CBLM FOR TAILORING: EXPLORATORY G8

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

(CBLM)

Sector: HOME ECONOMICS

Qualification Title: TAILORING (Exploratory)

Unit of
Sew Basic In-Garment Construction
Competency:

Module Title: Sewing Basic In-Garment Construction

Sisters of Mary School-Boystown, Inc.

Tungkop, Minglanilla, Cebu

Telephone no. : (032)272 8636/(032)272 8637/(032)888 7562

[email protected]

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Sewing Basic In-Garment Construction”. This

module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “sew basic in-garment construction” contains

knowledge, skills and attitudes required as prerequisite for a Tailoring NC II
course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities to complete

each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome, there
are Information Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job Sheets. Follow these activities on
your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Remember to:

 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.

 Read information sheets and complete the self – check. Suggested

references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.

 Perform the Task Sheets and Job sheet to your facilitator for
evaluation and recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall
serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency
Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had sufficient
practice, ask your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your Progress Chart and
Accomplishment Chart

After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your

competency. Result of your assessment will be recorded on your competency
profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own
pace.

Inside this module, you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome
may have more than one learning activity.

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Module 1
Sewing Basic In-Garments Construction

Module Descriptors: This module covers the outcomes required in sewing

basic in-garment construction. It consists of learning competencies to
understand the nature and importance of sewing, practicing occupational
health and safety procedures, classification of sewing tools and materials,
and classification of hand stitches which are prerequisites leading to a
Tailoring NC II.

I. Content Standard: As a learner, you are able to demonstrate

understanding on sewing basic in-garment construction.

II. Performance Standard: As a learner, you are expected to sew basic in-
garment construction.

III. Expected Learning Outcome: As a learner, you are expected to show

mastery on sewing basic in-garment construction.

IV. Learning Competencies: In this module, you are expected to acquire

and master the following competencies.

LESSON 1: Nature and Importance of Tailoring

Recall the history of sewing Know-What – AK
Explain the importance of sewing Know-Why – AK
Enumerate career opportunities related to Tailoring Know-What – AK
Relate the concept of Tailoring to sewing career. Know-Why – AK

LESSON 2: Practicing Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

Explain the shop rules and regulations in Tailoring Know-why –AK
Identify the 5S. Know-what – AK
Practice the 5S in workplace Know-how – MM
Explain ethical standards in the workplace. Know why – AK

LESSON 3: Classification of Sewing Tools and Materials

Identify the different sewing tools and materials Know-What - AK
Explain the function of sewing tools and materials Know-Why - AK

LESSON 4: Classification of Hand Stitches

Identify the different hand stitches Know-What - AK
Classify and explain purpose of hand stitches Know-Why - AK
Create and apply the hand stitches in making a craft Know-When - TL

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V. Scriptural and Fr. Al’s Message.

Scriptural Message: Genesis 3:7 American Bible

Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and
they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves loin coverings.

Fr. Al’s Message: (Homily, Undated)

The Angel instructed Mary to go and visit her cousin Elizabeth. Elizabeth was already an old
woman but by the power of God, she had conceived a son who would be John the Baptist.
So, Mary obeyed the instructions of the Angel. She obeyed God not reluctantly, not with a
weary heart, but lightly, cheerfully, joyfully, in a childlike manner. She ran to her cousin
Elizabeth. (Homily, Undated)

VI. 21st Century Skills Integration

√ Communication √ Information Management

√ Collaboration & Teamwork √ Occupational Health & Safety
√ Critical Thinking & Problem √ Environmental Literacy
Solving
√ Lifelong Learning & Career Skills Entrepreneurship
√ Learning Innovation

VII. Integration SMS Goals

√ C – Christ-centeredness √ I – Innovativeness and Confidence

√ H – Honor and Leadership √ S – Service and Joy
√ R – Responsibility and Excellence √ T – Temperance and Obedience

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VIII. List of Basic Competencies

