Reading and Writing person, place, event, and other things in

Quarter 3 – Week 1 the paragraph, a descriptive paragraph

PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT becomes another pattern of writing. It is
also often used to establish a mood or an
Background Information: atmosphere. For example, if you want to
describe a memorable place that you have
As mentioned in your previous subject, Oral visited before, you may use Descriptive as
Communication in Context, communication is a pattern of writing your paragraph.
defined as a way of expressing one's thoughts,
feelings, insights, opinions, and others. Aside Baguio is my most favorite place
from speaking and listening, a person can also in the Philippines. I love the cold breeze
communicate through writing. Writing is defined and historical places like Camp John Hay
as a physical and mental act of expressing ideas and the Philippine Military Academy.
by developing them into statements and They give me a perfect description of a
paragraphs that will be understandable to readers calm and serene environment brought by
(Nunan, 2003). pine trees and different plants. I also like
the sweet and sour taste of fresh
From the start, you have known that a paragraph strawberries. The people there are also
is a group of sentences that expresses a friendly, hospitable, and nice especially
complete thought. One way of developing a when they know that I am a tourist. Most
paragraph is by considering the writer's purpose. of all, the place gives me a feeling of
Does the writer aim to narrate, describe, define, relief because of its comforting
exemplify, compare, classify, persuade, argue, or ambiance. It makes me appreciate the
give solutions to a problem? This week's beauty of life, even more, when I am at
discussion is focused on the first five patterns of this place.
written texts across disciplines, which are
Narrative, Descriptive, Definition, Example, and 3. Definition is understanding the essence
Comparison as defined by Peña and Anudin of a word, an idea, or an expression. It
(2016). simply defines an idea to inform or clarify
a concept to the reader. In defining, a
1. Narrative refers to telling a story or writer may use the denotation or
recounting a series of events connotation of a word. Denotation is the
chronologically, from start to finish. It can dictionary, literal, or primary meaning of a
be based on personal experience or word, while connotation is the implied or
knowledge gained from reading or associated meaning. Similar to the
observation. For example, if you are description, definition can also use
interested to write your daily routines adjectives to describe especially if a writer
during community quarantines, narration applies connotations. However, the
can be used as your writing pattern. definition is the exact meaning of a word
correctly and collectively accepted by the
Every day, I wake up at 6:00 a.m. readers and is used when writing
Before eating my breakfast, I drink two academic papers like research articles and
glasses of water to energize my body. textbooks, while a description varies from
After eating my breakfast, I take a bath one person to another. To make you
and start answering my modules understand this concept better, read the
according to my schedule. During the example of a definition paragraph titled “E-
lunch break, I usually take a nap for 15 mail” by Younggren (2005).
minutes to recharge my body. Then, I go
back to my modules. After class, I help in E-mail is not something that you
preparing our dinner and washing the can hold in your hand, send in the mail,
dishes to make sure that I become and a stamp is not needed to send it. E-
productive by doing my responsibilities at mail is simply mail put into digital form
home and school. and sent to its recipient through the
Internet. Because of the technological
2. Descriptive is used to provide details by advances of society, mail has been
allowing readers to create a mental picture turned into something computer made
of how something looks, sounds, smells, that can be sent anyplace, anytime, as
tastes, or feels. It may be similar to the long as there is an Internet connection.
narrative; however, through the words For instance, a person does not have to
used such as adjectives that describe a wait until the post office is open to

1
 sending an important letter or message. different. Both are bodies of water, but
All they have to do is simply get on to the oceans are very large bodies of
Internet and come up with a draft and hit saltwater, while lakes are much smaller
the send button. Also, the person looking bodies of freshwater. Lakes are usually
to send the mail does not have to pay for surrounded by land, while oceans are
the sometimes-expensive postage price, what surround continents. Both have
but rather the monthly cost of Internet plants and animals living in them. The
access. Because of the development of ocean is home to the largest animals on
E-mail, people can send messages the planet, whereas lakes support much
without the hassle and in a timely smaller forms of life. When it is time for a
fashion. The E-mail also helps vacation, both will make a great place to
businesses communicate throughout their visit and enjoy.
company simply with the push of a button.
As time goes on, the e-mail will advance Learning Competency with code:
while physical mailing will slowly be Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
turned into something of the past. across disciplines (Narrative, Descriptive,
Definition, Example, and Comparison)
4. Example or exemplification is used to
explain a concept by giving examples. In Exercise A
contrast with Definition wherein, the Instructions: Identify the specific pattern of
meaning of a word is given, in written texts (Narrative, Descriptive, Definition,
exemplification, the idea is presented by Example, or Comparison) being defined or
providing specific and appropriate described in the sentences below. Example
examples – facts, specific cases, or sentences for a possible paragraph are also given
instances to elaborate on the main idea of for numbers 6-15. Focus on the words used to
a paragraph. The paragraph below easily identify the specific pattern of paragraph
demonstrates how Exemplification is used writing. Write A for Narrative, B for Descriptive, C
in writing by giving examples of parents’ for Definition, D for Example, and E for
complaints about the opening of classes Comparison on a separate sheet of paper.
this school year. Kindly note that the
examples given are based on the news on Example: B 1. It makes use of adjectives to
television and are not used to give describe a particular thing in a paragraph.
negative comments or notions about
parents. _____1. It tells a story or recounts an event.
_____2. It is used to discuss a concept by
Most parents complain about the giving its similarities and differences.
pursuance of classes this school year. _____3. It explains a claim by providing
Some concrete examples of these examples.
complaints include the following: First, _____4. It adds vivid details to create a sense
the students cannot have full access to of experience for readers.
online classes because most of them do _____5. It uses denotations and connotations
not have an internet connection. Second, to inform the readers of what the
most parents are working and do not concept is all about.
have much time to guide their children in _____6. "Today, I realized that life is full of
answering the modules. Lastly, most surprises. Life is amazing and
parents prefer face-to-face classes rather wonderful even these days of the
than the "new normal" schooling. pandemic. It is the best and most
precious gift from the Almighty.”
5. Comparison (and contrast) is _____7. “Sheena likes sweet food. She
demonstrated by giving an analogy or always eats cake, chocolate, ice
figurative language like similes and cream, and doughnuts.”
metaphors to highlight similarities and _____8. “Deja vu is a French word meaning
differences of usually two or more ‘already seen.’ It has also been
concepts. An example of a paragraph described as a feeling or experience
comparing and contrasting oceans and that one has seen or done
lakes, which was written by Barger (2020), something before” (Ming, 2005).
is provided below. _____9. “Oral Communication in Context and
Reading and Writing Skills are both
Oceans and lakes have much in core subjects in senior high school.
common, but they are also quite However, Oral Communication in

