Minia University

From the SelectedWorks of Dr. Adel A. Elbaset

Winter December 21, 2009

Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fault

Calculations for Transmission Lines
Dr. Adel A. Elbaset, Minia University

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/dr_adel72/50/

 13 th Middle East Power Systems Conference, MEPCON' 2009, Assiut University, Egypt, December 20-23,2009
Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fault Calculations for Transmission
Lines
Adel A. Elbaset
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Minia University, Minia, Egypt, 61517

Abstract- Calculation of transmission line faults has a sequence vectors. Therefore, calculation of faults in
fundamental importance in the fault detection, classification, and transmission lines is an important issue in designing of
location determination of faults in transmission line. This paper protective devices. Due to limited available amount of
presents a proposed computer program based on Matlab practical fault data, it is necessary to generate examples of
software to calculate all ten types of shunt faults that may occur fault data using simulation. To generate data for the typical
in a transmission line. Various fault scenarios (fault types, fault
transmission system, this paper used to generate the fault
locations and fault impedance) are considered in this paper. The
inputs of the proposed program are line length, source voltage, current and voltage for different faults scenario. The
positive, negative and zero sequence for source impedance, line simulation of different fault types (a-g, b-g, c-g, a-b, b-c, c-a,
charging, and transmission line impedance. The output of the ab-g, bc-g, ca-g, and abc-g) and conditions (inception angles,
algorithm is used to train an artificial intelligence networks to , 0º: 90º, and fault resistances 0Ω:200Ω) were conducted at
detect, classify and locate transmission lines faults. Simulation various locations on the transmission lines. The output of this
results have shown the effectiveness of the algorithm under the paper is used to generate simulation data for the typical any
condition of all types of shunt faults. transmission line in normal and faulty conditions to detect,
Keywords- Fault Calculation, Single line to ground fault,
classified and located and cleared as fast as possible.
Double line to ground fault, Double line fault, three-phase fault.
To validate the proposed approach, extensive simulation
I. INTRODUCTION studies have been carried out using computer program based
Transmission line is a very delicate part of the electrical on MATLAB for different types of fault considering wide
network because it is an out-door equipment which can run to variations in fault location, fault inception angle and fault
several hundreds of kilometers and is subjected to different impedance.
types of faults [1]. The transmission line is exposed to II. METHODOLOGY
different types of faults such as single line to ground fault,
SLG, double line to ground fault, DLG, double line fault, DL, The analysis of fault currents will give information about the
three-phase fault [2]. Modeling and simulation of Fault nature of the faults. Let us consider a faulted transmission line
extending between two power systems as shown in Fig. 1 is
calculation is the analysis of transmission line behavior under
considered in this study. The faulted transmission line is
different fault conditions, with particular reference to the
represented by distributed parameters. Let us consider the
effects of these conditions on the transmission line current and
voltage values. Together with other aspects of system analysis, point (F) of fault may be located at any distance of the faulted
fault calculation forms an indispensable part of the whole line can be assigned a new bus number and the faulted
transmission line is broken into three sequence networks,
function and process of transmission line design. Before
namely positive, negative and zero sequence network. In order
selecting proper protective devices, it is necessary to
to calculate fault current and voltage of faulted transmission
determine the likely fault currents that may result in a system
line, the bus impedance matrix at point (F) for each sequence
under various fault conditions [3].
Correct design depends essentially on a full knowledge and network is obtained separately, then the sequence impedances,
0 1 2
understanding of system behaviour and on the ability to Z33 , Z33 and Z33 are connected together according to fault
predict this behaviour for the complete range of possible type. The fault formula for balanced and various unbalanced
system conditions. Accurate and comprehensive analysis, and faults are summarized below:-
the means and methods of achieving it, are therefore of II-I Modeling of SLG Faults Using Zbus
essential importance in obtaining satisfactory transmission line
performance and in ensuring the continued improvement in The SLG fault, the most common type, is caused by lighting
performance which results from the development and or by conductors making with ground structures.
application of new methods and techniques. Depending upon Lf L-Lf Reciving End R
the complexity of the system the calculations could also be too Sending End S
Bus 1 Bus 3 Bus 2
much involved [2]. Accurate fault current calculations are
Point F
normally carried out using an analysis method called Ss, Vs, Is Sr, Vr, Ir
symmetrical components [3,4]. This method is used by design
Figure 1. Faulted Transmission Line.
engineers and practicing protection engineers, as it involves Consider a fault between phase (a) and ground as shown in
the use of higher mathematics. It is based on the principle that Fig. 2 through impedance Zf at bus 3, point (F). The
any unbalanced set of vectors can be represented by a set of transmission line is broken into three sequence networks,
three balanced quantities, namely: positive, negative and zero namely positive, negative and zero sequence network [5,6].
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The conditions at the fault bus 3 (point F) are expressed by the Zr

