Department of Physics and Electronics B.Sc.

(Physics)

(Sem I)

Paper 1: (P101) MECHANICS and WAVE MOTION

Unit I
Frames of Reference- Frame of Reference, Inertial Frames of Reference, Non Inertial Frames and Fictitious Force,
Centrifugal Force, Rotating Frame of Reference. Dynamics of particle in rectilinear and circularotion
Conservation of Energy – Conservation of Laws, Work Energy Theorem, Conservative Forces, Linear Restoring
Force, Non-Conservative Forces, Motion under Friction, Inclined Plane, Motion in a Vertical Circle.
Linear And Angular Momentum- Conservation of Linear Momentum, Center of Mass, Col ision in 2D , Impact,
Angular Momentum And Torque.

Unit II
Potential and Fields- Central forces , Inverse Square-Law force, Gravitational Field and Potential, Equipotential
Surface, Velocity of Escape, Satel ite in Circular Orbit, Gravitational field and Potential due to a thin Spherical Shel ,
Potential and Field due to a Solid Sphere, Kepler’s Laws, Newton’s Deduction from Kepler’s
Laws
Harmonic Oscil ator- Differential equation of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) and its solution, Energy of Harmonic
Oscil ator(HO), Examples of HO.

Unit III
Composition of Two SHMs, Lissajous Figures.
Damped and Forced Harmonic Oscil ator- Damping Force, Damped Harmonic Oscil ator, Driven or Forced harmonic
oscil ator, Sharpness of Resonance, Velocity and Amplitude Resonance.
Wave Motion- Differential Equation of Wave Motion, Plane Progressive Harmonic Waves in fluid media, Principle of
superposition, Energy density of Plane Progressive wave, Particle and Wave Velocity, Longitudinal waves in Gases-
Pressure variations for plane waves, Waves in Linear bounded medium, Stationary wave solution, Flow of Energy in
Stationary Waves

Unit IV
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies- Equation of Motion for a Rotating Rigid Body, Angular Momentum and Moment of Inertia,
Inertia Tensor, Theorems on Moment of Inertia, Calculation of Moment of inertia of Bodies of Different Shapes,
Kinetic Energy of RotatingBody

Elasticity- Stress, Strain, Hooks’ Law, Young’s Modulus , Bulk Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity or Shear modulus ,
Poisson’s Ratio, Relation Connecting Various Elastic constants, Angle of Twist and Angle of Shear, Twisting Couple
on a Cylindrical Rod or Wire, Bending of Beams, Bending Moment, Beam supported at is ends and Loaded in the
Middle.

Books Recommended

1. Physics I–Resnick & Hal iday (J. Wiley and Sons (SEA) PTE Ltd.
2. Mechanics – D.S. Mathur (S.Chand and Company Ltd.)
3. Elements of mechanics – J. C. Upadhyay (S.Chand and Company Ltd)
Paper 2: (P102) Circuit Fundamental and Basics Electronics

Unit I
Growth and Decay of Currents Through Inductive Resistance,Charging and Discharging in RC and L.C.R. Circuit,
Time Constant
Measurement of High Resistance, A.C. bridges, Maxwel ’s and Scheringe’s Bridges, Wien Bridge.

Unit II
Semiconductors, Intrinsic and Extrinsic, n-type, p-type Semiconductors
Unbiased Diodes,Diode as a rectifier, Forward Reversed Biased Diodes, Diode Characteristics, Zener Diode,
Avalanche and Zener Breakdown, power supplies: Rectifier, bridge rectifier, capacitor input Filter, voltage regulator,
Zener regulator.
Bipolar Transistors, Three Doped Regions- Forward and Reverse Bias, D.C. alpha, D.C. beta, Transistor Curves.

Unit III
Transistor Biasing Circuits, Emitter Bias, Base bias, Voltage Divider Bias, D.C. load line

Basic AC Equivalent Circuits, Low frequency model, smal signal amplifiers, Common Emitter Amplifier, common col
ector amplifier, common base amplifier Current and Voltage Gain, RC coupled amplifier-qualitative treatment only.
Frequency response, input and output impedances, Feedback
Principles

Unit IV
Transistor as an Oscil ator-General Discussion and Theory of Hartely Oscil ator Elements of Transmission and
Reception, Basic Principles of Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Principle and Design of Linear Mil imeters and Their Application, Cathode Ray Oscil ograph and its Simple
Applications

Recommended Books –

1. Principles of Electronices- V.K.Mehta (S.Chand publications)

2. Circuit Fundamentals and Basics- J.P.Agarwal (pragati prakashan, Meerut)
 (Sem II)
Paper 1: (P201) Optics
Unit I
Condition for Observing Interference, Visibility of Fringes, Production of Coherent Sources , Temporal and
Spatial Coherence Production Interference Fringes and Determination of Wavelength, Biprism
Production of Achromatic Fringes, Colour of Thin films, Newton Rings. Multiple Reflection, Fabry Perot
Interferometer and LG plate, Filter.

