Factorisation

When we break a number or a polynomial into a product of many factors

of other polynomials, which, when multiplied, gives the original number, it
is called factorisation. 

To factorise a number, use the factorisation formula. The factorisation is

the process of converting one entity (for example, a number, a matrix, or a
polynomial) into a product of another entity, or factors, which, when
multiplied together, yield the original number.

The factorisation formula divides a large number into smaller numbers,

known as factors. A factor is a number that divides a given integer
completely without leaving any remainder.

For example -  Prime Factorisation of 28 = 2 X 2 X 7 and 

Before starting factorisation, let us first discuss an important

mathematical term, ‘Factor’.

Methods of Factorization

The algebraic expressions can be factored in using one of four approaches

are as follows. 

1. Method based on common factors-

2. Method of reorganizing terms-

3. Identity-based factorization-
Factorise x– (2x – 1) 2  using identity.
Solution:
This is using the identity (a + b) (a – b) = a 2  – b 2
x 2 - (2x - 1) 2  = [(x + (2x - 1))] [x – (2x-1))]
= (x + 2x - 1) (x – 2x + 1)

= (3x – 1) (- x + 1)

Example 2
Factorize 9x² - 24xy + 16y² using identity.

Solution:
1. First, write the first and last terms as squares.

9x² - 24xy + 16y² 

= (3x) 2  – 24xy + (4y) 2

2. Now split the middle term.

= (3x) 2  – 2(3x) (4y) + (4y) 2

3. Now check it with the identities

4. This is (3x – 4y) 2

5. Hence the factors are (3x – 4y) (3x – 4y).

Example 3
Factorise x 2  + 10x + 25 using identity.
Solution:
x 2  + 10x + 25
= (x) 2  + 2(5) (x) + (5) 2
We will use the identity (a + b)  2  = a 2  + 2ab + b 2  here.
Therefore,
x 2  + 10x + 25 = (x + 5) 2

For example3: Factorize x2 + 10x + 25

Above algebraic expression x2 + 10x + 25 matches with the form of identity

a2 + 2ab + b2

Where, a = x and b = y

Such that, a2 + 2ab + b2 = x2+ 2(x)(y) + 52

               x2+ 2(x)(y) + 52 = (x + 5)2  

Therefore, the factors of x2 + 10x + 25 are (x + 5) and (x + 5).

For example 4: Factorize 9x2– 25y2

Above algebraic expression 9x2– 25y2 matches with the form of identity a 2 -
b2 = (a + b) (a - b)

Where, a = 3x and b = 5y

Such that, a2 - b2  = (3x)2 – (5y)2     

                  9x2– 25y2 = (3x)2 – (5y)2

                                   = (3x + 5y) (3x – 5y)

Therefore, the factors of 9x2– 25y2 are (3x + 5y) and (3x – 5y).
4
Factoring algebraic expression of form x2 + px + q

For factoring an algebraic expression of the form x 2 + px + q, we find two

factors a and b of the constant term i.e. q such that:

Product of a and b i.e. ab = q 

And sum of a and b i.e.  a + b = p

Then, the given algebraic expression becomes:

  x2 + (a + b) x + ab 

⇒ x2 + ax + bx + ab 

⇒ x (x + a) + b (x + a) 

⇒ (x + a) (x + b)  which are the required factors of given algebraic

expression.

For example 5: Factorize x2 + 8x + 15

 First of all, we will factorize the constant term 15 into two factors such
that 

 their Sum = 8 and 

 Product = 15

Clearly, the numbers are 5 and 3

So we can write, x2 + 8x + 15 = x2 + 5x + 3x + 15
                                                   = x (x + 5) + 3(x + 5)

                                                   = (x + 5) (x + 3)

Therefore, the factors of x2 + 8x + 15 are (x + 5) and (x + 3).

get the two factors of the expression.