2
 Context focuses on developing Both emphasize giving and receiving feedback
students’ speaking and listening from students and teachers and that they both
skills, while Reading and Writing have to manage their time wisely to accomplish
Skills emphasizes the reading and their tasks related to the teaching- learning
writing skills.” process. Moreover, the challenges and rewards
_____10. “I asked my parents to buy me a are the same in each environment. However,
study table, so I can enjoy the online learning includes both synchronous and
comfort of studying at home. Then, I asynchronous learning. Students need an internet
also requested my sister to be connection to submit the activities. In the
patient with me whenever I ask her traditional classroom, students use paper and pen
to help me in answering my to complete the given tasks. Students' voices and
modules.” raising of hands are also observed by the
_____11. “Adobo refers to a method of teachers during recitations. Given the analogy
marinating and stewing for any cut of between the two, it is emphasized that education is
meat or fish in a briny mixture of very possible despite all circumstances that may
vinegar, soy sauce, and spices.” happen and that the quality of education will not
_____12. “It was July 21, 1969, and Neil be sacrificed.
Armstrong awoke with a start. It was
the day he would become the first Exercise C
human being to ever walk on the Instructions: Choose one specific pattern of
moon. The journey had begun written texts across disciplines (Narrative,
several days earlier, when on July Descriptive, Definition, Example, or Comparison).
16th, the Apollo 11 launched from Then, write a paragraph with 5-10 sentences
Earth headed into outer space.” about one of the suggested topics below or
_____13. “A racist can be defined as a anything that may interest you. Kindly, note that
prejudiced person who discriminates the number of sentences would not affect your
because of another individual’s outer score as long as they are 5-10. Put your answer
appearance or race” (Fauque, 2005). on a separate sheet of paper.
_____14. “Books are credible resource • “New Normal” Schooling
materials to consult when looking for • Social Distancing
definitions of concepts. Some • Stories about Front liners
examples are dictionaries, thesauri, • Staying at home
encyclopedias, and manuals.’ • Experiences during Community Quarantines
_____15. “Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio
are both Filipino heroes. Rizal was
born in Calamba, Laguna, while
Bonifacio was a child of Tondo,
Manila.”

Exercise B
Instructions: Read the paragraph on online
learning and traditional learning environments.
Classify the given paragraph enclosed in
rectangle according to the pattern of written
texts (Narrative, Descriptive, Definition,
Example, or Comparison). Using 2-3 sentences
in bullet form, explain the reason for the
classification of the paragraph. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper. You may
get 10 points for this activity, which is divided
into 5 points for correctly identifying the
paragraph and another 5 points for the
justification given.

This time of the pandemic, online

learning is used as one of the modes of learning
delivery. Just like traditional learning, online
learning also requires a great amount of work.
3
 Reading and Writing another thing.
Quarter 3 – Week 2
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT Sample Paragraph

Background Information: Snoring is a natural thing humans and animals

do. It can be annoying to sleep around people
A paragraph is considered as a miniscule who snore. Often, people say it is the bane of
composition. Understanding the different their existence to hear their husband, lover, or
development patterns is the first step to start your what have you snore throughout the night,
composition (Labay, et.al., 2014). ending up with insomnia. That is why many
people search on Google, “Why do people
Different development patterns are employed to snore?” In fact, it is one of the most asked
achieve the purpose when a person writes a
questions on the internet. The common causes
written form of communication. These patterns,
of snoring is age, weight, basic biology of the
such as description, definition, comparison and
contrast, narration, persuasion, and sexes, nasal and sinus issues, taking certain
argumentation, are means to answer the ‘how’ substances (alcohol, smoking, particular
questions (Mosura, 1999). medications), and the position of sleep.
Source: resmed.com.au
The chosen pattern of development depends on
the writer’s purpose and his/her reactions to
different contexts. Problem-Solution

