CHAPTER ONE

Earth’s Crust
Earth is round, like an orange. Oranges have a skin and
Earth has a skin, too. We call this skin Earth’s crust. Under the
crust, there is very hot rock.
Earth’s crust has different pieces. These pieces move
very, very slowly. Millions of years ago, the pieces moved and
made mountains. Under mountains, the crust is thick, but
under the ocean, it’s thinner. When two pieces of the crust
move and meet, there can be earthquakes.
A volcano is a hole in Earth’s crust. When a volcano
erupts, hot rock flies out from under the ground, and melted
rock pours out over the ground. Volcanoes under the ocean
sometimes make new islands. In 1963, a volcano in the
Atlantic Ocean made a new island called Surtsey.
There are many different rocks in Earth’s crust. They are
millions of years old. The rocks are often different colors. In
the Painted Desert in Arizona in the USA, you can see the
different rocks.
 CHAPTER TWO
Oceans
On Earth, there is more ocean than land. The Pacific
Ocean is the biggest ocean. It’s bigger than Africa!
Did you know that there are mountains and valleys
under the ocean? Some of these mountains are bigger than the
biggest mountains on land. In the deepest parts of the ocean,
the water is 10 kilometers deep.
The water in the ocean is always moving. Waves hit the
land and break the rocks. Sometimes, big pieces of rock fall
into the ocean. They leave big cliffs, like the beautiful
Uluwatu Cliffs in Bali in Indonesia.
Where the ocean is warm, we sometimes find coral.
Coral is made of millions of very small animals that make hard
covers around themselves. When the animals die, the hard
covers make the coral reef.
The Great Barrier Reef near Australia is the biggest
coral reef in the world. It’s 2,600 kilometers long. Sea turtles,
dolphins, and many other amazing animals live there.
In some places, where the coral reef is very big, it comes
out of the water. It makes a small island.
 CHAPTER THREE
Rivers and Waterfalls
Rivers usually begin as streams in mountains. The water
comes from rain or snow. All rivers then go to the ocean.
Big rivers are very strong. When the ground under a
river is soft, the river makes valleys. When the ground under it
is hard rock, there are waterfalls or rapids.
One incredible waterfall is the Iguazu Falls between
Argentina and Brazil. Iguazu means ‘big water’ in an old
language of South America.
There’s more water in the River Amazon than in any
other river in the world. It begins in the mountains in Peru and
Ecuador. Then it goes through the rainforest in Brazil, and to
the Atlantic Ocean.
There are no bridges on the Amazon. First, the river goes
through rainforest and there are no roads. Then, near the
ocean, the river is very wide so people can’t build bridges.
They cross the river by boat.
The Amazon is the home of one of the longest snakes,
called anacondas. Some grow to 9 meters long.
 CHAPTER FOUR
Glaciers and Icebergs
The coldest places on Earth are in the highest mountains,
and at the North and South Poles. Here, there are rivers made
of ice. They are called glaciers. Glaciers begin when snow
falls.
Mountain glaciers move very, very slowly down the
mountain. When the ice melts, the water goes into rivers. It
can take thousands of years for the water from a glacier to get
to the ocean.
At the North and South Poles, where the glaciers are
near the ocean, very big pieces of ice break off. These are
called icebergs. Icebergs move slowly on the ocean.
Near the North Pole, Ilulissat is one of the most
incredible places on Earth - and one of the coldest. The glacier
and icebergs here are very, very big. The glacier is about 40
kilometers long and it moves slowly to the Arctic Ocean. It
moves about 30 meters every day.
Icebergs are dangerous for boats. Most of the ice is
under the water, so people in boats can’t see all the ice.
 CHAPTER FIVE
Hot Water
Imagine you are in this park. Suddenly, you hear a loud
noise of water moving very fast. Then hot water and steam
pour out of the ground. You are looking at a geyser.
What makes a geyser? When it rains or snows, the water
goes into the ground. Deep under the ground, there is hot rock.
If rainwater touches a lot of hot rock, it begins to boil. Then
there’s a lot of steam.
Suddenly, the water can’t stay under the ground. It has to
come out. Geysers are very hot, so don’t go near them!
These white cliffs look like they are made of ice, but
they are really made of rock. Hot water came out of the ground
and poured down the mountain. Then minerals in the water
made these incredible cliffs. They look like waterfalls, but
they never move. They are thousands of years old.
