*BH011608*

Name :Mr. Ashok Sitkoke MR No/Visit ID :BH011608/OP1305731

Age/Sex :53Y/M Collection date : 01-08-2022 19:18
Consultant :Dr. Diwan Sanjay Kumar Report Date :02-08-2022 17:44
Lab ID No :LAB904689
Prescribed By :Dr. Diwan Sanjay Kumar Status :Final
Order Date :01-08-2022 19:16

Leptospira IgM
Observed
Investigation Unit Biological Reference Interva
Value
Leptospira IgM Negative: < 9Equivocal: 9-11Positive: > 11Please note change in reference
Negative(1.94) NTU
(Serum,EIA) range
Note: As per regulation, specimen collecting Laboratory is responsible for reporting positive Dengue & Leptospira cases
to Municipal corporation.
Indication: The Leptospira IgM assay is an Enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) for the qualitative detection of IgM class of
antibodies against Leptospira spp. In human serum or plasma(heparin).
Clinical back ground: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by infection with spirochete bacteria of the genus
Leptospira and affects animal as well as human hosts. Natural reservoirs for Leptospires are wild rodents as well as rats
and domesticated animals such as dogs, cats serve as an important source. Leptospires occupy the lumen of nephritic
tubules of the animal hosts and are shed into the urine. Leptospira gain entry into the human body occurs through direct
or indirect human contact (eg, via mucous membranes or abraded skin) with water, food, or soil contaminated with
animal urine containing the Leptospira spirochetes. Following infection, the incubation period can range from 3 to 30
days. Vast majority of infections are asymptomatic and recover without complications Clinical spectrum of symptoms
varies from mild flu like illness such as fever and myalgia to severe infections characterized by jaundice, renal failure,
bleeding and severe pulmonary haemorrhage

Interpretation :

Detection of leptospira IgM antibodies may indicate a recent infection or recent exposure to antigens
Positive
(vaccine).
t is recommended to repeat the test with a fresh sample of convalescent serum collected in 2 to3 weeks. If
Equivocal results of fresh sample is still equivocal then it is considered negative or should be tested by an alternative/
confirmatory method
Leptospira IgM antibodies not detected. Since antibodies may not be present or may be present at
Negative undetectable levels during early disease, repeat testing of a convalescent sample collected in 2 to 3 weeks is
recommended. Negative results do not exclude infection.
A single negative by this assay result does not exclude diagnosis. Antibody presence alone cannot be used for diagnosis
of acute infection because antibodies from prior exposure may circulate for a prolonged period of time. Diagnosis should
be made using a combination of medical history, clinical scenario, epidemiological factors, lab & imaging investigations.
Limitations: Nonreactive results may occasionally occur due to samples tested too early in the infection or due to
delayed seroconversion and does not rule out current infection. Potential cross reactions may occur in presence of
heterophile antibodies, serum samples positive for human chorionic gonadotropin, HIV IgG, multiple myeloma IgG,
rheumatoid factor IgM, and Toxoplasma gondii IgG. Immune complexes, Treponema pallidum, Coxiella spp, IgM
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and in high concentrations CMV IgG may cause interference or false results.

References:

1. CDC: Leptospriosis. Accessed 13/09/2019. Available at: www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/

2. Musso D, Scola.Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2013 46(4), 245-252.
3. World Health Organization.Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control WHO, Geneva

Disclaimer: This report is not meant for medicolegal purposes.

Reports are subject to the sample/specimen submitted. Page 1 of 2
Parameters marked * are under the scope of NABL M(EL)T.
 3.
(2003) Available at: http://www.who.int/zoonoses/resources/Leptospirosis/en/index.htm
4. In Chapter 48. The Spirochetes. Forbes B.A, Sahm D.H., Weissfeld AS. Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology,
12th Edn. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc. 2007.

Technician Name
Dr. Saurabh Jayant gopal.nagar
MBBS, MD Microbiology
Consultant Microbiologist

Disclaimer: This report is not meant for medicolegal purposes.

Reports are subject to the sample/specimen submitted. Page 2 of 2
Parameters marked * are under the scope of NABL M(EL)T.
 *BH011608*

Name :Mr. Ashok Sitkoke MR No/Visit ID :BH011608/OP1305731

Age/Sex :53Y/M Collection date : 01-08-2022 19:18
Consultant :Dr. Diwan Sanjay Kumar Report Date :02-08-2022 17:35
Lab ID No :LAB904689
Prescribed By :Dr. Diwan Sanjay Kumar Status :Final
Order Date :01-08-2022 19:16

Scrub Typhus IgM

Investigation Observed Value Unit Biological Reference Interval

>11 : Reactive
Scrub Typhus IgM* Non Reactive(1.76) Ratio 9-11: Equivocal
<9: Non Reactive

Interpretation :

1. The scrub Typhus Detect IgM ELISA test for exposure to Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT; formerly Rickettsia) is an
ELISA assay system for the detection of IgM antibodies in human serum to OT derived recombinant antigen (1-10).
This test is to aid in the diagnosis of human exposure to OT species.
2. Scrub Typhus is an infectious disease that is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly Rickettsia), a tiny
parasite about the size of bacteria that belongs to the family Rickettsiaceae. A bite from a trombiculid mite, a
parasite of rodents, will transmit the disease. An ulcer of the skin is characteristic of a bite from a trombiculid
mite, followed by symptoms including fever, a spotted rash on the torso, and swelling of the lymph glands. Scrub
typhus generally occurs after exposure to areas with secondary (scrub) vegetation, which is where its name is
derived from. However, the disease can also be prevalent in sandy, mountainous, and tropical areas.
3. Scrub Typhus is a world wide illness, but particular to South East Asia and the Western pacific. It accounts for
approximately 20% of fever in some regions, in South East Asia, where it is endemic. Illness lasts for a period of
10 to 12 days after the initial bite. With therapy, the fever will break within 36 hours, but if left untreated,
complications or death may occur.

smeeta.john
Dr. Saurabh Jayant Microbiologist
MBBS, MD Microbiology
Consultant Microbiologist

Disclaimer: This report is not meant for medicolegal purposes.

Reports are subject to the sample/specimen submitted. Page 1 of 1
Parameters marked * are under the scope of NABL M(EL)T.