The following are the different developmental The problem-solution pattern is somewhat similar
patterns that can be used in writing. to the Cause and Effect pattern in terms of
structure but highly different in content. This
Classification pattern emphasizes the problems of a particular
situation and gives solutions to the given
This is a developmental pattern that categorizes problems. Problem-solution has the following
things, people, or ideas into divisions, classes, or composition: a.) situation; b.) problem; c.)
groups such as types, factors, features, and many solution; and evaluation (Smith, 2019).
more. This pattern aids the mind to handle
several irrelevant ideas because the details are Sample Paragraph
grouped into some kind of order.
Consumption of processed and convenience
Sample Paragraph foods and our dependence on the car have led
to an increase in obesity and reduction in the
Malinowski proposed a three-way classification fitness level of the adult population. In some
for folktales and distinguished between myth, countries, especially industrialized ones, the
legend, and fairy stories. The first of these, he number of obese people can amount to one
suggested, represents a statement of a higher third of the population. This is significant as
and more important truth of primeval reality. As obesity and poor fitness lead to a decrease in
life expectancy, and it is therefore important for
such, it is regarded as sacred. Fairy stories, on
individuals and governments to work together to
the other hand, are simply entertainment.
tackle this issue and improve their citizens’ diet
Nobody attaches any particular significance to and fitness.
them, and nobody believes them to be true.
Legends, however, are believed to be true Obesity and poor fitness decrease life
historical accounts. expectancy. Overweight people are more likely
to have serious illnesses such as diabetes and
Source: University of New Kingdom (UNE)
heart disease, which can result in premature
death. It is well known that regular exercise can
reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke,
Cause and Effect which means that those with poor fitness levels
are at an increased risk of suffering from those
This is the development pattern that
problems.
primarily answers Why-questions. This pattern
also states that for every cause, there is an Changes by individuals to their diet and their
effect. Lastly, this writing talks about why physical activity can increase life expectancy.
something happened, why certain conditions There is a reliance today on the consumption of
occurred or why certain things resulted into
4
processed foods, which have a high fat and Argumentative
sugar content. By preparing their own foods,
and consuming more fruit and vegetables, Based on the article published by the Southeast
people could ensure that their diets are Asian Academy in Education, this pattern
healthier and more balanced, which could lead provides reasons, claims, or proofs to convince
to a reduction in obesity levels. In order to the readers that the given argument is valid.
improve fitness levels, people could choose to
walk or cycle to work or to the shops rather than Sample Paragraph
taking the car. They could also choose to walk
up stairs instead of taking the lift. These simple Although I disagree with much that those
changes could lead to a significant who oppose animal testing say, I fully endorse
improvement in fitness levels. their final conclusion that there are many better
alternatives to animal testing. The Food and
Governments could also implement initiatives to Drug Administration has stated that they may
improve their citizens’ eating and exercise support the development and use of alternatives
habits. This could be done through education, to animal testing. Moreover, scientist have
for example by adding classes to the curriculum developed methods to test cosmetics and
about healthy diet and lifestyles. Governments personal products that are faster, cheaper and
could also do more to encourage their citizens more accurate to animal testing. In other words,
to walk or cycle instead of taking the car, for there are better alternatives to animal testing and
instance by building more cycle lanes or the FDA agrees. Some readers may challenge
increasing vehicle taxes. While some might the view that animal testing can be done away
argue that increased taxes are a negative way to with. After all, many believe that it is impossible
solve the problem, it is no different from the high to eliminate the need for animals in research.
taxes imposed on cigarettes to reduce cigarette Nonetheless, my discussion of alternatives to
consumption. animal testing is in fact the larger issue of
choice. If we don’t need to use animals, why
In short, obesity and poor fitness are a should we?
significant problem in modern life, leading to
lower life expectancy. Individuals and
Learning Competency:
governments can work together to tackle this
Compare and contrast patterns of written text
problem and so improve diet and fitness. Of the
across disciplines
solutions suggested, those made by individuals
themselves are likely to have more impact,
Exercise A
though it is clear that a concerted effort with the
Directions: Identify the developmental pattern of
government is essential for success. With
the given paragraphs. Write your answer on a
obesity levels in industrialized and industrializing
separate sheet of paper.
countries continuing to rise, it is essential that
we take action now to deal with this problem.
1. In recent decades, cities have grown so large
Source: EAPFoundation.com
that now about 50% of the Earth’s population
lives in urban areas. There are several
reasons for this. First, the increasing
Persuasion industrialization of the nineteenth century
resulted in the creation of many factory jobs,
Persuasion is the pattern that is present in almost which tended to be located in cities. These
every material. It aims to convince the readers jobs, with their promise for a better material
that the material is well-constructed. The given life, attracted many people from rural areas.
recommendation (if there is any) is the best move Second, there were many schools established
to do. This pattern’s critical goal is to refute the to educate the children of the new factory
other side of an issue (Mosura, 1999). laborers. The promise of a better education
persuaded many families to leave farming
communities and move to the cities. Finally,
Sample Paragraph
as the cities grew, people established places
Mandatory minimum sentencing is harmful to
of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as
the human race. It is a form of discrimination;
stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many
many people receive long sentences for minor
people, these facilities made city life appear
crimes. We should overturn mandatory
more interesting than life on farm, and
minimum sentencing rules and give judges
therefore, drew them away from rural areas.
more leeway in their decision-making.

