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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

Part (2)

1. Numbers
1.1. Integers, HCF/LCM, Prime numbers,
Sig Figs, Dec Places
Question 1:
Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 36 and 48. (2
marks)
Solution:
We can do this by writing out all of the multiples of the two
numbers.
The multiples of 36 are:
1.3. Square and Cube Numbers
36,  72,  108,  144,  180,  …
Question 2:
The multiples of 48 are 3
Simplify (32x10 ) 5 (2 marks)
​

48,  96,  144,  192,  … Solution:

Apply the power to everything inside the brackets¸ and use
We can see that the lowest common multiple is: x y
the general
rule that (a ) =  axy
144 3 3
32 5 × x(10× 5 )
​ ​

1.2. Sets and Venn Diagram 1

Note that 32 = 25 hence 32 5 = 2 ​

3
Question 2: = (32 5 ) × x6
1
​

1. ε = {x: 2 ≤ x ≤ 16, x is an integer}

2. M = {even numbers}
= 23 x6
3. P = {prime numbers}
= 8x6
4. i) Find n (M ). (1 Mark)
5. ii) Write down the set (P ∪ M)′. (1 mark)
6. On the Venn diagram, shade A ∩ B′. (1 mark)
1.4. Conversion - Percentages, Fractions
& Decimals
Solution:
Question 4:
Part (1)(i)
Write the recurring decimal 0.32 ̇ (0.3222...) as a fraction. (2
n (M ) is the number of elements in set M. M is all the even marks)
numbers between 2 and 16 inclusive which is Solution:
We need to get rid of the recurring decimal by doing the
n (M ) = 8
following
Part (1)(ii)
′ 100 × 0.32̇ = 32.2̇
(P ∪ M ) are the elements not in the union of sets P and M.
10 × 0.32̇ = 3.2̇
(P ∪ M ) = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16)
′
100 × 0.32̇ − 10 × 0.32̇ = 90 × 0.32̇
(P ∪ M ) = (9, 15)
= 32.2̇ − 3.2̇
→ 90 × 0.32̇ = 29
Now divide by 90

29
0.32̇ =
90
​

1.5. Order by Size

Question 5:

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Write the following in order of size, smallest first: π, 3.14,

22
7 , ​ We now can multiply the numerators and denominators.
3.142, 3 (2 marks)
3 × 16 48
Solution: = =8
2×3 6
​ ​

The order of size can be found by writing all of these

numbers out to
the same number of decimal places, and Hence
1 12 ÷ 3 8.
then comparing. In order to do
this, put each of the values
​

16 =
​

into the same format (decimals) using the

‘S⇔D’ button
(located above ‘DEL’) on your calculator. 1.8. Estimation
π = 3.14159 (5.d.p) Question 8:
By writing each number correct to 1 significant figure,
3.14 = 3.14000 (5.d.p) estimate the
value of 
22 3 ⋅ 9   ×  29 ⋅ 3
= 3.14286 (5.d.p) ​

7
​

8 ⋅ 9  −  2 ⋅ 7
​

3.142 = 3.14200 (5.d.p) Show all your working. (2 marks)

Solution:
3 = 3.00000 (5.d.p)
Write all numbers correct to one significant figure:
Therefore, the order we get (smallest to largest) is:
3 < 3.14 < π < 3.142 < 22
4 × 30 ​

7
9−3
​

1.6. Standard Form Do the calculations.

2 × 30 60
Question 6: =
6 6
​ ​

Write 2.8 × 102 as an ordinary number. (1 mark)

Solution: We get the final answer:
We can write 2.8 x 102 as an ordinary number like this: 2.8
x
10
102 simply means 2.8 x 100

2.8 × 100 = 280 1.9. Bounds

1.7. Operations of Fractions & Decimals Question 9:

An equilateral triangle has sides of length 16.1 cm, correct to
Question 7: the
nearest millimetre. Find the lower and upper bounds of
Show that the perimeter of
the triangle. (2 marks)
Solution:
1 3 An equilateral triangle has all sides and angles equal. We
1   ÷    = 8
2 16 know that
each side is 16.1cm to the nearest mm. This
​ ​

means that, each side

could be between 16.15cm and
Do not use a calculator and show all the steps of your
working. (2 marks)
Solution:
This question is most simply done by converting everything
to proper fractions. We want to change 1 12 into a proper
16.05cm. We can therefore
calculate:

fraction, which can be done as shown.

The minimum perimeter/lower bound is:
1 1 2 1 3
1    →   1 +     →     +    →    16.05 + 16.05 + 16.05 = 48.15cm
2 2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Our problem then becomes And the maximum perimeter/upper bound is:

3 3 16.15 + 16.15 + 16.15 = 48.45cm

÷
2 16
​ ​

We can use ‘Keep-Change-Flip’ to change this to a 1.10. Ratios

multiplication problem. We keep 32 , change ÷ into ×, and flip
Question 10:
​

3 16
16 to 3 .
​ ​

The scale on a map is 1: 20 000.

