations for the Energy Capture Performance test. They

varied the wind speeds for the Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine and the wave height for the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine. Table 4.4 and 4.5 shows the situations done on the Vortex

Bladeless Wind Turbine and BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine respectively.

Table 4.4 Situations for Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine Test

Situation Wind Speed

Situation 1 1 m/s
Situation 2 2m/s
Situation 3 3m/s
Situation 4 4m/s

Table 4.5 Situations for BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine Test

Situation Wave Height

Situation 5 0.2m
Situation 6 0.4m
Situation 7 0.6m
Situation 8 0.8m
Situation 9 1.0m
Situation 10 1.2m
The following are the results of the Energy Capture Performance Test. Figure 4.28 shows

the three phase current output of one linear alternator of the Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine

when the average wind speed is 1m/s. Figure 4.29 shows the power output.
 Figure 4.28 Three Phase Currents from 1m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.29 Power Output from 1m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.30 shows the three-phase current output of one linear alternator of the Vortex

Bladeless Wind Turbine when the average wind speed is 2m/s. Figure 4.31 shows the power

output.
 Figure 4.30 Three Phase Currents from 2m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.31 Power Output from 2m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.32 shows the three-phase current output of one linear alternator of the Vortex

Bladeless Wind Turbine when the average wind speed is 3m/s. Figure 4.33 shows the power

output.
 Figure 4.32 Three Phase Currents from 3m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.33 Power Output from 3m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.34 shows the three-phase current output of one linear alternator of the Vortex

Bladeless Wind Turbine when the average wind speed is 4m/s. Figure 4.35 shows the power

output.
 Figure 4.34 Three Phase Currents from 4m/s Average Wind Speed

Figure 4.35 Power Output from 4m/s Average Wind Speed

Table 4.6 shows the results from the Energy Capture Performance Test for one linear

alternator in a Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbines and their peak values.

Table 4.6 Results of Energy Capture Performance Test (VBWT)

 Wind Speed Peak Current (A) Power (kWp)

1m/s 5.8668 0.3293

2m/s 23.5217 5.2919
3m/s 52.4063 26.273
4m/s 91.2325 79.597

Figure 4.36 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 0.2m. Figure 4.37

shows the power output.

Figure 4.36 Three Phase Currents from 0.2m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.37 Power Output from 0.2m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Figure 4.38 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 0.4m. Figure 4.39

shows the power output.

Figure 4.38 Three Phase Currents from 0.4m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.39 Power Output from 0.4m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Figure 4.40 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 0.6m. Figure 4.41

shows the power output.

Figure 4.40 Three Phase Currents from 0.2m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.41 Power Output from 0.6m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Figure 4.42 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 0.8m. Figure 4.43

shows the power output.

Figure 4.42 Three Phase Currents from 0.8m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.43 Power Output from 0.8m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Figure 4.44 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 1m. Figure 4.45

shows the power output.

Figure 4.44 Three Phase Currents from 1m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.45 Power Output from 1m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Figure 4.46 shows the three-phase current output of the linear alternator of the BOLT

Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine when the average wave height amplitude is 1.2m. Figure 4.47

shows the power output.

Figure 4.46 Three Phase Currents from 1.2m Average Wave Height Amplitude
 Figure 4.47 Power Output from 1.2m Average Wave Height Amplitude

Table 4.7 shows the results from the Energy Capture Performance Test for the linear

alternator in a BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine and its peak values.

Table 4.7 Results of Energy Capture Performance Test (BLWT)

Wave Height (m) Current (A) Power (kWp)

0.2 3.2818 0.1036
0.4 12.9268 1.5987
0.6 28.2576 7.641
0.8 48.3806 22.397
1.0 72.3185 50.014
1.2 99.071 93.914

The proponents then proceeded to the Power Production Validation Test and simulated

one year worth of windspeed and wave height amplitude data to get the individual average

maximum current and power per day for 365 days. Figures 4.48 and 4.49 shows the maximum

current amplitude in A and power in kWp generated for the VBWT.

 Figure 4.48 Average Peak Current Generated by One Linear Alternator of the VBWT

Figure 4.49 Average Peak Power Generated by One Linear Alternator of the VBWT

The proponents solved for the total power generated in kW-hr by multiplying the power

output by 1 hour then by 24 hours to get the daily generation. Figure 4.50 shows the generated

power per day for 365 days by one linear alternator of the VBWT.
 Figure 4.50 Average Power Generated in kW-h by One Linear Alternator of the VBWT

To calculate the total generated power, the proponents used the sum() function in

MATLAB to add all the data for one year. The proponents got a total generated power of

29.182MW-h as shown in Figure 4.51

Figure 4.51 Total Generated Power in One Linear Alternator in VBWT

Multiplying it by 4 gives the total generated power of the VBWT for the whole year.

Total Generated Power by theVBWT ∈1 year =116.7279 MWh

Generated Power
Average Generation per Month= =9.7273 MWh
12 months

Generated Power
Average Generation per Day(VBWT )= =319.8025 k Wh
365 days
 Figures 4.52 and 4.53 shows the maximum current amplitude in A and power in kWp

generated for the BLWT.

Figure 4.52 Average Peak Current Generated by the BLWT

Figure 4.53 Average Peak Power Generated by the BLWT

 The proponents solved for the total power generated in kW-hr by multiplying the power

output by 1 hour then by 24 hours to get the daily generation. Figure 4.54 shows the generated

power per day for 365 days by the BLWT.

Figure 4.54 Average Power Generated in kW-h by the BLWT

To calculate the total generated power, the proponents used the sum() function in

MATLAB to add all the data for one year. The proponents got a total generated power of

92.044MW-h as shown in Figure 4.55

Figure 4.55 Total Generated Power by the BLWT

 Total Generated Power by the BLWT ∈1 year =92.044 MWh

Generated Power
Average Generation per Month= =7.67 MWh
12 months

Generated Power
Average Generation per Day( BLWT )= =252.1751kWh
365 days

The proponents then computed the total combined generated power of the Vortex Bladeless

Wind Turbine and the BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine.

Total Generated Power=116.7279 MWh+92.044 MWh=208.7719 MWh

Average Generation per Month=9.7273 MWh+ 7.67 MWh=17.3973 MWh

Average Generation per Day=319.8025 kWh+252.1751 kWh=571.9776 kWh

Therefore, the 50-meter tall Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine and BOLT Lifesaver Wave

Energy Turbine model can generate up to 572kWh of electricity per day. Based on the recent

total electricity consumption per capita in the Philippines from Enerdata website, it says that an

average household used an average of 760kWh for the year 2020.

Annual Consumption
Average Daily Electric Consumption per capita=
365 days

760 kWh
Consumption= =2.08 kWh per day per household
365

To calculate how many households the VBWT + BLWT can power, the proponents

divided the average daily generation by the average daily consumption per household.
 571.9776 kWh
Households= =274.98 ≅ 275 households
2.08 kWh

Since there are no current data of number of households within Dela Paz Proper

Batangas City, the proponents used the data from the 2015 Census where 606 households are

tallied. This means that one 50m tall Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine with BOLT Lifesaver Wave

Energy Turbine can power almost half of the total number of households in Dela Paz Proper

Batangas City.

total households 606 households

Number of 50 mtall VBWT +BLWT required= = =2.2 units ≅ 2 units
households thatcan power 275 households

To be able to power almost the total population of Dela Paz Proper, 2 50-meter tall

Vortex Bladeless wind Turbine with BOLT Lifesaver Wave Energy Turbine is required.
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