5
2. The internet has evolved from simple dial-up an active participant in classroom discussions.
technology to high speed data networks. It Then my test scores began to rise. I still
has undergone continuous evolution whish remember the first time that someone made
was caused by the need of the people to fun of me because “I was smart.” How
transmit high traffic and high-bandwidth exciting! It seems to me that being smart is
applications over the network. The continuous simply a matter of working hard and being
advancement of software technology on the interested. After all, learning a new video
internet are the Local Area Network (LAN). game is hard work even when you are
This connects computers in one location. interested. Unfortunately, learning a new
There is also the Wide Area Network (WAN) video game doesn’t help you get into college
which interconnect different LANs. The or get a good job.
Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Wimax allows
wireless, internet accessing using internet 5. Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species
Protocol (IP). The General Packet Radio of fish, depending on whom you ask. The
Service Networks (GPRS) allows mobile many species fall into four genera:
users to access the internet using cellular Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus, and
phones. Then, there is the Voice Over Internet Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus
Protoco; (VOIP) which allows telephone calls genus are the most common variety, the kind
on the internet using Internet Protocol (IP). you might find in a pet store. Pygopristis
The Multimedia Streaming allows Audio/Video piranha are herbivores, feasting on seeds and
streaming over the internet. Then there is fruits, not flesh. In contrast, fish in the
GigaPops (Gigabits-per-second Point of Serrasalmus genus eat only meat, and their
Presence) which allows very high speed teeth are razor- sharp. Pristobrycon are the
transmission. Finally, there is the cluster of least friendly of all piranhas; they often bite
the Grid Computing which allows intensive the fins of other fish, even fish of the same
computations to be distributed to thousands of species. The label piranha, then, refers to a
computers and let them process computation wide variety of species.
simultaneously.
Exercise B
3. The school fair is right around the corner, and Directions: Write a 2-paragraph essay about
tickets have just gone on sale. We are selling CoVid-19 using a pattern of your choice.
a limited number of tickets at a discount, so
move fast and get yours while they are still
available. This is going to be an event you will
not want to miss! First off, the school fair is a
great value when compared with other forms
of entertainment. Also, your ticket purchase
will help our school, and when you help the
school, it helps the entire community. But
that’s not all! Every ticket you purchase enters
you in a drawing to win fabulous prizes. And
don’t forget, you will have mountains of fun
because there are acres and acres of great
rides, fun games, and entertaining attractions!
Spend time with your family and friends at our
school fair. Buy your tickets now!

4. I do well in school, and people think I am

smart because of it. But it’s not true. In fact,
three years ago I struggled in school.
However, two years ago I decided to get
serious about school and made a few
changes. First, I decided I would become
interested in whatever was being taught,
regardless of what other people thought. I
also decided I would work hard every day and
never give up on any assignment. I decided to
never, never fall behind. Finally, I decided to
make school a priority over friends and fun.
After implementing these changes, I became

6
 Reading and Writing different, it is only contrasting.
Quarter 3 – Week 3 c. Order of Importance - ideas or steps are
WRITTEN TEXT BASED ON ITS PROPERTIES prioritized by the writer or speaker
according to a hierarchy of value. When
Background Information using the order of importance pattern of
Knowing the parts of a paragraph and an essay organization, information can be
will help you form the framework of your structured from most important to least
composition. Moreover, knowledge of the aspects important or least important to most
that make a well-written text will enable you to important.
ensure the quality of your work. More importantly, d. Sequence - is when information in a
the message you want to communicate will passage is organized by the order in
effectively come through. which it occurs. This method of organizing
text is generally used for instructions or
As a writer, it is important not only to think about directions, but it can also be used to
what you say, but how you say it. One must also explain processes in nature or society.
think about the style, tone, and clarity of his/her e. Spatial - spatial organization is when
writing and adapt these elements to the reading information in a passage is organized in
audience. order of space or location.
f. Cause and Effect - paragraphs structured
In this lesson we are going to tackle the as cause and effect explain reasons why
properties of a well-written text which are the something happened or the effects of
following: Organization, Coherence and something. These paragraphs can be
Cohesion, Language Use, and Mechanics. ordered as causes and effects or as
effects and then causes.
Organization g. Problem and Solution - is a pattern of
organization where information in a
Organization is achieved when ideas are passage is expressed as a dilemma or
logically and accurately arranged. The knowledge concerning issue (a problem) and
of the parts of a composition is a great help in something that was, can be, or should be
adhering to the correct organization of ideas. The done to remedy this issue (solution or
sentences within a paragraph must also be attempted solution).
organized logically. The purpose of academic
writing is to present a number of ideas that Organization can be achieved through the
somehow fit together to make sense. Sometimes following techniques: Physical Format, Signal
the amount of new concepts, new words, and Words, and Structure.
facts can be very large and complex. Professors,
textbook authors, and researchers use a • Physical Format
framework or plan that helps to communicate
their ideas clearly. There are several types of The format is an aspect of the
plans, called organizational patterns that can be organization that is immediately apparent
identified in academic writing. They help the to the reader. It is seen in how the text
author to organize his or her ideas in a way that physically appears like headings and
makes sense, and hopefully, they help you to subheadings, bullet points, or font
understand the material being presented. emphasis.