C(L-Lf)

A(L-Lf)
Zs

C1(Lf) D1(Lf)

A1(Lf) B1(Lf)
following equations:-
Ifb=0 , Ifc=0 (1) Vra
Vsa
The following equations give relationships between sequence

D(L-Lf)

B(L-Lf)
components of fault currents at the fault point.
0 1 2 V Pre
f (0)
Ifa = Ifa = Ifa = (2)
Z 033 +Z 133 +Z 233 + 3.Z f

Zf
0 1 2
Where ,Z33 Z33 and Z33 are the
diagonal elements of the
corresponding bus impedance matrix. The fault line current at
bus 3 can be calculated as follows [2,3,4,5]: Vf
0 1 2
Ifa = Ifa + Ifa + Ifa (3)
Figure 3. Power system in SLG fault
0 1 2
Ifb = Ifa + a2 . Ifa + a. Ifa (4)
II-II Modeling of DL Faults Using Zbus [3,5,7]
0 1 2
Ifc = Ifa + a. Ifa + a2 . Ifa (5)
Consider a fault between phase b and c through an impedance
We rewrite the above equation in matrix notation as Zf at point F as shown in Fig. 4. The following relations must
Ifabc = T. Ifa
012
(6) be satisfied at the fault point
Where T is known as symmetrical components transformation Ifa=0 , Ifb= -Ifc (14)
matrix which transforms phasor currents Iabc into component
currents Ia012 , and is The symmetrical components of fault current is
0
Ifa =0 (15)
1 1 1 V Pre (0)
1
Ifa = −Ifa
2
= f
(16)
𝑇= 1 −0.5 − j0.866 −0.5 + j0.866 (7) Z 133 +Z 233 + Z f

1 −0.5 + j0.866 −0.5 − j0.866 The fault line currents can be obtained from Equation (6).
II-III Modeling of DLG Faults Using Zbus [2,5]
VPref(0): The prefault voltage at point F (bus 3) and can be
calculated by using two port network as shown in Fig. 3. Consider a fault between phase b and c through an impedance
Zf to ground at point F (bus 3 ) as shown in Fig. 5.
VfPre 0 = D1 . VsaPre
− B1 . Isa
Pre
(8) The fault is taken to be on phase’s b and c, and the relations
Where; now existing at the fault bus 3 are
The A1, B1, C1, D1 parameters can be calculated, as [9] Ifa=0 (17)
A1 = D1 = cosh⁡ (. Lf ) (9) Bus 1 Bus 3 Bus 2
Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
B1 = Zc . sinh . Lf (10) Ia a
Vsa Ifa
C1 = 1/Zc . sinh . Lf (11)
By defining the propagation constant per unit length for
Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
symmetrical transmission line with distributed parameters:-
Vsb Ib b
 = R + j. L . (G + j. C) (12) Ifb
Zf

and the characteristic impedance of the line

Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
Zc = R + j. L /(G + j. C) (13) Vsc Ic c
Ifc
Bus 1 Bus 3 Bus 2 Figure 4. Double line fault at point F
Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
Vsa Ia a
Ifa
Zf
Bus 1 Bus 3 Bus 2
Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf) Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
Vsb Ib b Vsa Ia a
Ifb Ifa

Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf) Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)

Vsc Ic c Vsb Ib b
Ifc Ifb

Figure 2. Single-line-to-ground fault at point F Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)

