1

Introduction
to
Elements of Mechanical
Engineering

PPT Nalinikanta Panda, Asst. Prof., Mechanical Dept.

 COURSE CONTENTS
2

 Unit- 1
Statics of particle
 Principle of Engineering Mechanics
 Resolution of forces
 Free body Diagram
 Moment of force
 Equivalent system of force
Concept of center of gravity
 Determination of centroid of composite figure

 Determination of area moment of inertia composite figure

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 Unit II
Analysis of truss and friction
 Method of joint
 Method of Section
 Laws of friction
 Angle of friction
 Angle of repose
4

 Unit III
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions of Thermodynamics
 Property of a system
 Reversible and irreversible process
 Thermodynamic equilibrium
 Laws of thermodynamics
 Application of 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics
 Basic concept of power plant and I.C Engine
5

 Unit IV
Robotics and Automation

 Basic concept of robotics and it’s classification

 Introduction to CNC Machine

 Introduction to flexible manufacturing system

 PRE-REQUISITES
6

 Mathematics

 Physics

 System of units

 Chemistry
 COURSE OUTCOMES
7

 Determine the resultant force and moment for given force system.
Locate the centroid and compute MOI of composite plane sections

 Evaluate the forces in members of trusses, frames and problems

related to friction

 Understand the basics of thermodynamics and application of

various Laws and gain knowledge on heat power energy systems
and its applications

 Understand the robotics and flexible manufacturing system

 SCIENCE
8

 Science may be defined as the growth of ideas

through observation and experimentation.
 ENGINEERING?
9

 Engineering is an application of Science, Technology

and Mathematics to innovate, design, develop and
maintain machines, structures, software, hardware
and systems & processes.
 WHY MECHANICS?
10

 The primary purpose of the study of mechanics is

to develop the capacity to predict the effects of
force and motion while carrying out the creative
design functions of engineering.
 MECHANICS
11

Mechanics is the branch of science which deals with

the behavior of the body, when the body is in motion
or rest under the action of applied force.
OR
It is the branch of science which deals with the
behavior of the force and it’s effect on the different
bodies.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
12

 Application of laws of mechanics to field problem is

termed as Engineering Mechanics.
 Engineering
Mechanics

Mechanics Mechanics
of Solids of Fluids

Rigid Deformable
Bodies Bodies

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics
13
 RIGID BODIES
14

Rigid bodies are those, which doesn’t

deform under the action of applied
force.
 Statics( Object is in rest)

It is the branch of engineering mechanics

which deals with behaviour of the body,
which is in state of rest under the action
of applied force
 Dynamics( Object is in motion)

It is the branch of engineering mechanics

which deals with behaviour of the body,
which is in motion
15

 Kinematics:
It is the branch of dynamics which deals with the
behaviour of the body, when the body is in motion
without considering the forces which is responsible for
motion.
16

 Kinetics
It is the branch of dynamics which deals with the
behaviour of the body which is in motion under the
action of applied force.
OR
It is the branch of dynamics, which deals with the
forces causing motion.
 KINEMATICS vs KINETICS
17
18

 Mechanics of deformable bodies:

If the internal stresses developed in a body are to be
studied, the deformation of the body should be
considered. This field of mechanics is called Mechanics
of deformable bodies
 Mechanics of fluid:

The mechanics which deals with the behaviour of fluids

is called fluid mechanics.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN MECHANICS
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 Mass
The quantity of the matter possessed by a body
is called mass.
 Time

Time is the measure of succession of events

 Space

The geometric region in which study of body is

involved is called space.
 Length

It is a concept to measure linear distances.

20

 Distance
Distance referred as total path covered by an
object
 Displacement

The shortest distance moved by a body is called

displacement.
 Velocity

The change of displacement with respect to time

is defined as velocity.
 Acceleration

Acceleration is the change of velocity with respect

to time.
21

 Momentum
 Momentum is the tendency of objects to keep going
in the same direction with the same speed.
 The product of mass and velocity is called
momentum. Thus
Momentum= Mass * Velocity
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
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CGS Units SI Units

Quantity
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol
Mass Gram g Kilogram kg

Length Centimeter cm Meter m

Time second sec second s

Force Kilogram kg Newton N

 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF ENGG.
MECHANICS
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 Newton’s First Law