Here are the seven common types of patterns of Example:

organizations.
a. Chronological - when information in a Marxist ideology has three main
passage is organized by the time in which theories. Historical materialism purports
each event occurred. that all the features of the society can
b. Compare and Contrast - is a text historically be traced back to economic
structure or pattern of organization where activities. Social class in capitalist
the similarities and differences of two or societies is what produces unjust
more things are explored. It is important to structures of power that exist today.
remember that with the compare and Socialism would be the next rational step
contrast text structure the text should be for the development of human society.
discussing similarities and differences. If
the text only discusses similarities, it is ➢ The words in bold are the three
only comparing. Likewise, if it only most important Marxist theories
discusses ways that the things are that the first sentence is referring

7
 to. By emphasizing these words, aura has something to do with the
the reader can identify the correct electromagnetic fields produced by cells
term for the concepts along with and tissues in human body. Whether
their definitions, this would also aid auras are real or not, the fact remains that
in remembering the theories since there are forces everywhere that are real
they stick out from the rest of the even though we cannot see them.
text. ➢ Organization in this paragraph is
not really noticeable as it does not
• Signal Words use cues like formatting or signal
words. However, the text is
Textual cues that readers can use to organized in this way:
follow a text. They can “signal” the Beginning: Introduce the topic of
transition from one point to another, the “aura”
ordering of events and concepts, or the Middle: Definition and evidence of
writer’s chosen text type. existence of auras
End: Ending message about
Example: forces in the world.

Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club • Coherence and Cohesion

greatly influenced me as a fictional writer.
First, his use of the unreliable narrator Coherence occurs when ideas are
fascinated me, and I have written similar connected at the conceptual or the idea
characters in my works. Second, the level. It can be seen through well-
theme of patriarchal oppression can also defended arguments and organized
be found in the stories I write. Third, the points. It can also refer to the overall
novel’s stunning twist is something that I sense of unity in a passage, including both
have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am the main point of sentences and the main
extremely grateful to have encountered point of each paragraph. Cohesion is the
Palahniuk’s genius early in my writing connection of ideas at the sentence level.
career It is also an important aspect of academic
➢ By using sequential signal words writing because it immediately affects the
(first, second and third) before the tone of your writing. Cohesive writing does
beginning of every sentence, the not mean just “grammatically correct”
reader can follow what seems to sentences, cohesive writing refers to the
be the writer’s list of three reasons connection of your ideas both at the
why the novel influenced him. The sentence level and at the paragraph level.
word “thus” also signals the Cohesion can be applied using these
conclusion and the end of the list. techniques:
• Pronouns to refrain from using a
• Structure specific word repeatedly.
• Transitional devices to connect
The structure provides the framework sentences with linked ideas.
upon which the text is organized. It • Repetition of keywords to tie up
consists of the following: the paragraphs subtly.