List of Basic Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Practice occupational Practicing
1. health and safety occupational health 500311108
procedures and safety procedures

List of Common Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Carry out measurements Carrying out GRM743203
1. and calculation measurements and
calculation
Set up and operate Setting up and operating GRM743204
2. machine/s machine/s
Perform basic maintenance Performing basic GRM743205
3. maintenance
Apply quality standards Applying quality GRM743206
4. standards

List of Core Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Draft and cut pattern of Drafting and cutting GRM743313
1. casual apparel pattern of casual
apparel
Prepare and cut materials Preparing and cutting GRM743314
2. of casual apparel materials of casual
apparel
Sew casual apparel Sewing casual apparel GRM743315
3.
Apply finishing touches on Applying finishing GRM743316
4. casual apparel touches on casual
apparel

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LESSON 1: Nature and Importance of Tailoring

I. Learning Competencies:
1. Recall the history of sewing. (Know-What - AK)
2. Explain the importance of sewing. (Know-Why - AK)
3. Enumerate career opportunities related to Tailoring (Know-What –
AK)
4. Relate the concept of Tailoring to sewing career (Know-Why – AK)

II. Nominal Duration: 3 days

III. Contents:
A. History and importance of sewing
B. Career opportunities of sewing

IV. Learning Outcome No. 1: Recall the history, explain the importance of
sewing, enumerate career opportunities related to Tailoring and relate
the concept of Tailoring to sewing career.

V. Assessment Criteria:

A. The health benefits of sewing are introduced to let the students

quantify the health care.
B. The history of sewing is being recollected to dig the importance and
use of garment construction in once life.
C. Training and career opportunities relevant to the job requirements are
identified and availed.
D. Training and career opportunities based on the requirements of
industry are completed and updated.
E. It helps the students the sense of direction in life on what sewing
career opportunities that may lead them.

VI. Learning Conditions: The learner have access to

A. CBLM

VII. Assessment Method: Written test and Oral questioning

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.1-1-2 History and importance of sewing

What is sewing?

Sewing is an important life skill and vehicle to teach self-confidence

through skill building. Sewing helps you develop fine motor skills, improves
your focus and concentration and teaches the importance of patience and self-
control. Knowing personal boundaries, increasing skill, achieving tangible goals
while working outside your comfort zone all support the development of
confidence and self-esteem.1

What are the health benefits of sewing?

Whether you’re a creative type or not, putting in a few stitches is a hobby

you should add to your list. The simple act of sewing has proven health
benefits that will enhance your wellbeing. Here are just 5 reasons why you
should give it a go.

Stress Relief. Sewing encourages

mindfulness and reduces stress
and anxiety. The meditative action
of sewing encourages positivity and
feelings of relaxation. Being forced
to concentrate on one particular
task enables you to become
immersed in a situation and truly
unwind.

Improved hand-eye coordination.

If you’re keen to enhance your
motor skills, sewing does just that;
especially hand-eye-coordination.
The attention to detail that sewing
requires encourages coordination
and relieves physical issues such
as back pain.

Figure A: Importance of sewing

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Brain Growth. Sewing requires creativity, which improves the brain’s ability to
grow new brain cells. As mental deterioration is a result of lost connection
between neurons, sewing promotes mental growth.
Happiness. Like other craft activities, sewing increases dopamine in the brain,
which makes us feel more positive.

Fights dementia. Because sewing makes you remember specific steps, it

works the brain and keeps the mind clear, focused and active. This can help
prevent dementia as you grow older.2

Learning to sew can save money. There is a sense of accomplishment

that comes with being able to make something on your own. Sewing is a great
hobby. It's the hobby that continues to give for as long as you sew. Sewing your
own clothes is a way to dress yourself in exactly the kind of style you want.
Clothing bought in stores is expensive and often does not fit right. Sometimes
the result is spending more money on alterations than you originally did when
purchasing the item.

What is the history of sewing?