Vsc Ic c
Ifc
Zf

Figure 5. Double line to ground fault at point F

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The symmetrical components of fault current is The line fault currents from Bus 1 to Bus 3 (point F) can be
1 V Pre
f (0) obtained as follows:-
Ifa = Z2 . Z0
(18) abc 012
Z 133 + 33 33 + 3.Z f I13 = T. I13
Z2 0
33 +Z 33 +3.Z f
VfPre
0 −Z 133 .I 1fa III. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF FAULT CALCULATION
2
Ifa =− (19)
Z 233
The flow chart of the proposed computer program is shown in
V Pre 0 −Z 133 .I 1fa
0
Ifa =− f
0 (20) Fig. 7. The proposed computer program simulates various
Z 33 +3.Z f
faults for different fault conditions. i.e. a-g, b-g, c-g, ab, bc,
The fault line currents can be obtained from Equation (6)
ca, ab-g, bc-g, ca-g, and abc fault) based on Zbus. The
II-IV Modeling of three-phase Faults Using Zbus
condition parameters that have been taken into account for
Assuming the three-phase systematical fault as shown on Fig.
each fault type are:
6 occurs at bus 3 on phases a, b and c, all through the same
1) Variation of fault impedance, [0: 200] (Ω).
fault impedance Zf.
2) Variation of fault angle, [0: 90] (degree).
The symmetrical components of fault current are given by the
3) Variation fault locator [1:200] km.
following Equation:-
0 Start
Ifa =0 (21)
1 V Pre
f 0 Input
Ifa = (22) Line length, Source voltages, +ve, -ve and Zero
Z 133 +Z f Source impedance (both sources), +ve, –ve
2 and Zero Line charging, +Ve, –Ve and Zero
Ifa =0 (23) Transmission line impedance,
The fault line currents can be obtained from Equation (6)
Compute +ve ,-ve and Zero Source
II-V Modeling of Sending Voltage and Line current during impedance , +ve, –ve and Zero Line
charging, +Ve, –Ve and Zero transmission
Fault [5] line impedance per unit length

Using sequence components of the fault currents the

symmetrical components of the sending end bus voltage L=1:5:Line_Length
during fault can be obtained by the following Equations:-
0
Vsa F = 0 − Z13 0 0
. Ifa (24) θ=0:30*pi/180:pi/2

Vsa F = Vsa (0) − Z13

1 1 1
. Ifa (25) Zf=0:20:200 Ω
2
Vsa F = 0 − Z13 2 2
. Ifa (26)
Vo(3)=1.01(cos(θ)+jsin(θ))
Where;
0
Z13 = Lf . Z 0 (27) Z13=Z1*Lf;Z23=Z1*(Line_length-Lf);

Z13 = Lf . Z1
1
(28) Zo13=Zo*Lf; Zo23=Zo*(Line_length-Lf);

2
Z13 = Lf . Z 2 (29) Compute Positive, Negative and
Zero Zbus
Z23 = (L − Lf ). Z 0
0
(30)
1
Z23 = (L − Lf ). Z1 (31) Compute +Ve, -Ve and zero Sequence Current for SLG fault
Z23 = (L − Lf ). Z 2
2
(32) Ia0=V0(3)/(Zbus1(3,3)+Zbus2(3,3)+Zbus0(3,3)+j*3*Zf);
Ia1=Ia0;Ia2=Ia0;
Where Z1, Z2 and Z0 : The matrix impedance of transmission
line per unit length. Compute +Ve, -Ve and zero Sequence Current for DLG Fault
Vsa (0) : The prefault phase voltage at sending end. The phase Ia1 = V0(3)/(Zbus1(3,3)+Z11);
Ia2 =-(V0(3) - Zbus1(3, 3)*Ia1)/Zbus2(3,3);
voltages at sending end during fault are Ia0 =-(V0(3) - Zbus1(3, 3)*Ia1)/(Zbus0(3,3)+j*3*Zf);