✓ Beginning: introduction, thesis Example of Text with Coherence and

statement Cohesion:
✓ Middle: supporting details
✓ End: conclusion, summary, final International Women’s Day is
message celebrated on the 8th of March of every
year. It began as a Socialist political event
Example: in the several Western countries. Then,
other countries also started celebrating
Ancient philosophies believe that a the holiday just as a way to express their
person has an “aura” which appears as a love for woman. Currently, the United
rainbow of light around the body that can Nations observes the holiday as a way to
be seen by individuals with clairvoyant bring to light women’s issues around the
abilities. The colors change depending on world.
one’s mood, health, and thoughts. Some
scientist believe that the existence of the ➢ The main topic of the text is
8
 International Women’s Day, which language that is free of racial bias, free of
was stated in the first sentence. religious bias, and free of gender bias.
The paragraph proceeds to outline
the history of the holiday starting Examples:
from some Western countries and
its spread to other nations. It ends 1. A teacher should make it a point to
with the current way that the whole motivate her students.
world celebrates the day. The 2. Teachers should make it a point to
writer can present different ideas motivate their students.
about the holiday in a logical ➢ In the first sentence, the pronoun
manner and without veering away used is ‘she’, but teachers may
from the topic. also be male, so the statement
shows gender bias. The second
Language Use sentence, on the other hand,
makes use of the gender-neutral
Language use is the one of the clearest pronoun ‘their’, making it unbiased.
indicators of a well-written text. It enables writers
to effectively communicate ideas without Language Use Tips: Effective language use is
confusing the reader. achieved by observing the following time- tested
Determine when it is appropriate to use formal principles in writing:
language or when informal language is • Use clear and concise sentences. On
acceptable. average, a sentence is 18 words long.
(Note that this does not require every
• Informal language is usually used in sentence to be composed of exactly 18
writing for oneself or in writing to family, words).
friends, and colleagues. On the other • Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches,
hand, formal language is used in writing and highfalutin language.
academic, business and official texts. • Although may be used, avoid overusing
“there” and “it”.
Examples: • Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate.
1. We asked the secretary to call the Condensed.
professor and get her permission for us to • Be consistent with your pronouns’ point of
continue our research. view.
2. We requested that the secretary contact • Avoid sexist language.
the professor and obtain her permission • Use the appropriate level of formality.
for us to continue our research.
➢ In the first sentence, the writer Mechanics
used casual words such as
‘asked’, ‘call’, and ‘get permission’, Mechanics is the technical aspect of
which made the sentence informal. writing. It is one of the properties of a well- written
The second sentence used more text and is characterized as a set of conventions,
serious words such as ‘requested’ on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and
instead of ‘asked’, ‘contact’ instead capitalize a composition.
of ‘call’, and ‘obtain permission’
instead of ‘get permission’. This a. Spelling
sentence is formal and is When you write, always make sure
appropriate to use when talking or that you are consistently using one standard
writing to a person of authority. with regard to the spelling of the words.
Remember that there are slight differences in
• When you write, you should also make American English spelling and British English
sure that the language you use is direct spelling.
and simple rather than complicated so that
readers would easily understand the text.
If you readers are the youth, then you
should use words that are familiar to
young people.
• You should also be sensitive enough to
use unbiased language so that you will not
offend any individual of any particular
group of people. Unbiased language is
9
 Examples: • Avoid exclamation marks unless they are
part of a direct quotation.
American British • Mention the full name of an institution or
Spelling Spelling organization with the abbreviation in
Color Colour parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter,
Defense Defence use the abbreviation.
Organize Organize • Numbers from zero to ten should be
spelled out while numbers higher that ten
Traveled Travelled
should be written in figures.
Theater Theatre • Generally, citations are used in academic
Learned Learnt and formal text. However, they are
Analyze Analyse sparingly used in business text.
Aging Ageing
Learning Competency:
Evaluate a written text based on its properties.
b. Punctuation
Act of using a system of symbols such Exercise A
as the comma, period, quotation marks, Directions: Read each question carefully and
question marks, etc. that are used to give write the best answer.
structure to and organize a text. The use of _____1. It is achieved when these ideas are
punctuation guides the reader regarding how logically and accurately arranged.
the text should be read. _____2. It is seen in how the text physically
appears like headings and subheadings,
Examples: bullet points, or font emphasis.
o This book is dedicated to my _____3. It means that ideas are connected at the
parents, Noel and Corazon. conceptual or the idea level, making
o This book is dedicated to my them easily understood by the reader.
parents, Noel, and Corazon. _____4. It gives the readers the transition from
one point to another, the ordering of
➢ In the first example the sentence events and concepts.
denotes that the author’s parents are _____5. It is an important aspect of academic
Noel and Corazon. In the second writing because it immediately affects
example, the use of the serial comma the tone of your writing.
denotes that the book is dedicated to
four persons: the author’s mom, the Exercise C.
author’s dad, Noel and Corazon. The Directions: Create a short well-written paragraph
simple act of adding a comma (a topic of your choice) employing the properties
completely changed the meaning of of a well-written text. Your essay will be rated
the statement. according to an analytic rubric which will be sent
by your subject teacher. Consequently, use the
c. Capitalization rubric as a guide when writing your essay.
Act of writing the first letter of a word in
uppercase while the rest of the letters are in
lowercase. There are rules in capitalization
that one has to remember. Below are the few
examples of words that require capitalization:

o proper nouns
Alex, Manila
o proper adjectives
Canadian
o days of the week
Monday, Friday
o months of the year
January, June

In academic and more formal texts, the

following should be observed:
• Always use standard English.
• Avoid contractions (e.g. shouldn’t)

10
 Reading and Writing 2. Avoid redundancies, cliches,
Quarter 3 – Week 4 wordiness, and highfalutin words.
Evaluate a Written Text based on its
Properties (Language Use and Mechanics) Sample Redundant word are:

Background Information • Comment down below

A well-written text is characterized by • At the present time
appropriate language use to convey the intended • Past history
message based on a topic or purpose. One way • Repeat again
to choose an appropriate language is to ensure
that the employed words are suited to the
readers. Moreover, as the writer, you must decide Sample Cliches are:
the language and tone of writing depending on its
purpose. The writer’s tone of writing could be • Deal with it
subjective or objective. The subjective tone of • in a jiffy
writing uses the writers’ personal biases and • brave as a lion
judgment. In contrast, the objective tone of writing • opposites attract
uses factual information and arguments. • all is well that ends well
• once upon a time
Levels of Language Use • time will tell
1. Informal/Personal - it is more casual and
spontaneous, slang, local expressions,
and text messaging. Sample highfalutin words are:

Lodi Beshy Yow • Hackslaver - to hesitate or stammer

Sup Bro Nigga in speech
Hey IDK Dude • Humdinger- a remarkable or outstanding
BRB Buddy OTW person, place, action, or thing
• Scallywag – a person who behaves
2. Standard/Academic - language used in badly but in an amusingly mischievous
classroom lessons, words, phrases found rather than harmful way.
in books, test and homework, magazines,
and newspapers.
3. “Although” may be used; avoid
Note to a teacher: overusing “There” and “It”; drop “it”
I can’t attend to class today due to fever.
I am attaching my research that’s due There’s a book on the A book is on the
today. table. table.

3. Business/Technical – jargons, smart There’s a coffee shop A coffee shop is

talk, scientific terms, negotiation, and next to the station. next to the station.
systematic approach.
It seems as though we We might need
might need some more some money.
Doctor’s finding:
money.
“Not suffering from leprosy, venereal
disease, trachoma, tuberculosis or other
infectious or contagious condition.” 4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate.

Principles in Language Use/ Diction

Original Revised
1. Use clear and concise sentences.
We hereby wish to let We appreciate There is a requirement The college
you know that our your confidence.
that all students have requires that the
company is pleased
an evaluation of their admissions office
with the confidence you
transcripts for evaluate all
have reposed in us.
The reason why he He enrolled at placement purposes or student
enrolled at the State the State to meet a prerequisite. transcripts
University was University for placement
because it was because it was and
inexpensive in price. inexpensive. prerequisites.