People started sewing as

long as 20,000 years ago, during
the last Ice Age. Archaeologists
have discovered bone needles
with eyes, used to sew together
skins and furs, dating back to
this time. The earliest known
sewing needles made of iron
come from the Celtic hill fort at
Manching, Germany, and date to
the third century BC. The tomb
of a minor official of the Han
Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220) has
been reported by Chinese
Figure B: Sewing
archaeologists as containing a
sewing set complete with
thimble. This would be the oldest
known example of a thimble,
which originated as a device to
help push crude needles through
resistant materials such as animal
skins.
Birth of Mechanical Sewing

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The first possible patent connected to mechanical sewing was a 1755

British patent issued to German, Charles Weisenthal. He issued a patent for a
needle that was designed for a machine, however, the patent did not describe
the rest of the machine if one existed.

Figure C: Charles Frederick Weisenthal’s

Several Inventors Attempt to Improve Sewing

The English inventor and cabinet

maker, Thomas Saint issued the first
patent for a complete machine for sewing
in 1790. It is not known if Saint actually
built a working prototype of his invention.
The patent describes an awl that punched
a hole in leather and passed a needle
through the hole. Saint's machine, which
was designed to sew leather and canvas,
mainly on boots, used only a single
thread and formed a chain stitch. Figure D: Thomas Saint’s Invention
Instead of a needle, an awl was employed
to pierce a hole through the material being sewed. Another mechanism placed
the thread over the hole, and then a needlelike rod with a forked point carried
the thread through to the underside of the work, where a hook caught the
thread and moved it forward for the next stitch. When the cycle was repeated, a
second loop was formed on the underside of the cloth with the first loop, thus
forming a chain and locking the stitch. Saint's machine, however, never
progressed beyond the patent model stage. And it overlooked the Weisenthal
needle design.

In 1804, a French patent was

granted to Thomas Stone and James
Henderson for "a machine that
emulated hand sewing." That same
year a patent was granted to Scottish
John Duncan for an "embroidery
machine with multiple needles." Both
inventions failed and were soon
Figure E: Thomas Stone and James
forgotten by the public.
Henderson’s Invention

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In 1810, German, Balthasar Krems invented an automatic machine for

sewing caps. Krems did not patent his invention and it never functioned well.

Figure F: Balthasar Krems’s

Invention

Austrian tailor, Josef

Madersperger made several attempts at
inventing a machine for sewing and was
issued a patent in 1814. All of his
attempts were considered unsuccessful.

Figure G: Josef Madersperger’s

Invention

In 1818, the first American sewing machine was invented by John

Adams Doge and John Knowles. Their machine failed to sew any useful
amount of fabric before malfunctioning.

What is the first functional sewing machine?

The first functional sewing machine

was invented by the French tailor,
Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830. His
machine used only one thread and a
hooked needle that made the same chain
stitch used with embroidery. The inventor
was almost killed by an enraged group of
French tailors who burnt down his
garment factory because they feared
unemployment as a result of his new
invention. Figure H: Barthelemy
Thimonnier’s Invention

In 1834, Walter Hunt built

America's first somewhat successful
sewing machine. He later lost interest

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in patenting because he believed his invention would cause unemployment.

(Hunt's machine could only sew straight steams. He never patented and in
1846,

Figure I: Walter Hunt’s Invention

The first American patent was Figure J: Elias Howe’s Invention

issued to Elias Howe for "a process that
used thread from two different sources."
His machine had a needle with an eye at the point. The needle was pushed
through the cloth and created a loop on the other side; a shuttle on a track
then slipped the second thread through the loop, creating what is called the
lockstitch. However, Elias Howe later encountered problems defending his
patent and marketing his invention.

