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Anatomical Descriptive Source - Integumentary Skin, Tissue, and Cells

The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of the human body. It discusses the importance of understanding anatomy and physiology to explain how the body functions and responds to stimuli. It then describes the different types of anatomical study including systemic, regional, and surface anatomy. It provides an overview of the major organ systems of the body, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and urinary systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
179 views6 pages

Anatomical Descriptive Source - Integumentary Skin, Tissue, and Cells

The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of the human body. It discusses the importance of understanding anatomy and physiology to explain how the body functions and responds to stimuli. It then describes the different types of anatomical study including systemic, regional, and surface anatomy. It provides an overview of the major organ systems of the body, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and urinary systems.

Uploaded by

GURPARABJOT KAUR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OUTLINE Anatomical imaging:

I. Anatomy and Physiology • using technologies such as x-rays, ultrasound, MRI


II. Importance of Anatomy and Physiology and the like to create pictures of internal structures
III. Types of Anatomy IV. STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
IV. Structural and Functional Organization Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. Chemical (Chemical level):
V. Major Organs of the Body
• smallest level
VI. Organ Systems of the Body • involves interactions between atoms,
VII. Characteristic of Life chemical bonds, molecules
VIII. Homeostasis 2. Cellular (Cell level):
A. Negative Feedback • cells: basic units of life
B. Positive Feedback • compartments and organelles examples
IX. Terminology and the Body Plan are mitochondria, nucleus
A. Directional Terms 3. Tissues (Tissue level):
B. Body Planes • group of cells with similar structure and
X. Body Parts and Regions function plus extracellular substances they
A. Subdivisions of the Abdomen release
B. Body Cavities • tissue - is composed of a group of similar
C. Serous Membranes cells and the materials surrounding them
D. Pericardium and pericardial Cavity • 4 broad types: epithelial, connective
E. Pleura & Pleural Cavity muscular, nervous
F. Peritoneum & Peritoneal Cavity 4. Organs (Organ level):
• two or more tissue types acting together to
I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY perform function(s)
Anatomy • Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary,
• investigates body structure; bladder, kidney
o for example, the shape and size of bones.
• In addition, anatomy examines the relationship 5. Organ-System (Organ system level):
between the structure of a body part and its function • group of organs that together perform a
• the term means to dissect common function or set of functions and are
Physiology therefore viewed as a unit
• investigates processes and functions • for example, digestive system, reproductive
• Human Physiology: studies the human organism system
• to understand and predict the body’s responses to 6. Organism (Organism level):
stimuli and to understand how the body maintains • all organ systems working together
conditions within a narrow range of values in a • organism is any living thing considered as
constantly changing environment a whole—whether composed of one cell
• includes associated microorganisms such
Systemic Physiology as intestinal bacteria
• studies body organ-systems V. MAJOR ORAGANS OF THE BODY
• considers the functions of organ systems Brain Pancreas (behind stomach)
Cellular Physiology Spinal cord Gallbladder
• studies body cells Carotid artery Large intestine
• examines the processes occurring in cells Larynx Ureter (behind small intestine)
Esophagus Urinary bladder Urethra
II. IMPORTANCE OF ANAPHY Aortic arch Diaphragm
Understand how the body:
Lung Spleen (behind stomach)
• responds to stimuli
Heart Stomach
• environmental changes
• environmental cues Liver Kidney (behind stomach)
• diseases Kidney (behind intestine) Small intestine
• injury

III. TYPES OF ANATOMY


Systemic:
• studies body organ-systems
• body is studied system by system
Regional:
• studies body regions (medical schools)
• body is studied area by area
• Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or
arm, all systems are studied simultaneously
Surface:
• studies external features, for example, bone
projections
• studies the exterior of the body to visualize structures
deeper inside the body
Figure 1. Major Organs of the Body

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 1 of 6


VI. ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
1. Integumentary System
• Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin
D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
2. Skeletal System
• Provides protection and support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, and stores
minerals and adipose. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

3. Muscular System
• Produces body movements, maintains posture,
and produces body heat. Consists of muscles
attached to the skeleton by tendons.
4. Lymphatic System
• Removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid
balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the
digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
5. Respiratory System
• Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
6. Digestive System
• Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients,
and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory
organs
7. Nervous System
• A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
8. Endocrine System
• A major regulatory system that influences Figure 1.2 Organs Systems of the Body

metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many


VII. CHARACTERISTCS OF LIFE
other functions. Consists of glands, such as the Organization:
pituitary, that secrete hormones.
• functional interrelationships between parts and how
9. Cardiovascular System
those parts interact to perform specific functions
• Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and • Living things are highly organized
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the Metabolism:
immune response and the regulation of body • sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining
temperature. Consists of the heart, blood an organism
vessels, and blood. • ability to acquire and use energy in support of these
10. Urinary System changes
• Removes waste products from the blood and • includes an organism’s ability to break down food
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water molecules
balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, Responsiveness:
• ability to sense and respond to environmental
and ducts that carry urine.
changes
11. Female Reproductive System
• includes both internal and external environments
• Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization • include actions such as moving toward food or water
and fetal development; produces milk for the and moving away from danger or poor environmental
newborn; produces hormones that influence conditions
sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the • can also make adjustments that maintain their
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary internal environment
glands, and associated structures. Growth:
12. Male Reproductive System • can increase in size
• Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female • size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
and produces hormones that influence sexual Development:
functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, • changes in form and size,
accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 2 of 6