Example
Solve 54y 3  ÷ 9y
Solution:
Write the irreducible factors of the monomials

54y 3  = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × y × y × y
9y = 3 × 3 × y

Example
Solve 4x 3  + 2x 2  + 2x ÷ 2x.
Solution:
Write the irreducible form of all the terms of polynomial

4x 3  + 2x 2  + 2x
= 4(x) (x) (x) + 2(x) (x) + 2x

Take out the common factor i.e.2x

= 2x (2x 2  + x + 1)

Example
Solve z (5z 2  – 80) ÷ 5z (z + 4)
Solution:
Find the factors of the polynomial
 = z (5z 2  – 80)
= z [(5 × z 2 ) – (5 × 16)]
= z × 5 × (z 2  – 16)
= 5z × (z + 4) (z – 4)  [using the identity a 2   – b 2  = (a + b) (a – b)]

3. Factorise 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x 

(a) (3x – 2)
(b) (3x – 2)(2y – 3) 
(c) (2y – 3) 
(d) (2x – 3)(3y – 2) 
Ans:
6xy−4y+6−9x=2×3×x×y−2×2×y+2×3−3×3×x6xy−4y+6−9x=2×3
×x×y−2×2×y+2×3−3×3×x

=2y(3x−2)−3(3x−2)=2y(3x−2)−3(3x−2)
=(3x−2)(2y−3)=(

Find the common factors of 12x, 36

(a) 12
(b) 36
(c) x
(d) 12x
Ans: Here,
12x = 2×2×3×x12x = 2×2×3×x
36 = 2×2×3×336 = 2×2×3×3
So, common factor =
2×2×32×2×3
⇒4×3=12⇒4×3=12
Hence the correct option is (a).

5. Solve
 7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz
 
(a) 2
(b) 4x
(c) 3y
(d)
xyz2xyz2
Ans:
7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz = 7×x×x×y×y×z×z÷2×7×x×y×z7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz
= 7×x×x×y×y×z×z÷2×7×x×y×z
= x×y×z÷2= x×y×z÷2
=xyz2=xyz2
Hence the correct option is (d).

6. Factorise
49p2-3649p2-36
 
(a) (7p+6)(7p+6)
(b) (7p-6)(7p-6)
(c) (7p-6)(7p+6)
(d) (6p-7)(7p-6)
Ans: Using the identity,
x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)
49p2-36 = (7p)2 - 6249p2-36 = (7p)2 - 62
= (7p+6)(7p-6)= (7p+6)(7p-6)
Hence the correct option is (c).

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

7. Factorise
ax2+by2+bx2+ay2ax2+by2+bx2+ay2
 
Ans:
ax2+by2+bx2+ay2=ax2+bx2+ay2+by2ax2+by2+bx2+ay2=ax2+bx2+ay
2+by2
= a×x×x+b×x×x+a×y×y+b×y×y= a×x×x+b×x×x+a×y×y+b×y×y
= x2(a+b)+y2(a+b)= x2(a+b)+y2(a+b)
= (a+b)(x2+y2)= (a+b)(x2+y2)

8. Factorise using identity

x2+10x+25x2+10x+25
 
Ans:
x2+10x+25 = x2+2×5×x+52x2+10x+25 = x2+2×5×x+52
Using the identity,
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
 
= x2+2×5×x+52= x2+2×5×x+52
= (x+5)2= (x+5)2
= (x+5)(x+5)= (x+5)(x+5)

9. Factorise
(a+b)2- (a-b)2(a+b)2- (a-b)2
 
Ans:
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
(a+b)2- (a-b)2= (a2+2ab+b2) - (a2-2ab+b2)(a+b)2- (a-
b)2= (a2+2ab+b2) - (a2-2ab+b2)
=a2+2ab+b2 - a2+2ab-b2=a2+2ab+b2 - a2+2ab-b2
=4ab=4ab

10. Simplify
[102-18 × 10+81][102-18 × 10+81]
 
Ans:
[102-18 × 10+81]=[102−2×9×10+92][102-18 × 10+81]=[102−2×9×10+
92]
Using the identity,
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
=[102−2×9×10+92]=[102−2×9×10+92]
=[10−9]2=[10−9]2
=[1]2=[1]2
=1=1

11. Factorise
16a2-254a216a2-254a2
 
Ans:

16a2−254a2=(4a)2−(52a)216a2−254a2=(4a)2−(52a)2

 
Using the identity,
x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)

