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Chapter 7 TQM and Planning Tools

This document discusses quality planning tools that can be used to improve processes, including cause and effect diagrams, Pareto charts, checksheets, histograms, control charts, scatter diagrams, and flow charts. It provides a brief overview of each tool, describing its purpose and how it is used. For example, it explains that cause and effect diagrams identify factors causing defects, Pareto charts show which problems or causes are most important to address first, and control charts monitor process performance over time to distinguish common and special cause variations. Links are also provided for further information on cause and effect diagrams and TQM planning tools.

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Kaye Joy Tendencia
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257 views6 pages

Chapter 7 TQM and Planning Tools

This document discusses quality planning tools that can be used to improve processes, including cause and effect diagrams, Pareto charts, checksheets, histograms, control charts, scatter diagrams, and flow charts. It provides a brief overview of each tool, describing its purpose and how it is used. For example, it explains that cause and effect diagrams identify factors causing defects, Pareto charts show which problems or causes are most important to address first, and control charts monitor process performance over time to distinguish common and special cause variations. Links are also provided for further information on cause and effect diagrams and TQM planning tools.

Uploaded by

Kaye Joy Tendencia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

CHAPTER 7
TQM AND PLANNING TOOLS
Objectives:

1. Identify quality tools for planning


2. Illustrate appreciation of each quality planning tools
3. Apply planning tools in quality problems

There are several basic tools of quality can be used singularly or in tandem to
investigate a process and identify areas for improvement, although they do not all
necessarily need to be used.
Cause And Effect / Fishbone Diagram
First used by Ishikawa in the 1940’s, this diagram is employed to identify the
underlying symptoms of a problem or “effect” as a means of finding the root cause.
It is called cause and effect diagram after its function and fishbone fishbone
diagram after its appearance.
Its function is to identify the factors that are causing an undesired effect (defects)
for improvement action, or to identify the factors needed to bring about the
desired result (a winning proposal).
The factors are identified by people familiar with the process involved.
As a starting point, major factors could be designated using
the Four M’s:
Method, Manpower, Material and Machinery;
or the Four P’s:
Policies, Procedures, People and Plant.
In order to use the cause and effect diagram as a tool, there is a need to first identify
the problem one is trying to solve and simply write it in the box (head of the fish)
to the right. Next, he will list the major causes of the problem on the spine of the
fish.
MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

Causes are then identified during brainstorming with the group familiar with the
problem.
Cause And Effect / Fishbone Diagram

PARETO CHART
Alfredo Pareto was an economist who noted that a few people controlled most of
a nation’s wealth.
“Pareto’s Law” has also been applied to many other areas, including defects, where
a few causes are responsible for the most of the problems.
The Pareto Principle is based upon the principle which states that 80% of a problem
is attributable to 20% of its cause, or inputs.
A Pareto Chart organizes and displays information in order to demonstrate the
relative importance of various problems or causes of problems.
Pareto Chart is a vertical bar chart with items organized in order from the highest
to lowest, relative to a measurable effect such as frequency, cost and time.
It is simple to observe how to prioritize improvements efforts looking at the
number of defects from the largest to the smallest occurences.
PARETO CHART
MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

CHECKSHEETS
Checksheets are also known as
Data Collection Sheets and Tally Charts.
These are non-statistical and comparatively easy.
They are used to capture data in a manual, reliable, formalized way so that
decisions can be made based on facts.
Data is collected and ordered by adding tally or check marks against predetermined
categories of items or measurements. It simplifies the task of analysis.
Cheeksheets are a simple way of gathering data so that decisions can be based on
facts, rather than anecdotal evidence.
CHECKSHEET

HISTOGRAM
Histograms are a form of Bar Chart. They are use to measure frequency distribution
of data that is normally grouped together in ranges or ‘bins’.
Most frequently they are used to tell the different regularity of occurence in long
lists of data.
Histograms shows patterns that fall within typical process conditions.
Changes in a process should trigger new collection of data.
Bar represents many observations, a histogram is most useful with a large amount
of data.
MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

CONTROL CHARTS

Dating back to the work of Shewhart and Deming, there are several types of Control
Chart.

They are practically complex statistical tools that measure how a process changes
over time.

Control Chart focuses on monitoring performance overtime by looking at the


variation in data points and, distinguishes between common cause and special
cause variations.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a good example of a control chart.

Control Charts are the most complicated of the basic tools of TQM, but are based
on simple principles.

The charts are made by plotting in sequence the measured values of samples taken
from a process.

CONTROL LIMITS

These are values that sample measurements are not expected to exceed unless
some special cause changes the process.

A sample measurements within the control limits therefore indicates that the
process is no longer stable, and is usually reason for the corrective action.
MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

SCATTER DIAGRAM
This is used to identify whether there is a relationship between two variables. It
does not prove that one variable directly affects the other, but is highly effective in
confirming that a relationship exists between the two.

Scatter Diagram is a graphical representation of how one variable changes with


respect to another.

The variables are plotted on axes at right angles to each other and the scatter in
the points gives a measure of confidence in any correlation shown.

FLOW CHART
It is a visual representation of a process. It is not statistical, but it is used to piece
together the actual process as it is carried out , which quite often varies fromhow
the process owner imagines it is.
Flow chart is used when trying to determine where the bottlenecks or breakdowns
are in work processes.
MODULE TQM (Operation Management)

This is sometimes called process map, can be used to help the company model its
process and understand and communicate all activities in the process.

For further discussion please refer to the link provided: TQM AND PLANNING TOOLS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjJDxNCu58A
For further discussion please refer to the link provided Fishbone Cause and effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLvizyDFLQ4

Reference:
Total Quality Management (OBE)
Prof. Angelita Ong Camilar-Serrano,DBA(candidate

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