Vsabc = T. Vsa 012

Compute +Ve, -Ve and zero Sequence Current for DL Fault
The symmetrical components of fault current in line 1 to 3 is Ia0=0;
Ia1 = V0(3)/(Zbus1(3,3)+Zbus2(3, 3)+j*Zf); Ia2=-Ia1;
given by
0 V 0sa F −V 03 (F)
I13 = (33) Compute +Ve, -Ve and zero Sequence Current for
Z 013 Symmetrical fault
If = V0(3)/(j*Zf + Zbus(3, 3));
1 V 1sa F −V 13 (F)
I13 = (34)
Z 113 Ifabc = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a

2 V 2sa F −V 23 (F) a^2]*I012;

I13 = (35)
Z 213 Calculate voltage at each bus due to
SLG,DLG, DL and Three-phase fault
Bus 1 Bus 3 Bus 2
Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf) calculate current from Sending bus
to fault bus due to SLG,DLG, DL
Vsa Ia a
Ifa and Three-phase fault

Stored Voltage and current Data

Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf) in matlab File
Vsb Ib b
Ifb

Z.Lf Z.(L-Lf)
Vsc Ic c
Ifc Zf End
Figure 6. A balanced three-phase fault at point F
Figure 7. Flowchart of the proposed computer program [10]

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 IV. APPLICATION AND RESULTS
Several fault conditions have been studied in the evaluation of
the algorithm efficiency, analyzing the fault distance and
impedance, fault inception angle as well as the fault type. To
evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, Let us
consider a faulted transmission line extending between two
sources as shown in Fig. 1. The faulted transmission line is
represented by distributed parameters. As an application, a
200 km overhead transmission line with the parameters of the
transmission line model of Fig. 1 is as follows
 Source voltages:
o Source S: V1 = 400 kV; source R: V2 = 400 kV.
 Source impedance (both sources): Figure 9. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For
DLG Fault at =10o.
o Positive sequence impedance = 1.31 + j15.0;
o Zero sequence impedance = 2.33 + j26.6;
 Frequency = 50 Hz;
 Transmission line impedance:
o Positive sequence impedance = 8.25 + j94.5;
o Zero sequence impedance = 82.5 + j308;
o Positive sequence capacitance = 13 nF/km;
o Zero sequence capacitance = 8.5 nF/km.
The significant parameters above are selected based on in real
operations [8].
A. Influence of the Fault Distance and Fault Impedance
For an analysis of the influence of the variation of the fault Figure 10. Influence of Fault Impedance and Fault distance at Fault current
distance and fault impedance in the performance of the For DL Fault at =10o.
proposed algorithm, considering cases single line to ground
faults, double line to ground faults, double line faults and
three-phase faults, all with 10o fault inception angle were
simulated. The results presented in Fig. 8-11. The voltage at
sending end at each case is shown in Fig. 12-15. It can be
verified from results presented in Figs. 8-15, that the method
is sensitive to the variation of fault distance and fault
impedance.

Figure 11. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault current For
Three phase Fault at =10o.

Figure 8. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault current For

Single Line-to-ground Fault at =10o.

Figure 12. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For
SLG Fault at =10o

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 Figure 16. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault inception angle at Fault
Figure 13. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For current For SLG Fault at Lf=5km.
DLG Fault at =10o.

Figure 17. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault inception angle at Fault

current For DLG Fault at Lf=5km.
Figure 14. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For
DL Fault at =10o

Figure 15. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For Figure 18. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault inception angle at Fault
Three phase Fault at =10o current For DL Fault at Lf=5km.

B. Influence of the inception angle and Fault Impedance

The fault impedance and fault inception angle influence on the
algorithm accuracy was also analyzed, considering cases
single line to ground faults, double line, double line to ground
faults and three-phase faults, all with 5 km line length from
local terminal. The results presented in Fig. 16-19. As it can
be observed from Figs. 20-23, the fault current slightly affect
the fault current and fault voltage at sending end.

Figure 19. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault inception angle at Fault

current For Three phase Fault at Lf =5km.

161
 C. Influence of the inception angle and Fault Distance
The fault distance and fault inception angle influence on the
algorithm accuracy was also analyzed, considering cases
single line to ground faults, double line, double line to ground
faults and three-phase faults, all with 30 ohm fault impedance.
The results presented in Fig 24-30.

Figure 20. Influence of Fault Impedance and Fault distance at Fault voltage
For SLG Fault at Lf =5km.