 Newton’s Second Law
 Newton’s Third Law
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
 Law of Transmissibility of Forces
 Parallelogram Law of Forces
 Newton’s First Law of Motion
24

 It states that , an object will remains at rest or in

uniform motion in a straight-line unless acted upon
by an external force.
DEFINES INERTIA
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
25

 It states that, the rate of change of momentum of a

body is directly proportional to external forces
acting on it.
i.e. Force α rate of change of momentum
F α Mass * Acceleration
F α ma DEFINES FORCE
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
26

 It states that, for every action there is an equal and

opposite reaction.
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
27

 It states that, the force of attraction between any

two bodies is directly proportional to their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
 FORCE
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 Force is an external agent

which changes or tends to
change the state of rest or
uniform motion of the body.
 Characteristics of Force-
1. Magnitude
2. Plane of application
3. Line of action
4. Direction
 • The line of action of a force is a geometric
representation of how the force is applied.

29
 From fig:
 Magnitude is 600 N

 The point of application is at C

which is 2 m from A along the
ladder.
 The line of action is vertical

 The direction is downward.

30
 FORCE SYSTEM
31

Lines of action of a
set of forces lie in a
single plane

Line of action of all

the forces do not lie
in one plane
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 Coplanar forces: The forces, whose lines of action lie on

the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
 Collinear forces: The forces, whose lines of action lie on
the same line, are known as collinear forces.
 Concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at one point,
are known as concurrent forces. The concurrent forces
may or may not be collinear.
 Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at
one point and their line of action also lay on the same
plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces.
36

 Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces, which do

not meet at one point, but their lines of action lie on the
same, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces.
 Non-Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which
meet at one point, but their lines of action do not lie on
the same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent
forces.
 Non-Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces,
which do not meet at one point and their lines of action
do not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar
non-concurrent forces.
37
 RESULTANT FORCE
38

 If the number of forces acting on a body, then it is

possible to find out a single force which can replace the
no. of forces and which can produce the same effect as
produced by the number of given forces. Then the single
force is called resultant force and the number of given
force is called component of resultant force.
39

 Composition:
The process of finding the resultant
force by eliminating the number of
given forces is called composition of
force.
 Resolution:

Splitting of single force into no. of

component without changing it's
effect is called resolution of force.
40
 PARALLELOGRAM LAW
41

 If two coplanar concurrent forces acting on a body

are represented in magnitude and direction by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction
by the diagonal of parallelogram, which passes
through the point of intersection of the two sides
representing the forces.
 NUMERICALS
42

 Find the resultant force of two coplanar concurrent

forces having equal magnitude and the angle
between them is α.
 The resultant of two forces ,one of which is double
the other is 260N. If the direction of the larger
force is reversed and the other remains unaltered,
the resultant reduces to 180N. Determine the
magnitude of the forces and the angle between the
forces
 METHOD OF RESOLUTION
43

ARROW HEADS
SIGN
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
44
 PROCEDURE
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STEP 1:
Resolve all the forces horizontally and determine
the algebraic sum of all horizontal component.(ΣH)

STEP 2:
Resolve all the forces vertically and determine the
algebraic sum of all vertical component.(ΣV)
46

STEP 3:
Determine the resultant force
R=√(ΣH ²+ ΣV ²)

STEP 4:
Determine the direction of resultant force
tanθ = ΣV/ ΣH
 NUMERICALS
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 The following forces act at a point,

(i) 20N inclined at 300 towards North of East
(ii) 25N towards North
(iii) 30N towards North West
(iv) 35N inclined at 400 towards South of West.
Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force
N

W E

S
48

 A horizontal line PQRS is 12m long, where

PQ=QR=RS=4m. Forces of 1000N, 1500N,
1000N, and 500N act at P, Q, R, S respectively
with downward direction. The line of action of these
forces makes an angle of 900, 600, 450, and 300
respectively with PS. Find the magnitude, direction
of resultant force.
49

 Find the resultant of the following figure.