• changes an organism undergoes through time, Components of negative-feedback mechanisms:
beginning with fertilization and ending at death 1. Receptor
• changes in cell structure and function from • detects/monitors changes in variable
generalized to specialized—differentiation 2. Control center
Reproduction: • receives receptor signal
• formation of new cells or new organisms
• generation of new individuals • establishes set point
• tissue repair • sends signal to effector
3. Effector
VIII. HOMEOSTASIS • directly causes change in variable
Homeostasis • adjust the value of the variable, usually back
• maintenance of constant internal environment toward the set point
despite fluctuations in the external or internal
environment B. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• the body must actively regulate conditions that are • occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the
constantly changing in order to achieve response
homoeostasis • when a response to the original stimulus results in
Variables the deviation from the set point becoming even
• measures of body properties that may change in greater
value • set point, outside of normal range
• Example of variables: • not directly used for homeostasis but type of
o body temperature response is required to re-achieve homeostasis
o heart rate • some positive feedback occurs under normal
o blood pressure conditions for example: childbirth
o blood glucose levels
• generally associated with injury, disease
o blood cell counts
• negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
o respiratory rate
Normal Range homeostasis
• normal extent of increase or decrease around a set
point
Set point
• normal, or average value of a variable
• Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set
point
• Set points for some variables can be temporarily
adjusted depending on body activities, as needed:

Figure 1.4 Comparison of negative feedback and positive feedback

IX. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN


Anatomical position:
• person standing erect with face and palms forward
• all relational descriptions based on the anatomical
position, regardless of body orientation
• a person is supine when lying face upward and
prone when lying face downward
o Examples: body temperature, heart rate, A. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
blood pressure respiratory rate **Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and
o Common cause of change: fever, exercise dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans
• describe parts of the body relative to each other
• Right and left are used as directional terms in
Figure 1.3 Homeostasis
anatomical terminology
A. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • Up is replaced by superior, down by inferior, front by
• main mechanism used homeostatic regulation anterior, and back by posterior
• Most systems of the body are regulated by negative- Superior above
feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis Inferior below
• any deviation from the set point is made smaller, the Anterior front (also: ventral)
response to the original stimulus results in deviation Posterior back (also: dorsal)
from the set point, becomes smaller Medial close to midline
o Involves: Lateral away from midline
o detection: of deviation away from set point Proximal close to point of attachment
and Distal far from point of attachment
o correction: reversal of deviation toward set Superficial structure close to the surface
Deep structure toward the interior of the body
point and normal range Table 1 Directional Terms

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 3 of 6


Figure 1.5. Directional terms

B. BODY PLANES

Sagittal plane separates the body into right and left


parts
Median plane a sagittal plane along the midline that Figure 1.7 Planes of Section Through an Organ
divides body into equal left and right
halves X. BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
Transverse a horizontal plane that separates the
plane body into superior and inferior parts Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Frontal plane a vertical plane that separates the Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
body into anterior and posterior parts Central region: head, neck, trunk

Figure 1.8 Body parts and Regions


Figure 1.6 A Body Plane
A. SUBDIVISIONSS OF THE ABDOMEN
• abdomen is often subdivided superficially into
quadrants by two imaginary lines—one horizontal
and one vertical— that intersect at the navel
(Figure1.9 A)

Figure 1.9 (A) Quadrants


Figure 1.6 B Planes Through the Body

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 4 of 6


• quadrants formed are the right-upper, left-upper, Cavity
right-lower, and left-lower quadrants • Pericardial cavity
• these quadrants, the abdomen is sometimes • Pleural cavity
subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines: two • Peritoneal cavity
horizontal and two verticals D. PERICARDIUM AND PERICARDIAL CAVITY
• nine regions: epigastric, right and left hypochondriac, • Pericardium - around heart
umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, and right o visceral pericardium - covers heart
and left iliac (Figure 1.9 B) o parietal pericardium - thick, fibrous
o pericardial cavity - reduces friction

Figure 1.9 (B) Regions Figure 1.13 A

B. BODY CAVITIES E. PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY


Thoracic cavity: • Pleura - around lungs
• space within chest wall and diaphragm o visceral pleura - covers lungs
• contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, o parietal pleura - lines inner wall of thorax
trachea o pleural cavity reduces friction and adheres
Mediastinum: lungs to thoracic wall
• space between lungs
• contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
Abdominal cavity:
• space between diaphragm and pelvis
• contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
Pelvic cavity:
• space within pelvis
• contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of
large intestine