Figure 24. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle at Fault
current For SLG Fault at Zf=30 ohm.

Figure 21. Influence of Fault Impedances and Fault distance at Fault voltage
For DLG Fault at Lf =5km.

Figure 25. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle at Fault
current For DLG Fault at Zf =30 ohm.

Figure 22. Influence of Fault Impedance and Fault distance at Fault voltage
For DL Fault at Lf=5km.

Figure 26. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle at Fault
current For DL Fault at Zf =30 ohm.
Figure 23. Influence of Fault Impedance, Fault distance at Fault voltage For
Three phase Fault at Lf=5km.

162
 V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a computer package to perform short,
medium or long transmission line fault analysis based on Zbus
methods along with the symmetrical components method.
From the results obtained, the salient conclusions of this paper
are:-
1- Calculates the fault conditions and to provide protective
equipment designed to isolate the faulted zone from the
reminder of the system in the appropriate time.
2- Presents a highly accurate transmission line simulation
technique which is utilized to calculate voltages and
currents at the relay location (Sending end S) for different
Figure 27. Influence of Fault distance, Fault inception angle at Fault current fault types, fault conditions and different power system
For Three phase Fault at Zf =30 ohm.
data.
3- Calculate faults along different line lengths.
The results show that the method is suitable for design a
protective scheme for transmission line based on artificial
intelligence. As the method is easy applicable and it is flexible,
it can be used for modeling any other transmission lines.
REFERENCES
[1] A. L, Orille and Nabil Khalil , “Fast Faulted Phase Detection Relay For
High Voltage Transmission Lines Using The Fir Neural Networks”,
Computers & Industrial Engineering 37 1999) 395-398
[2] H. Lee Willis, and Muhammad H. Rashid “Protective Relaying
Principles and Applications” ,Book, Third edition, _ 2006 by Taylor &
Francis Group, LLC.
Figure 28. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle a Fault [3] Les Hewitson , Mark Brown and Ben Ramesh ,”Practical Power Systems
voltage For SLG Fault at Zf =30 ohm. Protection, Book, 2004, IDC Technologies., ISBN 0 7506 63979
[4] Christophe Prévé, “Protection of Electrical Networks”, Book, ISTE Ltd,
2006, ISBN 13: 978-1-905209-06-4
[5] Saadat, H., Power System Analysis, New York: McGraw Hill WCB,
1999.
[6] Zhang Qingchao et al. “Transmission line Fault Location for Single-
Phase-to-earth Fault on Non-direct-ground Neutral System ”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, October 1998.
[7] Yao Zhang, et. al, “Transmission Line Fault Location for Double Phase-
to-Earth Fault on Non-Direct-Ground Neutral System, IEEE
Transactions on power delivery, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2000
[8] R.N. Mahanty, P.B. Dutta Gupta: “A fuzzy logic based fault
classification approach using current samples only”, Electric Power
Systems Research 77, pp. 501–507,(2007).
[9] Carlos E. Morais and L. Zanetta, Optimization Algorithm for Fault
Location in Transmission Lines Considering Current Transformers
Saturation”, IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, april
Figure 29. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle at Fault 2005.
voltage For DLG Fault at Zf=30 ohm. [10] Adel A. Elbaset and Takashi Hiyama,” Fault Detection and
Classification in Transmission Lines Using ANFIS”, Trans IEE Japan
Transactions on Power and Energy ,Vol. 129-D, No. 7. pp. 413-420,
(2009).
Adel A. Elbaset Mohammed was born in Nag
Hamadi, Qena-Egypt, on October 24, 1971. He
received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. from Faculty of
Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Minia University, Egypt, in 1995, 2000 and 2006,
respectively. He is a staff member in Faculty of
Engineering, Electrical Engineering Dept., Minia
University, Egypt. Dr. A. Elbaset is currently a visiting
Professor at Kumamoto University, Japan. His research interests are in the
area of power electronics, power system, neural network, fuzzy systems and
renewable energy, Optimization.
Figure 30. Influence of Fault distance and Fault inception angle at Fault
voltage For DL Fault at Zf =30 ohm.

163