=(4a)2−(52a)2=(4a)2−(52a)2

=(4a+52a)(4a−52a)=(4a+52a)(4a−52a)

12. Simplify
4m2-169n22m+13n4m2-169n22m+13n
 
Ans:
4m2-169n22m+13n=(2m)2-(13n)2(2m+13n)4m2-
169n22m+13n=(2m)2-(13n)2(2m+13n)
Using the identity,
x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)
 =(2m)2- (13n)2(2m+13n)=(2m)2- (13n)2(2m+13n)
=(2m-13n) - (2m+13n)(2m+13n)=(2m-13n) - (2m+13n)(2m+13n)
=(2m-13n)=(2m-13n)

Long Answer Questions (3 Mark)

13. Simplify
(p2+11p+28)(p+4)(p2+11p+28)(p+4)
 
Ans: Here, the numerator can be further factorised as follow
(p2+11p+28) = (p2+7p+4p+28)(p2+11p+28) = (p2+7p+4p+28)
=p(p+7)+4(p+7)=p(p+7)+4(p+7)
=(p+7)(p+4)=(p+7)(p+4)
 
Now,
(p2+11p+28)(p+4)=(p+7)(p+4)(p+4)(p2+11p+28)(p+4)=(p+7)(p+4)
(p+4)
=(p+7)=(p+7)

14. Find x if
x(y-z)=(4y2-4z2)(y+z)x(y-z)=(4y2-4z2)(y+z)
 
Ans: Taking 4 common from the numerator we get
x(y-z)=4(y2- z2)(y+z)x(y-z)=4(y2- z2)(y+z)
Using the identity,
x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)x2−y2=(x+y)(x−y)
in the numerator
x(y-z)=4(y-z)(y+z)(y+z)x(y-z)=4(y-z)(y+z)(y+z)
x(y-z) = 4(y-z)x(y-z) = 4(y-z)
On comparing both side we can see that x=4.

15. Find x and y that xy = 72, x + y = 17.

Ans: Here we have been given xy and x + y
To find out the value of x and y we can the identity
(x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2(x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2
(x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2(x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2
(17)2=x2+2(72)+y2(17)2=x2+2(72)+y2
(17)2−144=x2+y2(17)2−144=x2+y2
x2+y2=289−144x2+y2=289−144
x2+y2=145x2+y2=145
Now, putting the values in identity
(x−y)2=x2−2xy+y2(x−y)2=x2−2xy+y2
(x−y)2=x2−2xy+y2(x−y)2=x2−2xy+y2
(x−y)2=145−2(72)(x−y)2=145−2(72)
(x−y)2=145−144(x−y)2=145−144
x−y=1x−y=1
Adding both the equations i.e., x + y = 17 and x – y = 1
(x + y)+(x - y) = 17+1
x + y + x – y = 18
2x = 18
x=9
Putting the value of x in equation x + y = 17
x + y = 17
9 + y = 17
y = 17 – 9
y=8
Hence the value of x is 9 and y is 8.

16. Find the remainder in the following

(x4-a4) ÷ (x2+a2)(x4-a4) ÷ (x2+a2)
. 
Ans: For dividing both the equation first we have to simplify it.
So,
(x4−a4)(x4−a4)
can be written as
 (x2)2−(a2)2(x2)2−(a2)2
Now by applying the identity
a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
(x2)2−(a2)2=(x2+a2)(x2−a2)(x2)2−(a2)2=(x2+a2)(x2−a2)
Now,
(x4-a4)(x2+a2)=(x2+a2)(x2-a2)(x2+a2)(x4-a4)(x2+a2)=(x2+a2)(x2-a2)
(x2+a2)
(x4-a4)(x2+a2)=(x2-a2)(x4-a4)(x2+a2)=(x2-a2)
 
Hence the remainder is
(x2-a2)(x2-a2)
.