 TRIANGLE LAW
50

 If two forces acting

simultaneously on a point,
be represented in
magnitude and direction by
the two sides of triangle
taken in order, their
resultant may be
represented in magnitude
and direction by the third
sides of triangle taken in
opposite order.
51
 POLYGON LAW OF FORCES
52

 If number of forces acting

simultaneously on a body
are represented in
magnitude and direction
by the sides of polygon
taken in order, then the
resultant represented in
magnitude and direction
by the closing sides of
polygon taken from first
point to last point.
 LAW OF TRANSMISSIBILTY OF FORCES
53

 It states that, the state of

rest or motion of the rigid
body is unaltered if a
force acting on a body is
replaced by another force
of same magnitude and
direction but acting any
where on the body along
the line of action of the
replaced force.
 LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
54

 It states that, action of

given system of forces on
a rigid body is not
changed by adding or
subtracting another
system of forces in
equilibrium.
 QUESTIONS
55

 Determine the components of 1000N force along

the axes a and b as shown in fig. Compare these
components with rectangular X and Y Component
 QUESTIONS
56

 A boat is uniformly along a canal by two horses pulling with

force P=890N and Q= 1068N acting under an angle β=60O .
Determine the magnitude of the resultant pull on the boat and the
angels θ and α. (R=1698 N, θ= 33O α=27O)

 What force Q combined with

a vertical pull P=27 N will

P
give a horizontal resultant

force 36 N? (Ans- 45 N, 36O)

Q
 EQUILIBRIUM
57

 It is a state of a body where the resultant of system

of forces acting on a body is zero.
OR
 It is a condition or state of body where the net
resultant force acting on a body is zero.
 EQUILIBRIANT
58

 It is a force, which brings the system in to

equilibrium.

 The equilibrant force is equal to the resultant force

in magnitude but opposite in nature.
59

FORCE

NON-APPLIED
APPLIED FORCE
FORCE

SELF WEIGHT REACTION

 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
60

 Free body diagram is a diagram in which the

body under consideration is free from all
contact surfaces and the forces acting on
it(including reaction from the surfaces) are
drawn.
 METHODS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF
FORCES
61

 Lami's Theorem (Only applicable for equilibrium

of three concurrent forces)

 Method of resolution ( Applicable to equilibrium

of any number of concurrent forces)
 LAMI’S THEOREM
62

 If a body is in equilibrium
under the action of three
coplanar concurrent forces,
then each force is
proportional to sine of
angle between other two
forces.
 QUESTIONS
63

 An electrical light fixture

of weight Q=178N is
supported as shown in
fig. Determine the
tensile forces S1and S2 in
the wires BA and BC if
their angle of inclination
are as shown.
 QUESTIONS
64

 A circular roller of weight

Q=445N and radius r=152mm
hangs by a tie rod AC=304mm
and rest against a smooth
vertical wall at B as shown in
fig. Determine the tension 's' in
the tie rod and the force Rb
exerted against the wall at 'B'.
 QUESTIONS
65

 A ball of weight of
Q=53.4N rests in a
right angled through as
shown in figure.
Determine the force
exerted on the sides of
the through at D and E
if all surfaces are
perfectly smooth.
 QUESTIONS
66

 What axial forces does the

vertical load P induce in bar as
shown in figure? Neglect the
weight of the bar and assume
there is a perfectly flexible
string in BC.
 QUESTIONS
67

 A right circular roller of

weight W rests on a
smooth horizontal plane
and is held in position by
an inclined bar AC as
shown in figure. Find the
tension 'S' in the bar AC
and the vertical reaction
Rb at 'B' ,if there is also a
horizontal force P acting
at 'C'.
 QUESTIONS
68

 A weight Q is suspended
from point ‘B’ of a cord
ABC, the ends of which
are pulled by equal
weights P overhanging
small pulleys A and C
which are on the same
level. Neglecting the radii
of the pulleys .Determine
the sag BD if l=3.66m,
P=89N and Q=44.5N
 QUESTIONS
69

 A weight ‘Q’ is suspended

from a small ring C,
supported by two cords AC
and BC as shown in figure.
The cord AC is fastened at
A while the cord BC passes
over a frictionless pulley at
B and carries the weight P
as shown in fig. If P=Q and
α=500, find the value of
angle β.
 QUESTIONS
70

 Two smooth circular cylinder each of weight

W=100N and radius r=12 mm are connected

at their centres by a string AB of length l=16mm

and rest upon a horizontal plane , supporting

above them a third cylinder of weight Q=200N

and radius r=12 mm as shown in figure. Find the

forces ‘s’ in he string and the pressures produced

on the floor at the point of contact D and E.