For the next nine years Elias Howe struggled, first to enlist interest in his
machine, then to protect his patent from imitators. His lockstitch mechanism
was adopted by others who were developing innovations of their own.
Isaac Singer invented the up-and-down motion mechanism, and Allen
Wilson developed a rotary hook shuttle. Sewing machines did not go into mass
production until 1850, when Isaac Singer built the first commercially
successful machine. Singer built the first sewing machine where the needle
moved up and down rather than the side-to-side and the needle was powered

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Figure K: Isaac Singer Figure L:SISTERS OF
Old version of MARY
Isaac Singer’sSCHOOL-BOYSTOWN,
Figure M: Latest version of IsaacINC.
Singer’s 2
Invention Invention
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by a foot treadle. Previous machines were all hand-cranked. However, Isaac

Singer's machine used the same lockstitch that Howe had patented.

Elias Howe sued Isaac Singer for patent infringement and won in 1854.
Walter Hunt's sewing machine also used a lockstitch with two spools of thread
and an eye-pointed needle; however, the courts upheld Howe's patent since
Hunt had abandoned his patent. If Hunt had patented his invention, Elias
Howe would have lost his case and Isaac Singer would have won. Since he lost,
Isaac Singer had to pay Elias Howe patent royalties. As a side note:

In 1844, English men John Fisher received a patent for a lace making
machine that was identical enough to the machines made by Howe and Singer
that if Fisher's patent had not been lost in the patent office, John Fisher would
also have been part of the patent battle.

Sewing Machines in the 20th Century

At the beginning of the 20th century technical development slowed but

marketing saw many changes. Mail-order houses, such as Montgomery Ward
and Sears Roebuck, created new competition. A full-size drop-head treadle
machine sold in 1902 for $10 in a Sears catalog. Singer, White, and Wilson &
Wheeler machines ranged from $40 to $75. Singer bought Wheeler & Wilson in
1905. It used company-owned stores in cities and commission men in small
towns and rural areas to promote its products.

In 1913 Singer sold two and a half

million machines. After WWI ready-made
clothes were available inexpensively and home
sewing declined. Singer began to sell at a
discount to schools and to provide free sewing
manuals.

Figure N: Singer in 1913

"Portable" electric sewing machines

were first produced in the 1920s but were
very heavy and relatively expensive. A
new portable, lightweight, electric
machine was introduced in the mid-
1930s.

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Figure O: Portable electric

sewing machine The
Necchi, first
imported from Italy in 1947, introduced the zig-
zag machine to domestic sewing. Invented in
the late 19th century, zig-zag machines had
previously been used only for industrial sewing.

Figure P: Necchi sewing

machine

The Elna, introduced from

Switzerland in 1950, was made from a
lightweight alloy rather than from cast iron
and, at 18 pounds, was easily portable
compared to the 40-pound Necchi. A zig-zag
machine with free arm, the Elna was quiet,
free-running and a new color: green.

In 1952 the Elna Supermatic became

the first machine to use interchangeable
cams or discs to produce a variety of
Figure Q: Elna sewing stitches by controlling the forward and reverse
machine feeding of the fabric and side-to-side swing of
the needle.

In the late 1970s and early '80s freely

programmable automatic sewing machines
appeared. The home seamstress can now
easily make fancy seams and designs,
opening up a world of possibilities the
sewing machine's inventors never could
have envisioned.3

Figure R: Programmable
automatic sewing machine

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Self-Check 1.1-1

TEST I. ANALOGY
Directions: Analyze the relationship of the first pair and how the
words relate to each other. Then select one word/s from
the given choices that has same relationship to the next
pair.
1. Scott John Duncan: embroidery sewing machine, ___________: Two-
pointed needle for mechanical sewing machine.

A. Balthazar Krems C. Thomas Saint,

B. Charles Weisenthal D. Walter Hunt

2. Elias Howe: left and right needle movement, ____________: Up and

down needle movement.