3 16 a) Calculate the actual distance between two points which
× are 2.7 cm
apart on the map. Give your answer in kilometres.
2 3
​ ​

(2 marks)

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b) A field has an area of 64 400 m2 . Calculate the area of the Question 12:
field on the map in cm2 (2 marks) Use your calculator to find the value of
Solution:
Part (a): (cos 30∘ )2 −  (sin 30∘ )2  
Multiply the distance on the map by the scale factor to find 2(sin 120∘ )(cos 120∘ )
​

the real
distance in centimetres.
(2 marks)
distance = 2.7cm × 20 000 Solution:
By inputting the values into your calculator, you get:
distance = 54 000 cm
(cos(30))2 − (sin (30))2  
Divide the distance by 100 to get the distance in meters. (1m 2(sin(120)(cos (120))
​

= 100cm)
3 −  1
4 4 0.5 − 3
distance = 540 m = = =
​ ​
​

3 −1 − 3 3
​ ​ ​

2  ×  2  
​

​ × 2 ​

2
​

Divide the real distance in meters by 1000 to get the distance

in
kilometers (1km = 1000m) So, the answer is:

distance = 0.54 km − 3
=
​

3
​

Part (b):
Multiply the area by 10 000 to get the area in square 1.13. Time
centimeters.
(1m2 = 100cm x 100cm= 10 000 cm2) Question 13:
A train leaves Zurich at 22 40 and arrives in Vienna at 07 32
area = 644 000 000 cm2 the next
day. Work out the time taken. (1 mark)
Solution:
Divide by the scale factor 20 0002to get the area on the
map. We can count the time it takes to get us to the Vienna. Add 20
(Note: Area scale factor is the square of the length scale minutes
to take it to the next hour:
factor)
22 : 40 + 20m = 23 : 00
644 000 000 cm2
area on map =
(20 000)2 Add 1 hour to take it to the next day (24:00 is equivalent to
​

midnight,
or 00:00)
area on map = 1.61 cm2
23 : 00 + 1hr = 24 : 00  (= 00 : 00)
1.11. Percentages Now add 7 hours and 32 minutes to get to the desired time

Question 11: 00 : 00 + 7hr 32m = 07 : 32

In 1970 the population of China was 8.2 x 108 . In 2007 the
population of China was 1.322 x 109 . Calculate the The time taken is all the hours and minutes added together
population in
2007 as a percentage of the population in 1970. like this
(2 marks)
20m + 1hr + 7hr 32m
Solution:
The population in 2007 as a percentage of the population in Total time = (8hr 52m)
1970 can be
calculated by:

P opulation in 2007
  × 100,
​
1.14. Currency Conversions
P opulation in 1970
Question 14:
Substituting in the values gives:
1. In 2007, a tourist changed 4000 Chinese Yuan into
1.322  ×  109 pounds (£) when
the exchange rate was £1 = 15.2978
  × 100 = 161.2̇1951̇
8.2  ×  108 Chinese Yuan. Calculate the
amount he received,
​

giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

(2
The answer after rounding is: marks)
2. In 2006, the exchange rate was £1 = 15.9128 Chinese
161%
Yuan. Calculate
the percentage decrease in the
number of Chinese Yuan for each £1
from 2006 to
1.12. Using a calculator 2007. (2 marks)

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Solution: To calculate how much interest she owes on $198 at the end
Part (1): of the 3
months we first must calculate the total amount
In order to change from Chinese Yuan into pounds, we can after interest at the
end of the 3 months. This is done as
do this: follows:

r 3
1 Chinese Y uan = £0.06537 198  × (1 + ) 
100
​

4000 Chinese Y uan = £0.06537 × 4000

where r is the interest rate. As we know that the interest rate
4000 Chinese Y uan = £261.4755 is 1.9%,
3
1.9 )  = 1.019
r =(1 + 100
But we need this to the nearest penny
​

and hence the total amount after interest is:

4000 Chinese Yuan = £261.4 198 × 1.0193 = 209.50$
Hence Zainab owes the bank
Part (b):
To calculate the percentage decrease we need to do the $209.5 − $198 = $11.5
following: So, the answer is:
change in amount of  chinese yuan f or each £1
× 100 $11.5
amount of  chinese yuan f or each £1 in 2006
​

15.9128 − 15.2978
15.9128
× 100 = 3.8648
​ 2. Algebra and graphs
Hence the percentage decrease is 3.865%
2.1. Using Algebra to Solve Problems
1.15. Finance Problems Question 17:
2
Simplify 16 − 4 (3x − 2) . (3 marks)
Question 15: Solution:
Emily invests x at a rate of 3% per year simple interest. After Simplifying the equation gives:
5 years
she has 20.10$ interest. Find the value of x. (3 marks)
Solution: 16 − 4 (3x − 2)2 = 16 − 4 (9x2 − 12x + 4)
The equation for simple interest is
= 16 − 36x2 + 48x − 16
x + i = x (1 + t)
R
100 = −36x2 + 48x
​

Where: = 12x(4 − 3x)

x = Principal investment value So, the answer is:
i = Interest gained
R = Interest rate (%) 12x(4 − 3x)
t = Investment time

3×5 2.2. Factorisation (Linear)

x + 20.1 = x (1 + )
100
​

Question 18:
20.1 Factorise completely.
1+ ​= 1 + 0.06 a) 2a + 4 + ap + 2p (2 marks)
x
b) 162 – 8t2 (2 marks)
20.1
x= Solution:
0.06
​

Part (a):
x = 134
(a + 2) (p + 2)
 
Question 16: We can check this by expanding it back out:
Zainab borrows $198 from a bank to pay for a new bed. The
ap + 2p + 2a + 4
bank charges
compound interest at 1.9 % per month.
Calculate how much interest
she owes at the end of 3 Part (b):
months. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal
places. (3 We can start off by factorising out the common factor of 2
marks)
Solution: 2 (81 − 4t2 )

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Then we can see that this is the difference of two squares 0.4x = 27 + 5y

= 2 (92 − (2t) )
2 Substitute this into the second equation:

5 (27 + 5y ) + 0.2y = 9
= 2 (9 + 2t) (9 − 2t)
Simplify:
2.3. Indices
135 + 25.2y = 9
Question 20:
3 5 Solve:
Simplify
58 x 2​
​

÷ 12 x− 2 (2 marks)
​
​

Solution: 25.2y = −126y = −5

To simplify the equation, we use the fact that
Substitute your answer into one of the equations:
xa ÷ xb =  xa−b
2x − 1 = 9
Hence:
Solve for x:
5 3 1 −5 5 1 5
x 2 ÷  x 2 = ( ÷ ) x 2 − 2 =  x4
3 −5
​ ​ ​ ​

8
​

2 8 2
​

4
​ ​ ​

2x = 10x = 5

So, the answer is: So the answer is:

1.25 x4
= 1  14 x4
x = 5,  y = −5
​

2.4. Linear equations 2.6. Linear inequalities

Question 21:
Question 23:
Solve the equation. (2 marks)
Solve the inequality. (2 marks)
5 – 2x  =  3x – 19
3x − 1 ≤ 11x + 2
Solution:
Solution:
5 − 2x = 3x − 19 To solve the inequality 3x − 1 ≤ 11x + 2 we must
rearrange
for x.
Add 2x to both sides of the equality:
3x − 1 ≤ 11x + 2
5 = 5x − 19
Hence we get
Add 19 to both sides:
3
x≥−
5x = 24 8
​

Divide both sides by 5:

2.7. Quadratic Equations
24
x= Question 24:
5
​

y  =  x2 +  7x – 5 can be written in the form

x = 4.8 y = (x + a)2 + b.
Find the value of a and the value of b. (3 marks)
2.5. Simultaneous Linear Equations Solution:
2
If we expand (x + a) and collect terms we get
Question 22:
Solve the simultaneous equations. (3 marks) y = (x + a)2 + b
0.4x – 5y  =  27 = x2 + 2ax + a2 + b
2x  +  0.2y  =  9 If we now compare coefficients of the powers of x we have

Solution: CF x1 :   2a = 7

Rearrange one of the equations to get just x or just y on one
side: → a = 72 or 3.5
​

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CFx0  (units) :   a2 + b = −5 Hence

49 nth term = 3n + 13
→ + b = −5
4
​

Part (b):
20 49 Each term is a power of 3 so our sequence has the form
→b=− −
4 4
​ ​

3f (n)
b = − 69
4 or -17.25
​

If we substitute in some values, we can see that

2.8. Graphical inequalities 1 = 3f (1)
→ f (1) = 0

3 = 3f (2)
→ f (2) = 1

Question 25:
Hence
Find four inequalities that define the region, R, on the grid. (4
marks) f (n) = n − 1
Solution:
Final answer
The lines on the grid that border R are
nth term =  3n−1
y=4

y=3 2.10. Direct/Inverse proportionality

x=2 Question 27:
t varies inversely as the square root of u. t = 3 when u = 4.
y=x Find t when u = 49. (3 marks)
Solution:
R is above 3 and below 4, to the right of 2 and to the left of
We are told that t varies inversely with the square root of
u.
the
diagonal line. Note that solid lines mean we include them
Written mathematically, this says:
in the
inequality. This is written as
1
y<4 t∝ ​

u ​

y≥3
By adding a constant of multiplication, we can make this a
x≥2 proper
equation:

k
y>x t= ​

u ​

2.9. Sequences and nth term We are given values for t and u, so we can rearrange and
solve for k.
Question 26:
Find the nth term of each of these sequences. k
t=
a) 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, ... (2 marks)
​

u ​

b) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ... (2 marks)

Solution: Multiply both sides by  u ​

Part (a):
The difference between the terms is 3. The sequence can
t u=k ​

then be written
as Plugging in values
3n + a 3 4 = k = 3 (2) = 6k = 6
​

Where a is some real number and n is the term. The first

Hence our equation becomes
term is then
6
3 + a = 16 t= ​

u ​

→ a = 13

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We are asked to find t when u = 49. b) On the grid, draw the graph of y = f (x) for –3
≤ x ≤ –
0.3 and 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 2. (1 mark)
6 6
t= = c) Use your graph to solve the equation f (x) = 1 (1 mark)
49 7
​ ​

d) There is only one negative integer value, k, for which f(x) =

k has
only one solution for all real x. Write down this value of
2.11. Kinematics, Distance-Time & k. (1 mark)
e) The equation 2x − 2x1 2 − 2 = 0 can be solved using
the
Speed-Time Graphs graph of y = f(x) and a straight-line graph.
I. Find the equation of this straight line (1 mark)
Question 28:
II. On the grid, draw this straight line and solve the equation
A car of length 4.3 m is travelling at 105 km/h. It passes over
a bridge
of length 36m. Calculate the time, in seconds, it
2x − 2x12 − 2 = 0. (3 marks)
​

takes to pass over the

bridge completely. (3 marks) Solution:
Solution: Part (a):
The car is on the bridge when its front is on the bridge and We use calculator to find the values of f (x) for x=-1
and x=1.
exits when
its rear leaves. The total distance to travel is
therefore
f (−1) = −1.5,   f (1) = 0.5
Part (b):
36 + 4.3 = 40.3m
Converting the speed into m/s, first we multiply by 1000 to
get the
units in m/hr

Speed = 105 kmh−1 × 1000

Speed = 105000mh−1
Part (c):
Next, we have to turn it into m/s We plot the line y=1 and find the x-coordinate of the point of
intersection.
Speed = 105000mh−1 ÷ (602 )
105000 −1
Speed = ms
3600
​