Unit II
Fresnel’s’ diffraction, Fresnel’s’ zones and propagation of light, zone plate, Fresnel’s diffraction at edge and
narrow wire. Fraunhofer diffraction at multiple slits, limiting cases- single and double slits.

Unit III
Polarization, Double Refraction in Uniaxial Crystals, Huygens Theory of Double Refraction.
Nicole Prism, Polaroids and Retardation Plates, Half and Quarter Wave Plates , Production and Detection of
Elliptically Polarisied Light.
Optical Activity, Fresnel’s Theory of Optical Rotation, Matrix Representation of Plane Polarized Waves, Matrices
of Polarizer Retardation and Rotation . Application to Simple Systems, Light Sources.

Unit IV
Resolving power-criterion, expressions for resolving powers of telescope, grating.
Optical instruments- Spectrometer, Michelson Interferometer, Sextant, Babinets compensator, Half Shade and
Biquartz, Polarimeter.
LASER, Its components, types of LASER and its application.

Books recommended

1. Fundamentals of Optics-A.Jenkins and H.E.White (Mc Graw Hill International Book Company)
2. A Text Book of Optics –Brij Lal and Subramanyam (S.Chand and Company Ltd.)
Paper 2: Experiments (P202)

1. Determination of modulus of Rigidity of the Material of a Wire by the Statistical Method.

2. Determination of Youngs modulus of the Material of a Bar by Flexure Method.
3. Determination of Coefficient of Viscosity of Water.
4. Determination of Surface Tension of Water by Capil ary rise Method.
5. Measurement of height with a sextant.
6. Determination of wavelength of Sodium light by Newton’s rings.
7. Determination of specific rotation of an optical y active substance by polarimeter.
8. Verification of Brewster’s law.
9. Determination of Acceleration due to Gravity by Compound Pendulum.
10. Determination of frequency of a.c. mains with the help of sonometer.
11. Determination of resolving power of telescope.
12. Determination of diameter of wire by diffraction.
13. Measurement of dispersive power of a prism.
(Sem. III)

Paper 1: P(301) Electricity and Magnetism Unit-I (Electrostatics)

Coulombs Law, Electric Field and Potential, Field due to Uniformly Charged Sphere, Poisson and Laplace Equation,
Gauss law and its application: The field of a conductor, Electric Dipole, Field and Potential due to Electric Dipole,
Dipole Approximation for an arbitrary charge distribution, Electric Quadrupole, Field due to Electric Quadrupole,
Electrostatic Energy of a uniformly charged sphere, Energy of a condenser.
Unit-II (Magnetostatics)
Magnetic Field, Magnetic Force of a current, Magnetic Induction, Biot-Savart Law, Lorentz force, Vector and Scalar
Magnetic Potential, Magnetic Dipole, Magnetomotive Force, Ampere’s Circuital Theorem and its applications:
magnetic field due to a wire carrying current and solenoid.

Unit-III (Electromagnetic Induction)

Laws of induction, Faraday’s law and Lenz Law,
Mutual and Self Induction, Vector Potential in varying Magnetic Field, Skin Effect, Motion of Electron in changing
magnetic field, Magnetic energy in a field, induced magnetic field, Displacement current, Maxwel ’s Equation, Poynting
Vector, Electromagnetic Waves in Free space, Theory and working of bal istic Galvanometer

Unit-IV (Magnetic Properties of Matter)

Intensity of Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, Properties of Dia, Para and Ferromagnetic materials, Curie
Temperature, Hysteresis and it’s experimental determination.
Dielectrics, Dielectric constant, polarization, electronic, atomic or ionic polarization, polarization charges, Electrostatic
equations, Field, Force and Energy in Dielectrics, Debye Model.

Books recommended

1. Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics- Ahmad and Lal(Unitech House, Lko.)

2. Electricity and Magnetism- K. K. Tiwari (S. Chand and Company Ltd.)
(P302)List of experiments

1. To Study Time constant in CR Circuit.

2. To study Solid State Common Power Supply.
3. To determine the capacity of condenser by absolute method.
4. To determine the coefficient of mutual induction between two coils.
5. To determine the coefficient of self inductance.
6. To study the characteristics of pnp transistor.
7. To study the characteristics of junction of diode.
8. To study the characteristics of Zener diode.
9. To study LCR circuit.
10. To calibrate an oscil ator using CRO.
11. To find the values of Stefan’s constant.
(Sem. IV)

Paper 1: P(401) Thermal Physics

Unit-I
Thermal equilibrium, Zeros law of Thermodynamics, Temperature concept, Equation of State, Vander wal ’s Equation,
Critical Constants, Principle of correspondingStates

Unit-II
First law of thermodynamics, Absolute scale of temperature, Entropy, Degradation of Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz
function, Gibb’s function, Maxwel ’s Thermodynamic relations and their applications.