11
 grammar is the structure of written and spoken
The biota exhibited a All the fish died.
language. It refers to parts of speech and how
one hundred percent they combine together to form sentences. An
mortality response. understanding of both grammar and mechanics is
required to clearly communicate your ideas.
5. Be consistent in pronoun POV
Wrong Correct Punctuation Marks
We should simply We should simply
accept the fate is accept the fate is 1. PERIOD (.) is placed at the end of declarative
simply an illusion; simply an illusion; sentences, after abbreviations, and as
you must not leave we must not leave decimals.
our decisions our decisions
something that does something that 2. EXCLAMATION POINT (!) is used when a
not exist. does not exist. person expresses a sudden outcry at the
emphatic sentences
6. Avoid sexist language
3. QUESTION MARK (?) to indicate a direct
Instead of Use question when placed at the end of a
sentence.
A student who If you forget to bring
forgets to bring his your project on time
4. QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”) pair of punctuation
project to class will to class, you will be
marks used basically to mark the starting and
be deducted ten deducted ten points ending of a passage to indicate direct
points to his score. to your score.
quotations.
The chairman is The chairperson is
5. APOSTROPHE (’) to show possession
busy working in the busy working in the (Angel’s bag), to indicate missing letters and
office. office.
numbers (you’re, ’95), to show plurals of letters
(I got all A’s last semester.).
Formerly Currently
Acceptable Acceptable 6. COLON (:) after a word introducing a
fireman firefighter quotation, an example, an explanation, or
headmaster headteacher series. It is also between independent clauses
mankind Humankind, when the second explains the first, and colon
humans, people is used for emphasis.
mailman Mail carrier, mail
delivery person, 7. PARENTHESES () are curved notations used
letter to contain further thoughts or qualifying
carrier, a postal remarks.
worker
salesman sales associate, 8. BRACKETS [ ] are squared off notations used
seller, vendor, for technical explanations or to set off
salesperson clarifications. If you remove the message in the
brackets, it will still make sense.
7. Use an appropriate level of formality.
Informal Formal 9. HYPHEN ( - ) is used to join two words and is
Yes, diskette is like Diskette may be not separated by spaces.
thing of the past, but outdated, but they • I watched her on tele- vision yesterday.
they’re still cool are still fascinating • Part-time
today.
10. DASH ( -- ) used to separate words into
Mechanics and Grammar statements. There are 2 types of dashes: en
dash and em dash. En Dash is twice as long
The mechanics of writing refer to the over- as the hyphen used in writing to indicate a
all characteristics of a written text; it focuses on range and differentiation, such as 1979-1983.
the technicalities or the written text’s structure. While Em Dash is longer than the en dash. It is
Some of those include spelling, punctuation, also used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or
capitalization, and abbreviations. It is essential to colon to enhance readability or highlight a
know and observe these in writing to avoid sentence’s conclusion. Like She gave him her
confusion and make-up a well-written text. While answer--- Yes!

12
11. SLASH (/) used to show alternatives or to
separate words (he/she)

12. SEMICOLON (;) used to connect independent

clauses. It shows a closer relationship
between the clause than the period would
show.
• Adrian was hurt; he knew she only said it
to upset him.

13. ELLIPSIS (. . .) used most commonly

represented by three dots. But occasionally
demonstrated with three asterisks (***). It is
used in printing or writing to indicate an
omission, especially of letters or words.
Ellipses are mostly used within quotations to
jump from one phrase to another word have
been deleted from the quoted material,
omitting unnecessary words that do not
interfere with meaning.

Original text
The mayor said, “Our city, which is one of the
country’s most progressive, deserves a high-
tech light-rail

With Ellipsis
The mayor said, “Our city . . . deserves a
high-tech light-rail system.”

14. COMMA (,) is used to show a separation of

ideas within a sentence structure. It is also
used in. umbers, dates, and letter writing after
the salutation and closing.
• Separation of two complete sentences:
We went to the farm, and then we went
out for lunch.
• Direct address: Thanks for all the help,
Susan.
• Separating lists within sentences: Hilda
wanted the green, black, and red dress. Learning Competency with Code
Identifies properties of a well-written text a.
General Principles organization (language use and mechanics)
• Always use standard English (EN11/12RWS-IIIgh-4.3 EN11/12RWS-IIIgh-4.4)
• Avoid Contraction (shouldn’t, gonna)
• Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a
quotation
• Mention full name in the first mention.
Exercise 1
After that, use abbreviations.
Instructions: In not more than seven (7)
• Numbers zero to ten vs. 11 and so on
sentences, explain the characteristics and
• Citations are used in academic and formal importance of a well-written text using your own
texts but sparingly used in business texts words. Kindly write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
PROOFREADING
What is proofreading?
Proofreading a sentence means trying to find a
mistake and correct it with a focus on the
mechanics such as Punctuation, Capitalization,
Grammar, spelling, and more
13
Exercise 2
Proofread the following sentences for the correct 9. public health officials asking all People to
usage of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and dramatically limit contact social to prevent
grammar. Then, use the right proofreading the spread ofdisease
symbols on page 5. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
10. wearing a mask and faceshield reduces
the risk of unknowingly spreding the virus
Example: to others in the space around you.
my Daughter was born sept 25 2017 in
AngelesCity PAMPANGA

Corrected: My daughter was born on Sept. 25,

2017 in Angeles City, Pampanga.