From the graph, we can see that the x-coordinate of the

175 −1 point is
Speed = ms
6
​

x = 1.3
Using the speed distance time relation
Part (d):
distance From the graph, we can clearly see that k = −1, since for
-2
speed =
time and any other negative integer, there are two solutions to
175 −1 40.3m f(x)=k.
ms =
6 time
​

k = −1
Rearrange for time
Part (e)(i):
6 Subtract (x-2) from both sides of the equation.
time = 40.3 ×
175
​

1
x− =2−x
= 1.38 s (2dp) 2x2
​

We can see that the right side of the equation is our original
2.12. Constructing Graphs & Solving function.
Therefore, the left-hand side must be the straight line we are
Equations Graphically
looking
for.
Question 29: y =2−x
1
f (x) = x − 2  ,  x =
0 Part (e)(ii):
2x
​

We plot a line y = 2 − x and find the x-coordinate of the

a) Complete the table of values. (2 marks) point of
intersection with the original graph to solve
2x −
1 −2=0
2x2 ​

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Solution:
Part (a)(i):
We apply f(x) to g(x) like so

fg (x) = 5g (x) + 7
20
From the graph, we can see that the x-coordinate of the = +7
x−3
​

point, and hence

the solution to the equation
2x − 2x12 − 2 = 0 is 20
​

fg (1) = +7
1−3
​

x  =  1.15
= −10 + 7
2.13. Tangents & Gradients = −3
Part (a)(ii):
We apply the function g to the output of function f giving:

4
gf (x) =
f (x) − 3
​

Question 30:

a) Work out the gradient of the line L (2 marks) 4

b) Write down the equation of the line parallel to the line L =
5x + 7 − 3
​

that
passes through the point (0, 6). (2 marks)
Solution: 4
=
Part (a): 5x + 4
​

Gradient found by using

Part (a)(iii):
y2 − y1 Let y = g(x). If we rearrange for x = f (y) then that
m=
​ ​

x2 − x1 function of y will be g −1 (y).

​

​ ​

Choose the points (1, 1) and (0, -1) 4

y=
x−3
​

1 − (−1)
m=
1−0 Multiply both sides by x − 3
​

=2 y (x − 3) = 4
Part (b): Divide both sides by y
Parallel means the same gradient, so 2. This gives us the
equation 4
x−3= ​

y
y = 2x + c
Add 3 to both sides
c is the y-intercept which is given as 6
4
x= + 3 = g −1 (y )
y = 2x + 6
​

y
4
2.14. Functions → g−1 (x) = +3
x
​

Question 31: Part (a)(iv):

f (x) = 5x + 7 g (x) = 4 Inverse function applied to the function reverses its effect, so
x−3 ​

f −1 f (2) = 2
a) Find
i. fg(1) (2 Marks) Part (b)(i):
ii. gf(1) (2 Marks) We have
iii. g-1(x) (2 Marks)
4
iv. ff-1(2) (2 Marks) 5x + 7 =
x−3
​

b) f(x) = g(x)
i. Show that 5x2 − 8x − 25 = 0 (3 Marks) Multiply both sides by x − 3
ii. Solve 5x2 − 8x − 25 = 0. Show all your working and give
your answers correct to 2 decimal places. (4 Marks) (5x + 7) (x − 3) = 4

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Expand The only letter in ‘ZEBRA’ for which we can do this is Z – so

the
answer is Z
5x2 + 7x − 15x − 21 = 4
Rearrange and simplify forming a quadratic equation that 3.2. Construction
equals zero:
Question 33:
5x2 −8x − 25 = 0 This diagram shows triangle ABC

Part (b)(ii):
We use the quadratic formula, given as
−b± b2 −4ac
x= 2a
​

​ (where
ax2 + bx + c = 0)
Substitute for
a = 5,  b = −8,  c = −25
a) Using a straight edge and compasses only, construct the
hence:
bisector
of angle ABC. (2 marks)
8± 64 + 20 × 25 b) Rotational symmetry of order 2 (1 mark)
x= Solution:
​

10
​

8 ± 2 141
=
​

10
​

x = 3.17 (2.d.p.)  or x =  −1.57 (2.d.p.)

Part (a):

The bisector of angle ABC is drawn in blue. Construction lines

3. Geometry are
orange and green. You need to use a compass to do this
construction and
ensure that construction lines are clearly
shown.
3.1. Properties of Shapes Part (b):
Using a rule measure carefully 3cm from line AC to construct
Question 32: a parallel
line inside the triangle as shown.

Z E B R A
Write down the letters in the word above that have,
a) Exactly one line of symmetry (1 mark)
b) Rotational symmetry of order 2 (1 mark)
Solution:
Part (a): 3.3. Similarity
We can find out which letters in ‘ZEBRA’ have exactly 1 line of
symmetry like this: Imagine placing a mirror through the
centre of each
letter at loads of different angles – a line of
symmetry is where that
mirror would show us the letter we
expect to see Question 34:

For example, if we placed a mirror vertically down the centre Triangles CBA and CED are similar. AB is parallel to DE. AB = 9
of ‘A’,
between the paper and the mirror we would see ‘A’, so cm, BE =
4.8 cm, EC = 6 cm and ED = k cm.
it has a line of
symmetry down its centre. This works for E, B a) Work out the value of k. (2 marks)

and A, so these 3
letters are the answer
Part (b):
Rotational symmetry is found by rotating the letter (from the
word
‘ZEBRA’) around an imaginary point, which we place on
one of the
corners ‘Order 2’ means that you could rotate the b) The diagram shows two mathematically similar vases. Vase
letter around the
imaginary point and it would look the same A has
height 20 cm and volume 1500 cm3 . Vase B has
in 2 different positions (see
diagram below)

volume 2592
cm3 . Calculate h, the height of vase B. (3 marks)
Solution:
Part (a):
If we imagine that triangle ABC was shortened to create
triangle CED
then the factor by which CB was shortened to
create CE is the same
factor that shortened AB to make DE.