17. Simplify
(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)
 
Ans: By applying the identity
a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
in the numerator.
(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)=(0.87+0.13)-(0.87-0.13)2(0.87-0.13)
(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)=(0.87+0.13)-(0.87-0.13)2(0.87-0.13)
(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)=(0.87+0.13)(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-
0.13)=(0.87+0.13)
(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)=1(0.87)2-(0.13)2(0.87-0.13)=1

18. Using identity

(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2
find the value of
(98)2(98)2
. 
Ans:
(98)2(98)2
can be further written as
(100 - 2)2(100 - 2)2
By comparing the above equation with the identity, we get 
a = 100 and b = 2
(98)2=(100)2−2(100)(2)+(2)2(98)2=(100)2−2(100)(2)+(2)2
=10000−400+4=10000−400+4
=9604=9604

19. Using identity

a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)
. Find
(1.02)2−(0.98)2(1.02)2−(0.98)2
. 
Ans: Using identity
a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)
 
(1.02)2-(0.98)2=(1.02+0.98)(1.02−0.98)(1.02)2-(0.98)2=(1.02+0.98)
(1.02−0.98)
=(2)(0.04)=(2)(0.04)
=(0.08)=(0.08)

20. Simplify
(a2-16)(a2-25) ÷ (a2-2a-8)(a2+10a+25)(a2-16)(a2-25) ÷ (a2-2a-8)
(a2+10a+25)
 
Ans: Identities to be used in the question are;
a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
(a2-16)(a2-25) ÷ (a2-2a-8)(a2+10a+25)=(a2-42)(a2-52) ÷ (a2-2a-8)
(a2+2×5×a+52)(a2-16)(a2-25) ÷ (a2-2a-8)(a2+10a+25)=(a2-42)(a2-52) ÷ (a
2-2a-8)(a2+2×5×a+52)
=(a+4)(a-4)(a+5)(a-5) ÷ (a2-4a+2a-8)(a2+2×5×a+52)=(a+4)(a-4)
(a+5)(a-5) ÷ (a2-4a+2a-8)(a2+2×5×a+52)
=(a+4)(a-4)(a+5)(a-5) ÷ a(a-4)+2(a-4)(a+5)2=(a+4)(a-4)(a+5)(a-5) ÷ 
a(a-4)+2(a-4)(a+5)2
=(a+4)(a-4)(a+5)(a-5)×(a+5)(a+5)(a+2)(a-4)=(a+4)(a-4)(a+5)(a-
5)×(a+5)(a+5)(a+2)(a-4)
=(a+5)(a+4)(a-5)(a+2)=(a+5)(a+4)(a-5)(a+2)

Long Answer Questions (5 Mark)

21. Simplify
(xy+yz)2-(xy-yz)2(xy+yz)2-(xy-yz)2
 
Ans: Using the identities
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
and
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2

=(xy)2+(yz)2+2(xy)(yz) - [(xy)2+(yz)2−2(xy)(yz)]=(xy)2+
(yz)2+2(xy)(yz) - [(xy)2+(yz)2−2(xy)(yz)]

=(xy)2+(yz)2+2(xy)(yz) - (xy)2−(yz)2+2(xy)(yz)=(xy)2+(yz)2+2(xy)
(yz) - (xy)2−(yz)2+2(xy)(yz)

=2(xy2z)+2(xy2z)=2(xy2z)+2(xy2z)
=4xy2z=4xy2z
 

22. The area of a rectangle is

6a2+36a6a2+36a
and its width is 36a. Find its length.
Ans: Let the length of the rectangle is x
Breath = 36a
Area of rectangle = Length × BreathArea of rectangle =
Length × Breath
 
6a2+36a = x×36a6a2+36a = x×36a
 6a2+36a36a = x6a2+36a36a = x
x=6a(a+6)36a x=6a(a+6)36a 
x=(a+6)6 x=(a+6)6 
Hence the length of rectangle is
(a+6)6 (a+6)6 

23. Match the following:

a. 1. 
25p2-q225p2-q2 x2-2x-35x2-2x-35

2.
b.
(5p-q)(5p+q)(5p-q)(5p+q)
(x-1)2-36(x-1)2-36

3.
c.
dj+hj+dq+hqdj+hj+dq+hq e5m2r5(1m2+e4r4)e5m2r5(1m2
+e4r4)

d.
e5m4r5+e9m2r9e5m4r5+e9 4.
m2r9 (d+h)(q+j)(d+h)(q+j)

e.
12p2+132p12p12p2+132p1 5.
2p (p+11)(p+11)