Figure 1.13 B

F. PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY


• Peritoneum - around abdominopelvic cavity and its
organs
o visceral peritoneum - covers, anchors
Figure 1.10 Trunk Cavities
organs; double layers called mesenteries
C. SEROUS MEMBRANES o parietal peritoneum - lines inner wall of
• Serous (sēr′ŭs) membranes line the trunk cavities abdominopelvic cavity
and cover the organs within these cavities o peritoneal cavity – reduces friction
• Structure:
o visceral serous membrane - covers organs
o parietal serous membrane - is the outer
membrane
o cavity – the space between the visceral and
parietal serous membranes that is a fluid-filled
space between the membranes
Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:

Membrane
• Pericardium - around heart
• Pleura - around lungs
Figure 1.13 C
• Peritoneum - around abdominopelvic cavity and its
organs

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 5 of 6


e. anterior and inferior
REVIEW AND COMPREHENSION
1. Physiology 13. The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is called the
a. deals with the processes or functions of living things. a. arm.
b. is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures. b. forearm
c. is concerned with organisms and does not deal with levels of c. hand.
organization, such as cells and systems. d. inferior arm.
d. recognizes the static (as opposed to the dynamic) nature of living e. lower arm.
things. e. can be used to study the human body without
considering anatomy. 14. 14.A patient with appendicitis usually has pain in the quadrant of the
2. The following are organizational levels for considering the body. abdomen.
(1) cell a. left-lower
(2) chemical b. right-lower
(3) organ c. left-upper
(4) organ system d. right-upper
(5) organism
(6) tissue
Choose the correct order for these organizational levels, from simplest to 15. A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is a
most complex. a. frontal (coronal) plane.
a. 1,2,3,6,4,5 b. sagittal plane.
b. 2,1,6,3,4,5 c. transverse plane
c. 3,1,6,4,5,2
d. 1,6,5,3,4,2
e. 4,6,1,3,5,2 16. The lungs are
a. part of the mediastinum.
For questions 3–7, match each organ system with one of the following functions b. surrounded by the pericardial cavity.
a. regulates other organ systems c. found within the thoracic cavity.
b. removes waste products from the blood; maintains water balance d. separated from each other by the diaphragm.
c. regulates temperature; reduces water loss; provides protection e. surrounded by mucous membranes.
d. removes foreign substances from the blood; combats disease;
maintains tissue fluid balance e. produces movement; maintains 17. Given the following organ and cavity combinations:
posture; produces body heat (1) heart and pericardial cavity
3. Endocrine system (2) lungs and pleural cavity
4. Integumentary system (3) stomach and peritoneal cavity
5. Muscular system (4) kidney and peritoneal cavity
6. Nervous system
7. Urinary system Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that
8. The characteristic of life that is defined as “all the chemical reactions taking organ?
place in an organism” is
a. development a. 1,2
b. growth b. 1,2,3
c. metabolism c. 1,2,4
d. organization d. 2,3,4
e. responsiveness e. 1,2,3,4
9. The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism.
(1) Blood pressure increases. 18. Which of the following membrane combinations are found on the superior
(2) The control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood and inferior surface of the diaphragm?
pressure set point. a. parietal pleura—parietal peritoneum
(3) The heart beats faster. b. parietal pleura—visceral peritoneum
(4) Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure. Choose the c. visceral pleura—parietal peritoneum
arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur. d. visceral pleura—visceral peritoneum
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 1,3,2,4 19. Which of the following organs are not retroperitoneal?
c. 3,1,4,2 a. adrenal glands
d. 4,2,3,1 b. urinary bladder
e. 4,3,2,1 c. kidneys
d. pancreas
10. Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct? e. stomach
a. Positive-feedback responses maintain homeostasis.
b. Positive-feedback responses occur continuously in healthy
individuals.
c. Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback
mechanism
d. When cardiac muscle receives an inadequate supply of blood,
positive-feedback mechanisms increase blood flow to the heart.
e. Medical therapy seeks to overcome illness by aiding positive
feedback mechanisms.

11. A term that means nearer the attached end of a limb is


a. distal.
b. lateral
c. medial.
d. proximal
e. superficial.

12. Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as


opposites?
a. superficial and deep
b. medial and proximal
c. distal and latera
d. superior and posterior
e. anterior and inferior

12. Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as References:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., Seeley, R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2017).
opposites? Seeley's Anatomy et Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education.
a. superficial and deep
b. medial and proximal Fruto, L. “Chapter 1: The Human Organism”. Anatomy And Physiology, 11 August
c. distal and lateral 2022, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center,
d. superior and posterior Quezon City. PowerPoint Presentation

TRANSCRIBER: VALDEZ, BEATRICE (N1E) 6 of 6

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