CB = 10.8

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CE = 6 same. Hence by
inspection we can see that:

Thus, the scale factor is

CE 5
=
CB 9
​ ​

Apply this factor to AB

The order of rotational symmetry = 6
5
DE = × AB Part (b):
9
​

A line of symmetry is an imaginary line where you can fold

5 the image
and have both halves match exactly. Hence by
→k =9× inspection we can see that
there are no lines of symmetry as
9
​

the image will differ if folded over

any imaginary line. 6 such
=5
Part (b):
The volume scale factor is

2592
= 1.728
1500 examples are shown below:

The number of lines of symmetry = 0

This is the volume scale factor is the cube of the length
(height)
scale factor. The height scale factor is therefore
3.5. Angles (Circles, Quadrilaterals,
Polygons & Triangles)
And hence
Question 36:
6
hB = × hA
5
​ ​ ​

= 24
a)
In the diagram, D is on AC so that angle ADB = angle ABC.
3.4. Symmetry (in circles) i. Show that angle ABD is equal to angle ACB. (2 marks)
ii. Complete the statement. Triangles ABD and ACB are … (1
Question 35: mark)
This diagram shows triangle ABC
iii. AB = 12 cm, BC = 11 cm and AC = 16 cm. Calculate the
length of BD.
(2 marks)

b)
A, B, C, D and E lie on the circle.
Angle AED = 102° and angle BAC
= 38°. BC = CD. Find the
value of
i. u, (1 mark)
ii. v, (1 mark)
iii. w, (1 mark)
iv. x, (1 mark)

a) The order of rotational symmetry (1 mark)

b) The number of lines of symmetry (1 mark)
Solution:
Part (a):
The order of rotational symmetry of a shape is the number of
times it
can be rotated around a full circle and still look the
c)
In the diagram, P, Q and R
lie on the circle, centre O. PQ is
parallel to OR. Angle QPO =
m° and angle QRO = 2m°. Find the value
of m. (5 marks)
Solution:
Part (a)(i):

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

The sum of the interior angles of the two triangles (ABD and 180∘ = ABC + BCA + CAB
ACB) must
equal each other (and 180°).
180∘ = (w∘ + u∘ ) + x∘ + 38∘
ABD + ADB + DAB = ABC + ACB + CAB
180∘ = (38∘ + ∘ 78∘ ) + x∘ + 38∘
The angles CAB and DAB are actually one and the same as D
line on AC. Subtract 154° from both sides of the equation gives:

ABD + ADB = ABC + ACB x∘ = 26∘

Angles ADB = angle ABC. Part (c):
Therefore: ABD = ACB The sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Part (a)(ii):
As the angles in these two triangles are the same, the 360∘ = PQR + QRO + ROP + OPQ
triangles ABD
and ACB are similar.
…similar
Part (a)(iii):
The angles are similar, therefore the following ratios equal.

BD BC
=
AB AC
​ ​

Using the lengths given. Two of these angles are known. POQ = m∘  and
QRO =
2m∘
BD 11 cm All length OP, OQ and OR must be equal as they are all radii
=
12 cm 16 cm of the
circle. This means that angles POQ and QOR are
​ ​

equilateral triangles.
Multiply both sides by 12cm.
Therefore, we know that the angle OPQ and OQP are the
11 same and also OQR
is the same as ORQ.
BD = × 12cm By summing OQP and OQR, we get the size of angle PQR.
16
​

BD = 8.25cm PQR = OQP + OQR = OPQ + ORQ

Part (b)(i): PQR = m∘ + 2m∘ = 3m∘
The angle BDC is subtended by the same points (B and C) as
the angle
BAC, so they must be the same size. (Angles in the As the lines PQ and OR are parallel, the sum of angles at P
same segment are
equal) and O must
be the same as the sum of angles at Q and R.
Therefore
ROP + OPQ = PQR + QRO
u∘ = 38∘
ROP + m∘ = 3m∘ + 2m∘
Part (b)(ii):
As the length of BC and CD are equal, so the angles BAC and Subtract m° from both sides to get the value of ROP.
CAD are
also equal.
Hence: ROP = 4m∘

v∘ = 38∘ Now we know all four angles of the original equation.

Part (b)(iii): 360∘ = 3m∘ + 2m∘ + 4m∘ + m∘

Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°.
In this case, the opposite angles are AED and ABD.
360∘ = 10m∘
Divide both sides by 10 to work out the value of m.
180∘ = AED + ABD
m = 36∘
180∘ = 102∘ + w∘
Subtract 102° from both sides of the equation. 3.6. Loci
w = 78∘
Part (b)(iv):
The interior angles of any triangle ABC sum to 180°.
The triangle BCD is an isosceles triangle, therefore angles Question 37:

DBC and BDC

have the same size 38°.