Ans: 
a. Using the identity:

a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
25p2-q2 = (5p)2-q225p2-q2 = (5p)2-q2
     
=(5p-q)(5p+q)=(5p-q)(5p+q)
  ⇒ Option (2).
b. (x-1)2-36 = (x2−2x+1)−36(x-1)2-36 = (x2−2x+1)−36
= x2−2x−35= x2−2x−35
⇒⇒
Option (1).
c. dj+hj+dq+hq = d(j+q)+h(j+q)dj+hj+dq+hq = d(j+q)+h(j+q)
=(d+h)(q+j)=(d+h)(q+j)
⇒⇒
Option (4).

d. e5m4r5+e9m2r9 = e5m2r5(1m2+e4r4)e5m4r5+e9m2r9 = e5m2r5(
1m2+e4r4)

⇒⇒
Option (3).
e. 12p2+132p12p = 12p(p+11)12p12p2+132p12p = 12p(p+11)12p

⇒⇒
Option (5).

24. The combined area of two squares is

20cm220cm2
. Each side of one square is twice as long as a side of the other
square. Find the length of the sides of each square.
Ans:
Let the side of the smaller square be S and that of the bigger square be
2S.
Combined area of the two squares =
20cm220cm2
 
S2+(2S)2=20S2+(2S)2=20
S2+4S2=20S2+4S2=20
5S2=205S2=20
S2=4S2=4
S=2cm
Find the factors of
25x2-4y2+28yz-49z225x2-4y2+28yz-49z2
. 
Ans:
25x2-4y2+28yz-49z2=25x2-(4y2-28yz+49z2)25x2-4y2+28yz-49z2=25x2-
(4y2-28yz+49z2)
=25x2- [ (2y)2-2×2y×7z+(7z)2]=25x2- [ (2y)2-2×2y×7z+(7z)2]
Using the identity
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
 (5x)2−(2y−7z)2(5x)2−(2y−7z)2
Now using the identity 
a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
(5x+2y−7z)(5x−2y+7y)(5x+2y−7z)(5x−2y+7y)
 
Divide as directed.
(i) 5(x + 1) (2x + 5) ÷ (2x + 5)
(ii) 39x(x + 5) (y - 2) ÷ 13x(y - 2)
(iii) 12pq (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) ÷ 6pq(q + r) (r + p)
(iv) 60(y - 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y - 4)
(v) x(x + 1) (x - 2) (x + 3) ÷ x(x - 2)
Solution
(i) 5(x+1)
(ii) 3(x+5)
(iii) 2(p+q)
(iv) 5(y2 + 5y + 3)
(v) (x+1)(x+3)

Factorize the expressions.

(i) px² + qx
(ii) 7x² + 21y²
(iii) 2x³ + 2xy² + 2xz²
(iv) ap² + bq² + bp² + aq²
(v) nm + n2 + m + n
(vi) y (y - z) + 16 (y - z)
(vii) 5y² – 20y – 8z + 2yz
(viii) 10xy + 4x+ 5y + 2
(ix) 6xy - 4y + 6 - 9x
Solution
(i) x(px+q)
(ii) 7(x²+3y²)
(iii) 2x(x²+y²+z²)
(iv) (a+b)(p²+q²)
(v) (n+1)(m+n)
(vi) (y-z)(y+16)
(vii) 5y² – 20y – 8z + 2yz=5y(y-4) +2z(y-4)=(y-4)(5y+2z)
(viii)10xy + 4x+ 5y + 2=2x(5y+2) + 1(5y+2)=(2x+1)(5y+2)
(ix) 6xy - 4y + 6 - 9x= 6xy-9x- 4y+6= 3x(2y-3)-2(2y-3)= (3x-2)(2y-3)