1. in january 2020 scientists announce that a

new corona virus was responsible for an
outbreak of of respiratory disease and
pneumonia in wuhan china

2. The Novel coronavirus has around spread

the world, sikening tens of millions of
people

3. the most reported symptomsof covid-19

includes fever, cough and shortness of
breath.

4. Doctor recommend that any one who

experiences a sudden loss of smell or
taste self-isolate and contact there
healthcare provider.

5. Covid-19 is spreads Primarily respiratory

through drop lets.

6. when an infected person sneezes or

cough, the virus can travel from one
person two another either directly (Which
is why the CDC recommends maintaining
at list a 6- foot distance from other people)
or viaan intermediate surface

7. The virous can also spread through the

air, But these is more likely in crowded,
indoor areas with poor ventilation then in
areas withplenty of out door air and fewer
people.

8. RESEARCH have found that the Virus can

leave up to 24 hours on card board and 2
too 3 days in plasticand stainless steal
14
 Reading and Writing Example:
Quarter 3 – Week 5 The personal decision to get or not to
TYPES OF CLAIMS
get a Covid-19 vaccine is a human right, so
nobody must be forced to have it.
Background Information
During reading, a reader assesses
Claims of Value are arguments that
whether or not the writer’s purpose is realized.
say something is essential. These are bits of
This is done by evaluating the
information that are focused on the goodness
reasonableness of the facts, opinions, and
or badness of an issue. They are arguments
inferences presented in the text. At times
about morality or philosophy. They try to
information in text are explicit. It is when the
prove that certain values are more or less
reader can see the information directly stated
preferable and sensible compared to others.
in the text. At times the information is implicit.
This is when the reader needs to read
Example:
between the lines to achieve understanding of
Scientific advancements such as
what the writer tells. When the reader figures
gene engineering and stem cells have gone
out what the writer tells, he looks for the
too far that interspecies are made, such as
writer’s point regarding the topic. This point is
animals having human organs.
also known as CLAIM or central argument. An
argument is composed of the writer’s claim
Learning Competency
which may be categorized into three different
Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a
types — fact, policy, and value. written text.

Claims of Fact are arguments that Exercise A

say something is true. They are bits of Instruction: Read and understand each
sentence carefully, then identify the type of claim
information that are based on reliable each represents. Write your answer on a
authorities such as science or history. separate sheet of paper.
Validated data and statistics can verify them.
1. It is better to get sunshine every day for

Example: the body to absorb vitamin D and other

Covid-19 is causing turmoil in 216 minerals than to hide from the sun for
countries and territories worldwide.
fear of getting a darker skin tone.
2. As of November 5, 2020, there are 130
Claims of Policy are arguments that country-wide school closures and
say something should or should not be 990,324,537 affected learners due to
implemented- ed. These are statements on Covid-19.
courses of action or laws which have to be 3. Wearing of face mask can foster a false
revised or amended based on particular sense of security. It does not protect a
issues or conditions. These claims propose person from the coronavirus, but a
that a specific problem needs to be addressed healthy immune system does.
and that a plan of action should be made to 4. Good manners and right conduct
solve it. should be taught at home since it is not
teachers’ primary responsibility to instill
them.

15
Exercise B not yet prepared. However, digital learning
Instructions: Read and understand the following appears to be the solution at this time (Marshal
article carefully. After, identify a claim of fact, a
claim of policy, and/or a claim of value implicitly & Kostka, 2020; Palsdottir, 2020). Therefore,
and explicitly presented. countries must learn from this experience and
start designing contingency plans during difficult
The closing of 2019 stunned the world times like this.
with a silent, raging storm, the Coronavirus
disease 2019 (Covid-19). The World Health Despite these challenges education
Organization (WHO) has learned about this departments and ministries worldwide face,
infectious disease on the 31st of December, some heroes have to be commended for their
2019 from cases of Wuhan, People’s Republic selfless love and dedication to their profession
of China. On the 5th of January, WHO issued its and for their students despite the risks they
first disease outbreak detailed report about a face. These are all the generous-hearted
cluster of pneumonia cases whose cause is yet teachers around the world.
unknown (WHO, 2020). On the 9th of January,
the first death linked to was reported. On the
11th of February, 2020, the disease's name
causing the new coronavirus outbreak was
officially announced coronavirus disease 2019
by the World Health Organization (CDC, 2020).
It was abbreviated as Covid-19. As days
progressed, Covid- 19 cases continued to grow
exponentially, which was considered a global
pandemic. As of November 4, 2020, there are
48, 054, 541 confirmed cases around the world,
1,223,409 reported deaths, and 34,485,291
recovered cases. Covid-19 is causing turmoil in
216 countries and territories worldwide
(Worldometer, 2020).

As of November 5, 2020, there are 130

country-wide school closures and 990,324,537
affected learners. (UNESCO, 2020).
Considering this present global educational
situation, educational institutions were forced to
find a way to deliver quality education to the
learners outside of the classrooms. Educational
institutions in countries affected by Covid-19
were forced to act quickly instead of strategically
study, design, and adapt to changes in the new
teaching and learning setting (Thompson &
Lodge, 2020). This posed an enormous
challenge since most educational systems are

16