Unit-III
Differential and Integral Joule Thomson Effect, Inversion Temperature, Liquification of gases (no experimental
details),
Adiabatic Demagnetization –HeI and HeII, Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation.

Unit-IV
Kinetic Theory, Maxwel -Boltzmann Law, Equipartition of energy, mean free path, Transport phenomenon, Brownian
motion, Avagadro number, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Temperature, Black Body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann law,
Planck’s law and its verification

Books Recommended

1. Thermal Physics- B.K.Agarwal (LokBharti Publication)

2. Heat, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics - BrijLal & Subramanyam (S.Chand and Company Ltd)
(Sem. IV)

Paper 2: P(402) Elements of Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Spectra Unit-I

Inadequacies of Quantum Mechanics, Photoelectric Phenomenon, Compton effect, Wave particle Duality, de broglie
matter wave and their experimental determination, Heisenberg’s uncertainty Principle, Complementary principle,
Principle of superposition, motion of wave packets.

Unit-II
Schrödinger wave equation, Interpretation of wave function, expectation values of dynamic variables, Ehrenfest
theorem,orthonormal properties of wave function, one dimensional motion in step potential, rectangular barrier, Square
wel potential, particle in a box, normalization.

Unit-III
Bohr atomic model, Sommerfeld El iptic orbits, Spin and orbital magnetic moments, Stern Gerlach experiment, Pauli’s
exclusion Principle and periodic table, Optical Spectra of Alkali and Alkaline earth elements, Fine structure of Spectral
lines, Coupling Schemes(LS and JJ) for two electron systems.

Unit-IV
Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect and Paschen Back Effect of one Electron Systems, Experimental Observations,
X-ray Spectra- continuous and characteristic, their generation and uses, Spin and Screening Doublets.

Books Recommended

1. Concepts of modern physics- A.Beiser (TATA Mc Graw Hil )

2. Modern Physics-R.Murugeshan & K.Sivaprastha ( S.Chand and Company Ltd)
(Sem.V)

Paper 1: P(501) Electronics

Unit-I (network theorems and circuit analysis)

Thevenin, Norton and superposition theorems and their applications- T and Network characteristic Interactive and
image impedances, constant K and Derived –m type filters, transmission lines, Characteristic impedances and
Attenuations, Reflection Coefficients, Diodes,Diffusion of minority carrier in semiconductor, work function in metals
and semiconductors, junction between metals and semiconductors, semiconductor and semiconductor, p-n junction,
depletion layer , junction potential, width of depletion layer, field and capacitance of depletion layer, forward ac and dc
resistance of junction, reverse breakdown.

Unit-II (diodes)
Zener and Avalanche diode, tunnel diode, point contact diode, their importance at high frequencies, LED, Photodiodes,
Effect of temperature on junction diode thermistors.
(Transistors)Transistor parameters, Base width modulation, transit time and life time of minority carriers, base and
emitter resistance, col ector conductance, base spreading resistance, diffusion capacitance, reverse feedback ratio,
Equivalent Circuit for Transistors, Basic model, Hybrid Model and Y-parameter equivalent circuit, input and output
impedances.

Unit-III
Current and voltage gain, biasing formula for transistors, base bias, emitter bias and mixed type bias, biasing for smal
and large signal operation.Transistor circuit, application at low frequencies, their ac and dc equivalent for three different
modes of operation, large signal operation of transistor, heat sink, thermal resistance, distortion in amplifiers, cascading
of stage, frequency response, negative and positive feedback in transistor amplifier.

Unit-IV
FET, characteristics, biasing of FET, use in preamplifiers, MOSFET and their uses. Power Supplies- Electronical y
regulated low and high voltage power supplies, invertors for battery operated equipments.
Miscel aneous basic linear integrated circuits, photo transistors, silicon control ed rectifiers, UJT and their simple uses.

Books Recommended

1. Electrical Technology, Vol IV-B.L. Thareja(S.Chand and Company Ltd)

2. Networking Analysis-J.Ryder ( )
3. Circuit Fundamental and basic Electonics- J.P.Agarwal(Pragati Prakashan, Meerut)
Paper 2: (P502) Solid State Physics

Unit I (Crystal Structure)

Lattice translation vectors and lattice, Symmetry operation, Basis and crystal structures, Symmetry operation, basis
and crystal structure, Primitive lattice cel , two-dimensional lattice system, Number of lattice, Point groups and plane
groups Three dimensional lattice types system no. of lattices, Point groups and space groups.Index system for crystal
plane miler indices, Simple crystal structures. NaCl, CsCl, hcp diamond, cubic ZnS and hexa. ZnS. Occurrence of
nonideal crystal structures,Random stacking of polytypism glasses.