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The diagram shows a rectangular garden divided into Here we can use fractions to calculate the perimeter of the
different areas. FG
is the perpendicular bisector of BC. The sector.
arc HJ has centre D and radius
20 m. CE is the bisector of We know that a circle has a total angle of 360∘ , and here
we
angle DCB. Write down two more statements
using loci to are looking at a sector of angle 135∘ . Hence the
fraction of
describe the shaded region inside the garden. (2 marks) the circle we are looking at is
Solution:
The shaded region is 135 3
=
360 8
​ ​

nearer to C than to B
more than 20m from D Now we want the perimeter of the total circle – this is an
closer to CD than CB equation you
should have memorised.

perimeter = circumf erence = 2πr

4. Mensuration (Perimeters, Now we only want the fraction we found of this total result,

Areas & Volumes) so we can

multiply the two.

3 3
arc perimeter = × 2πr = πr
8 4
​ ​

4.1. 2D Shapes: Perimeters & Areas

We are given r = 12cm. We need to remember that the
Question 38: perimeter of
this shape also includes two radii, (I.e. Arc
The base of a triangle is 9 cm correct to the nearest cm. The length plus two straight
sections (radii). Hence our total
area of
this triangle is 40 cm2 correct to the nearest 5
cm2 perimeter becomes:
Calculate the upper bound for the perpendicular height of
3 3
this triangle. (3 marks) total perimeter =
πr + r + r = πr + 2r
4 4
​ ​

Solution:
The area of a triangle is 3
total perimeter = π (12) +2 (12) = 52.3cm
4
​

1
A = × base × height
2
​

4.3. 3D Shapes: Volumes & Surface

Here we have
Areas
1
∼ 40 = ×∼9×h
2 Question 39:
​

For the upper bound on height we need the area to be as

large as
possible and the base to be as short as possible, i.e.
The diagram shows a solid hemisphere.

A = 42.5
The total surface area of this hemisphere is 243 π. The
b = 8.5 volume of
the hemisphere is k π. Find the value of k.
[The surface area, A, of a sphere with radius r is A =
4πr2 .]
Hence [The volume, V, of a sphere with radius r is V =
43 πr3 .] (4
​

marks)
1
42.5 = × 8.5 × h Solution:
2
​

The surface area of a hemisphere (blue) is half that of a

h = 10 sphere
plus the area of the circle (red):

1
× 4πr2 + πr2 = 3πr2
4.2. Circle Problems (Area, 2
​

Circumference, Arcs)

Equate this to the surface area of this hemisphere to find the

radius,
r:
Question 39:

The diagram shows a sector of a circle of radius 12 cm with

3πr2 = 243π
an angle of
135°. Calculate the perimeter of the sector. (3
r2 = 81
marks)
Solution: r=9

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The volume of a hemisphere is half that of a sphere: → y = 3x + 1

1 4 2 Part (c):
Vhemisphere = × πr3 = πr3
2 3 3 Parallel means it has the same gradient. This new line, using
​ ​ ​ ​

the same
straight-line equation as before, is
Equate this to the volume of this hemisphere:

2 3 y + 5 = 3 (x − 0)
πr = kπ
3
​

→ y = 3x − 5
Cancel out the π and substitute r = 9:
Part (d):
2 3 Perpendicular bisector means that it has a perpendicular
×9 = k gradient to
line AB and it cuts through the midpoint. The
3
​

perpendicular gradient is
k = 486
−1 ÷ 3
4.4. Co-ordinate Geometry 1
=−
3
​

Question 39:
Equations of a Line (gradients, mid-points, perpendicular & The midpoint is
parallel
lines) A line joins the points A (–2, –5) and B (4, 13).
4 − 2 13 − 5
a) Calculate the length AB (3 marks) M =( ,  )
2 2
​ ​

b) Find the equation of the line through A and B. Give your

answer in the form y = mx + c. (3 marks)
c) Another line is parallel to AB and passes through the point = (1,  4)
(0,
–5). Write down the equation of this line. (2 marks) The perpendicular bisector then has the equation
d) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. (5
marks) 1
Solution:
y − 4 = − (x − 1)
3
​

Part (a):
Length of a line is given by → 3y − 12 = −x + 1

2 2 → x + 3y − 13 = 0
(y2 − y1 ) + (x2 − x1 )
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Here, that is 5. Trigonometry

2 2
(13 + 5) + (4 + 2)
5.1. Bearings
​

= 324 + 36
Question 38:
​

= 18.97 A helicopter flies from its base B to deliver supplies to two oil
rigs at C and D. C is 6 km due east of B and the distance from
Part (b): C to D is 8 km. D is on a bearing of 120° from B.
The gradient of the line can be found as
y2 − y1
m=
​ ​

x2 − x1
​

​ ​

13 + 5
=
4+2
​

=3
Using the straight-line equation

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
​ ​

With our gradient and the point B we get

y − 13 = 3 (x − 4) Find the bearing of D from C. (5 marks)

Solution:
→ y = 3x − 12 + 13 To find the bearing of D from C we’ll need to find the size of
the angle BCD, and then take that angle, and 90∘ , away from

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

360∘ . This is going to require us to use the ‘Sine Rule’ to find This diagram shows triangle ABC

out the angles inside the triangle. The ‘Sine Rule’ can be used
to find either the length of a side of a triangle, or an angle in
a triangle – it goes like this:

a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
​ ​ ​

Angle DCB = 120∘ − 90∘ = 30∘

a) Andrei stands on level horizontal ground, 294 m from the

foot of a
vertical tower which is 55 m high.
i. Calculate the angle of elevation of the top of the tower. (2
marks)
ii. Andrei walks a distance x metres directly towards the
tower.
The angle of elevation of the top of the tower is now
24.8°.
Calculate the value of x. (4 marks)
So, applying the Sine rule: Solution:
Part (a)(i):
8 6 The angle of elevation can be calculated using trigonometry.
=
sin 30 sinD
​ ​

55
8 tan (angle) =
sin D ( )=6 294
​

sin 30
​

Take tan-1 of both sides of the equation to calculate the

angle
6 of elevation.
sin D =
( sin830 )
​

55
​

angle = arctan( )
294
​

( )D = 22.0
−1 6 ∘
D = sin
( sin830 ) angle = 10.6∘
​

All angles within a triangle add up to 180°, so Part (a)(ii):

We use the same formula as before, but now we subtract x
BCD = 180 − 30 − 22BCD = 128∘ from Anderi’s
original distance from the tower (294m).