At the Jigokudani Monkey Park in Japan, hot water from
under the ground makes pools. When the weather is cold,
monkeys sit in the warm water.
 CHAPTER SIX
Mountains and Lakes
The biggest mountain chain in the world is the
Himalayas in Asia. It began when two pieces of Earth’s crust
met and moved up. They began to move about 50 million
years ago - and they are moving now, very slowly.
The top of Mount Everest in the Himalayas is the highest
place on Earth - it’s about 9 kilometers above the ocean.
Everest is very big and it’s getting bigger. The top of Everest
goes up about 5 millimeters every year, because Earth’s crust
is moving all the time.
Near high mountains, there are often deep lakes. The
deepest lake in the world is Lake Baikal in Russia. It’s more
than 1,600 meters deep. Scientists are exploring the lake in
small submarines.
Lake Baikal began when pieces of Earth’s crust moved
and made a deep hole. Water from 330 rivers goes into Lake
Baikal. There’s more water here than in all the Great Lakes in
North America!
 CHAPTER SEVEN
Caves
Caves are incredible underground worlds. Many people
are interested in them.
What makes a cave? Near the coast, ocean waves hit
cliffs and make holes. In the mountains, the moving ice in a
glacier makes caves in the rock.
The most incredible caves are in soft rock called
limestone. Rain falls on the limestone and makes holes.
Slowly, the holes grow bigger and make caves. This takes
thousands and thousands of years.
The Sarawak Chamber in Borneo is the biggest cave in
the world. It’s longer than ten big planes!
Caves are usually very wet because water comes through
the rock. Slowly, the raindrops mix with minerals and build
incredible rock sculptures, called stalactites and stalagmites.
Thousands of years ago, people lived in caves. They
didn’t have books or paper, so they drew pictures on the cave
walls. People drew this picture in a cave in France, about
16,000 years ago.
 CHAPTER EIGHT
Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Usually, Earth’s crust moves very slowly - only a few
millimeters every year. Sometimes, two pieces of the crust
move suddenly in different directions, and then there’s an
earthquake.
Earthquakes are dangerous because buildings sometimes
fall down. When there’s an earthquake, people in buildings go
under a heavy table. Or they stand between two rooms. These
are good ideas - they can help to keep people safe.
There are earthquakes under the ocean, too. Usually,
they are small and not dangerous. Sometimes an earthquake
under the ocean makes a giant wave called a tsunami.
Tsunamis can be very dangerous.
After a tsunami, there are often floods. There’s water
everywhere. Houses, cars, and trees are in the water. The water
isn’t clean, so many people are sick. In 2004, there was a very
big tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Many people died.
 CHAPTER NINE
Deserts
A desert is a dry place, with almost no rain. About 20
percent (%) of the land on Earth is desert. What are deserts
made of? Some deserts are made of sand, and many deserts are
made of stones or rocks. Deserts are usually hot, but not
always. Antarctica is a cold desert. It doesn’t rain often there,
but there’s lots of ice.
The Sahara Desert in Africa is the biggest hot desert on
Earth. It’s bigger than Australia! The animals in the desert can
live there because they don’t drink very often.
Camels can live for a week with no water.
In Bolivia in South America, there’s a desert made of
salt. It’s called the Salar de Uyuni. About 40,000 years ago, it
was a saltwater lake, but now the ground is hard and dry most
of the time. Sometimes the ground looks like a big mirror.
Many people visit the Salar de Uyuni because it’s an
incredible place. There’s even a hotel made of salt!
 CHAPTER TEN
Erosion
Where are these rocks? Are they on the moon? No, they
are in Cappadocia in Turkey.
They look like sculptures, but no one made them. Really,
the windy weather made them. These rocks are not very hard.
The wind blows on them and very slowly changes them. When
the weather changes Earth in this way, we call it erosion.
In the Colorado River in the USA, erosion began about
20 million years ago. The river moved over the rock and
slowly broke it. Sun, cold weather, and wind broke the rock,
too. All these things made the incredible deep valley called the
Grand Canyon.
Wind, rain, sun, and snow - the weather is a part of
Earth’s story. Sun and wind make deserts. Glaciers move
between mountains and make valleys. Rain falls on limestone
and makes caves… This story began millions of years ago, and
it is still going on. What an incredible story it is!

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