UnitII(Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice)

Incident beam, Bragg’s law, Experimental diffraction method. Laue method Rotating crystal method, Powder method.
Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, Fourier analysis, Reciprocal lattice vectors diffraction condition Ewald method
Bril ouin zones, reciprocal lattice to sc, bcc and fcc lattice, Fourier analysis of the basis and atomic form factor.

Unit III (Crystal Bindings)

Crystals of inert gases, Vander wal s-London interaction-Repulsive interaction, Equilibrium lattice constants, cohesive
energy, Compressibility and bulk modulus, Ionic crystal, modelung energy, Evaluation of modelung constants, covalent
crystals, Hydrogen bonding crystals, Atomic crystals, Atomic radi , Lattice heat capacity, Einstein model, Variation of
mono-atomic lattice.

Unit IV (Lattice vibrations)

Derivation of dispersion relation, First Bril ion zones , group velocity, continuum limit, Force constant, Lattice with
two atoms per primitive cel , Derivation of dispersion relation, Acoustic and optical modes, phonon momentum, Free
electron theory, Fermi energy, Density of states, Heat energy of electron gas, Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction
electron, Hal effect in metals.
Origin of band theory, Quantitative idea of Bloch Theorem, Kronig Penny Model, number of orbital in a band
conductor and insulators, effective mass, concept of holes.
(Sem. VI)

Paper 1: P(601) Elements of Relativistic, Classical and Statistical Mechanics

Unit-I (Relativistic Mechanics)

Earth as a reference frame, Galilean transformation, Michelson Morley Experiment, Postulates of Special Theory of
Relativity, Lorentz transformations, Length Contraction and Time Dilation, Law of Addition of velocities, Variation of
mass with velocity, Principle of Equivalance of mass and Energy.

Unit-II (Classical mechanics)

Mechanics of a system of particles, generalized coordinates, D’Alemberts Principle, Lagrangean Formulation and
Lagranges Equation of motion, Calculus of Variation and its Apl ication. Hamiltonian formulation and Hamilton’s
equation of motion.

Unit-III (Classical and Statistical mechanics)

The Rigid Body motion, Force free motion of symmetrical rigid body. Two body Central Force problem, reduction
to equivalent one body problem, The equation of motion and First Integrals, Classification of orbits, orbit for integral
power- law potentials, Inverse square- law , Kepler’s problem, Inadequacies of Classical mechanics, phase space,
Liouvil e’s theorem, connection between statistical and thermodynamic quantities.

Unit-IV (Statistical Mechanics)

Ensembles, the microcanonical, the canonical and the grand canonical Ensembles, Maxwel -Boltzmann statistics,
Partition function , Maxwel velocity distribution and mean values, equipartition theorem, statistics of interacting
system, Vander Wal ’s gas, Electron gas and Planck’s oscil ator.

Books Recommended

1. Special Relativity- A.P.French( Norton)

2. Classical Mechanics- H.Goldstein(Narosa Publishing house)
3. Statistical Mechanics- B.K.Agarwal & Melvin Eisner (New Age International Publication)
Paper 2: (P602) Nuclear Physics

Unit-I (General Properties of Nucleus)

Brief survey of general properties of the nucleus, mass defect and binding energy, charge, size, spin and magnetic
moment, Brainbridge mass spectrograph. Nuclear Model Liquid Drop Model and Bieth-Weizacher mass
formula, Single Particle Shel model

Unit II Nuclear Force

Saturation phenomenon and exchange force, Deutron ground State properties. Natural Radioactivity
Fundamental laws of radioactivity, Soddy-Fajan’s Displacement law of radioactive disintegration, basic idea about α, β
and γ decay.

Unit-III (Nuclear Reactions)

Nuclear reactions and their conservation laws, cross section of nuclear reactions, theory of fission, Nuclear reactors and
nuclear fusion.
Elementary Particles
Basic classification based on rest mass, spin and half life, particle interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and
strong interactions.

Unit IV
Accelerators and detectors
Vande Graff Cyclotron, Synchrotron, Interaction of charged particles and Gamma Rays with Matter, G M Counter,
Scintil ation Counter and Neutron Detectors

Books Recommended

1. Nuclear Physics-S.N.Ghoshal (S.Chand and Company Ltd)

2. Nuclear Physics-An Introduction- S.B.Patel (New Age International ltd.)
3. Solid State Physics- S.O.Pil ai(New Age Publication)
4. Solid State Physics-Kittel (Wiley)