Bearing from C to D = 360 − 90 − 128 = 142∘ 55

tan (24.8∘ ) =
294 − x
​

5.2. 2D Pythagoras & Trigonometry Invert both fractions.

(SOH CAH TOA) 1 294 − x
∘
=
tan (24.8 ) 55
​ ​

Question 39:
Multiply both sides by 55m.

55m
= 294 − x
tan (24.8∘ )
​

Subtract 294m from both sides of the equation.

55
x = 294m −
tan (24.8∘ )
​

Use a calculator to work out the value of x.

x = 175m

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

First consider triangle CHD

5.3. Sine & Cosine Rule

Question 40:

a) Calculate the area of triangle ABC. (2 marks)

b) Calculate the length of AC. (4 marks)
Solution:
Part (a):
Area of a triangle is

1 Calculate CH using Pythagoras’

A= ab sin C
2
​

CH 2 = 33 + 72
1
A= × 7 × 10 × sin 35
2 = 58
​

A = (3sf ) CH = 58 ​

Part (b): Now consider triangle CHE

Using the cosine rule

c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C

c2 = 100 + 49 − 140 cos 35

c2 = 34.3

c= 34.3 ​

c =  (3sf)

5.4. 3D Pythagoras & Trigonometry Find CE using Pythagoras’

Question 41:
CE 2 = 58 + 52

= 83

CE = 83 ​

= 9.11
Part (b):
Considering triangle CHE again

The diagram shows a cuboid. HD = 3 cm, EH = 5 cm and EF =

7 cm.
Calculate
a) the length CE, (4 marks)
b) the angle between CE and the base CDHG. (3 marks)
Solution:
Part (a):

We now need to calculate angle θ . To do this we can use the

tan relation
opp
tan θ =
adj
​

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Using our values

6.2. Transformations (Reflection,
5 Enlargement, Rotation, Translation)
tan θ =
58
​

5
θ = tan−1
58
​

= 33.3∘

6. Matrices and Question 43:

a) Draw the image of

Transformations i. shape A after a translation by (−1 3 ), (2 marks) ​

ii. shape A after a rotation through 180° about the point (0,
0), (2 marks)
6.1. Vectors iii. shape A after the transformation represented by the
matrix
(1 0 0 −1 ) (3 Marks)
​ ​ ​

 
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps shape A
onto shape B. (3 marks)
c) Find the matrix which represents the transformation that
Question 42:
maps shape
A onto shape C (2 marks)
In the diagram, O is the origin, OA =
a, OC = c and
AB = b. Solution:
P is on the line AB so that
AP : PB = 2 : 1. Q is the midpoint of Part (a)(i)
BC. Find, in terms of a,
b and c, in its simplest form This transformation represents a shift by 1 unit in the
negative x-
direction and by 3 units in the positive y-direction.
a) CB, (1 mark)
b) the position vector of Q, (2 marks)
c) PQ . (2 marks)
​

Solution:

The vertices of the new shape are:

(1,4), (1,5), (2,5) and (4,4).
Part (a)(ii):
Part (a):
We rotate the shape by 180°. This is essentially the same as
reflecting
the shape in line y=-x.

CB = a + b + c
Part (b):

1
q = c + CB
2
​ ​

1
= c + (− c + a + b )
2
​

1 The vertices of the rotated shape are:

= (a + b + c) (-2,-1), (-5,-1), (-2,-2) and (-3,-2).
2
​

Part (a)(iii):
Part (c): This matrix transformation represents a reflection in the x-
axis.
PQ = − p + q ​ ​ ​
The x coordinate does not change, but the y coordinate flips
sign.
2
p = a +
b (1 0 0 −1 ) (x y ) = (x  − y )
3
​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 1
→ PQ = − a − b + ( a + b + c )
3 2
​ ​ ​

1 1 1
=− a− b+ c
2 6 2
​ ​ ​

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

The vertices of the new shape are: probability that the

cricket team wins at least one match. (3
(2,-1), (5,-1), (2,-2) and (3,-2).
Part (b):
When we join the corresponding vertices of shapes A and B,
the lines
cross at point (1,0). The distance from (1,0) to a
vertex of shape B is
three times as long as the distance from
(1,0) to a corresponding vertex
of shape A. This suggests that
the scale factor of the enlargement is -3
(minus sign as the
lines point in the opposite direction from (1,0)).
marks)