) 4a2- 12ab + 9b2

(ii) 36p2- 84pq + 49q2
(iii) 4a8- b8
(iv) (z - 1)2+ 2 (z-1) (2z+3) + (2z +3)2
(v) p2 -9q2
Solution
(i) 4a2- 12ab + 9b2 =(2a-3b)2
(ii) 36p2- 84pq + 49q2=(6p-7q)2
(iii) 4a8- b8= (2a4)2 - (b4)2=(a4 - b4)(a4+ b4) =(a2- b2)(a2 + b2)(a4+ b4)
(iv) (z - 1)2+ 2 (z-1) (2z+3) + (2z +3)2 =[(z-1)+(2z+3)]2=(3z+2)2
(v)p2 -9q2=(p-3q)(p+3q)

uestion 8. Factorise:
(a) x4 – (x – y)4
(b) 4x2 + 9 – 12x – a2 – b2 + 2ab
Solution:
(a) x4 – (x – y)4
= (x2)2 – [(x – y)2]2
= [x2 – (x – y)2] [x2 + (x – y)2]
= [x + (x – y] [x – (x – y)] [x2 + x2 – 2xy + y2]
= (x + x – y) (x – x + y)[2x2 – 2xy + y2]
= (2x – y) y(2x2 – 2xy + y2)
= y(2x – y) (2x2 – 2xy + y2)
(b) 4x2 + 9 – 12x – a2 – b2 + 2ab
= (4x2 – 12x + 9) – (a2 + b2 – 2ab)
= (2x – 3)2 – (a – b)2
= [(2x – 3) + (a – b)] [(2x – 3) – (a – b)]
= (2x – 3 + a – b)(2x – 3 – a + b)
 
 

Question 9. Factorise the following polynomials.

(a) 16x4 – 81
(b) (a – b)2 + 4ab
Solution:
(a) 16x4 – 81
= (4x2)2 – (9)2
= (4x2 + 9)(4x2 – 9)
= (4x2 + 9)[(2x)2 – (3)2]
= (4x2 + 9)(2x + 3) (2x – 3)

(b) (a – b)2 + 4ab

= a2 – 2ab + b2 + 4ab
= a2 + 2ab + b2
= (a + b)2

Question 10. Factorise:
(а) 14m5n4p2 – 42m7n3p7 – 70m6n4p3
(b) 2a2(b2 – c2) + b2(2c2 – 2a2) + 2c2(a2 – b2)
Solution:
(a) 14m5n4p2 – 42m7n3p7 – 70m6n4p3
= 14m5n3p2(n – 3m2p5 – 5mnp)

(b) 2a2(b2 – c2) + b2(2c2 – 2a2) + 2c2(a2 – b2)

= 2a2(b2 – c2) + 2b2(c2 – a2) + 2c2(a2 – b2)
= 2[a2(b2 – c2) + b2(c2 – a2) + c2(a2 – b2)]

=2×0
=0
 

Question 11. Factorise:
(a) (x + y)2 – 4xy – 9z2
(b) 25x2 – 4y2 + 28yz – 49z2
Solution:
(a) (x + y)2 – 4xy – 9z2
= x2 + 2xy + y2 – 4xy – 9z2
= (x2 – 2xy + y2) – 9z2
= (x – y)2 – (3z)2
= (x – y + 3z) (x – y – 3z)

(b) 25x2 – 4y2 + 28yz – 49z2

= 25x2 – (4y2 – 28yz + 49z2)
= (5x)2 – (2y – 7)2
= (5x + 2y – 7) [5x – (2y – 7)]
= (5x + 2y – 7) (5x – 2y + 7)

Question 12. Evaluate the following divisions:

(a) (3b – 6a) ÷ (30a – 15b)
(b) (4x2 – 100) ÷ 6(x + 5)

Solution:

Question 13.
Simplify the following expressions:
Solution:

 
Question 14. Factorise the given
expressions and divide that as indicated.
(a) 39n3(50n2 – 98 ) ÷ 26n2(5n – 7)
(b) 44(p4 – 5p3 – 24p2) ÷ 11p(p – 8)
Solution:
Question 15. If one of the factors of (5x2 +
70x – 160) is (x – 2). Find the other
factor.
Solution:
Let the other factor be m.
(x – 2) × m = 5x2 + 70x – 160