Solution:
The branches that result in at least one win for the cricket

The transformation is an enlargement with centre (1,0) and

the scale
factor -3.
Part (c):
The transformation that maps shape A onto shape C is a team are
circled below:

rotation by 90°
in anticlockwise direction. The end probability of each branch is the two probabilities
A general matrix for rotation looks like multiplied,
for example the top branch is
(cos x − sin x  sin x cos x ) where x is an angle of 1 3 1
× =
​ ​ ​

anticlockwise rotation. 3
​

4 4
​ ​

This matrix becomes (0 −1 1 0 )  f or x =  90

We need to add these probabilities together like so
​ ​ ​

6.3. Matrices 1 3 1 1 2
× + × + ×
3
3 4 3 4 3 4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Question 44:
1 1 1
= + +
A = (   0    1  − 8 −4 ) B = (7    1 0 −5 ) 4 12 2
​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

3 1 6
1. Calculate the value of 5 |A| + |B|, where |A| and
|B| = + +
12 12 12
​ ​ ​

are the determinants of A and B. (2 marks)

10
Solution: =
12
​

To answer this question, we first need to find the

determinant of A
and B. The determinant |X| of a matrix is 5
=
calculated by
ad − bc where X = (a b c d ). Using this we 6
​

​ ​ ​

can calculate |A| and |B|:

∣A∣ = 0 × −4 − 1 × −8 = 8 8. Statistics
∣B∣ = 7 × −5 − 0 × −1 = −35
8.1. Histograms, Bar Charts, Pictograms,
Substituting these values in gives us: Scatter Diagrams & Frequency
5 ∣A∣ + ∣B∣ = 40 +  −35 = 5 Distributions
So, the answer is: Question 46:
Deborah records the number of minutes late, t, for trains
5
arriving at
a station. The histogram shows this information.

7. Probability
7.1. Probability
Question 45: (a) Find the number of trains that Deborah recorded (2
The probability of a cricket team winning or losing in their marks)
first two
matches is shown in the tree diagram. Find the (b) Calculate the percentage of the trains recorded that
arrived more
than 10 minutes late. (2 marks)
Solution:

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

Part (a):
We need to add the areas of the rectangles together
a) By using mid-interval values, calculate an estimate of the
12 × 2.5 + 26 × 2.5 + 15 × 5 + 10 × 5 + 2 × 10
mean
time. (3 marks)
= 240 b) On the grid, draw a histogram to show the information in
the table.
(4 marks)
Part (b): Solution:
Number of trains that arrived more than 10 minutes late is Part (a):
the area of
the last 2 bars The mean value is estimated by assuming that the time taken
to complete
an IGCSE paper for all students within a given
5 × 10 + 10 × 2 group was equal to the
mid-value of that group
(i.e. 50min, 65min, 72.5min, 82.5min).
= 70 We sum the products of the mid-value and the frequency of
This, as a percentage of the total, is given group
and then divide by the total number of students
to get the mean
estimate. The mean is therefore:
70
× 100% 50min × 10 + 65min × 50 + 72.5min × 80 + 82
240 mean =
​

200 students
= 29.2%
mean = 72.5 min
8.2. Mean/Median/Mode/Range Part (b):
To get the right histogram, each bar needs to have an area
Question 47: equal to the
frequency of the given group.
Shahruk plays four games of golf. His four scores have a
mean of 75, a
mode of 78 and a median of 77. Work out his The width of the first group is 20 and the frequency is 10,
four scores. (3 marks) so the
height of the bar is
Solution: 10/20**=0.5** (red)
The mean is the sum of the four scores divided by 4 The width of the second group is 10 and the frequency is
50, so the
height of the bar is
s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 50/10**=5.0**. (blue)
= 75
​ ​ ​ ​

4 The width of the third group is 5 and the frequency is 80,

​

so the
height of the bar is
The mode is the number that occurs most frequently, i.e. 2 or
80/5**=16**. (green)
more of
his scores must be 78. Let
The width of the forth group is 15 and the frequency is
s3 = s4 = 78
​ ​
60, so the
height of the bar is
60/15**=4.0**. (orange)
Where we have and even number of items, the median is the
mean of the
middle 2 numbers when put in rank order. Let
the middle two scores be
s2 and s3 . Thus, we have
​ ​

s2 + 78
= 77
2
​

→ s2 = 76 ​

We can now figure out s1 from the mean

8.4. Cumulative Frequency & Frequency
​

s1 + 76 + 78 + 78 = 4 × 75
​

Density Diagrams
→ s1 = 68
Question 49:
​

Final answer is The cumulative frequency diagram shows information about

the trunk
diameter, in metres, of 120 trees. Find:
68,   76,   78,   78 a) the inter-quartile range, (2 marks)
b) the 95th percentile, (2 marks)
8.3. Grouped Data – Mean/Modal Class c) the number of trees with a trunk diameter greater than 3
metres. (2 marks)
& Drawing Histograms Solution:
Part (a):
Question 48:
The table shows the times, t minutes, taken by 200 students
to complete
an IGCSE paper.

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CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

Subtract the lower quartile from the upper quartile (as seen 120 − 102
= 18

8.5. Correlation
Question 50:
A company sends out ten different questionnaires to its
customers. The
table shows the number sent and replies
received for each questionnaire.

on graph
below)

2.5 − 1
= 1.5 a) Complete the scatter diagram for these results. The first
two points
have been plotted for you. (2 marks)
Part (b): b) Describe the correlation between the two sets of data. (1
95% of 120 is mark)
c) Draw the line of best fit. (1 mark)
0.95 × 120 Solution:

= 114
Read this across and read off corresponding x value

Part (a):

Part (b):
It is positive correlation.
This is because as the number of questionnaires sent out
increases,
the number of replies also increases.
Part (c):
Part (c): The line of best fit is drawn in blue

Read off y-value for 3 metres and subtract this from total

number of
trees (120).

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MATHS (0580)

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