A. Balthasar Krems C. Isaac Singer

B. Barthelemy Thimonnier D. Walter Hunt

3. Portable sewing machine: 1920, __________ 1947.

A. Chain sewing machine C. Necchi sewing machine,

B. Elna sewing machine D. Singer sewing machine

4. Year 1790: Thomas Saint, Year 1810: ____________.

A. Balthasar Krems C. Josef Madersperger

B. James Henderson D. Thomas Stone

5. Scott John Duncan: embroidery machine, Elias Howe: ___________

A. Backstitch C. Hand stitch
B. Chain stitch D. Lockstitch

TEST II. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE:

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct otherwise write the
word/s that makes the statement incorrect and write the
correct word/s to make the statement correct.
1. Sewing encourages mindfulness and increases stress and anxiety.
2. Elna zigzag machine is imported from Italy.

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3. Isaac Singer was the first inventor who patented for a complete
machine for sewing in year 1790 and it was the working prototype
invention.
4. Elias Howe was an American inventor who patented a needle designed
for a machine and it was described the existing of sewing machine.
5. Programmable automatic sewing machines appears at early 1990’s
used sew fancy stitches in garment constructions.

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Answer Key 1.1-1

Test I

1. B (Charles Weisenthal)
2. C (Isaac Singer)
3. C (Necchi sewing machine)
4. A (Balthasar Krems)
5. D (Lockstitch)

Test II

1. Increases, decreases/reduces
2. Elna, Necchi
3. Isaac Singer, Thomas Saint
4. Elias Howe, Charles Weisenthal
5. 1990’s, 1980’s

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.1-3-4 Career Opportunities related to Tailoring

What are the products produced in sewing?

Sewing is the stitching of cloth, leather,

furs, bark, or other materials, using needle and
thread. Sewing is used primarily to produce
clothing and household furnishings such as
curtains, bedclothes, upholstery, and table
linens. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin
boats, banners, and other items shaped out of
flexible materials such as canvas and leather.

Sewing is the foundation for many needle

arts and crafts, such as applique, canvas work,
and patchwork.

Figure A: Sewing

Most sewing in the industrial world is done

by machines. Pieces of a garment are often first
tacked together. The machine has a complex set
of gears and arms that pierces thread through
the layers of the cloth and semi-securely
interlocks the thread.

Some people sew clothes for themselves

and their families. More often home sewers sew
to repair clothes, such as mending a torn seam
or replacing a loose button. A person who sews
for a

Figure B: Garment

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What are the occupations require sewing?

A tailor is a person whose

occupation is to sew menswear style
jackets and the skirts or trousers that
go with them. Although the term dates
to the thirteenth century, tailor took
on its modern sense in the late
eighteenth century, and now refers to
makers of men's and women's suits,
coats, trousers, and similar garments,
usually of wool, linen, or silk.
Figure C: Tailor

The term refers to a set of specific hand and machine sewing and
pressing techniques that are unique to the construction of traditional jackets.
Retailers of tailored suits often take their services internationally, travelling to
various cities, allowing the client to be measured locally.

Traditional tailoring is called bespoke tailoring in the United Kingdom,

where the heart of the trade is in London, and custom tailoring in the United
States and Hong Kong. This is unlike made to measure which uses preexisting
patterns. A bespoke garment or suit is completely original and unique to each
customer.

Who are called sewing professionals?

Sewing Professionals are the most

general term for those who make their living
by sewing, teaching, writing about sewing, or
retailing sewing supplies. They may work out
of their home, a studio, or retail shop, and
may work part-time or full-time. They may be
any or all or the following sub-specialties:

Figure D: Sewing Professional

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1. Custom clothier
Makes custom garments one at a time, to order, to meet an
individual customer's needs and preferences.

Figure E: Custom Clothier

2.
Custom dressmaker
Specializes in women's custom apparel,
including day dresses, career wear,
suits, evening or bridal wear,
sportswear, or lingerie.

3. Figure F: Custom Dressmaker

Tailor
Makes custom menswear-style
jackets and the trousers or skirts
that go with them, for men or
women.

Figure G: Tailor
4.
Alterations specialist, or alterationist
Adjusts the fit of completed garments,
usually ready-to-wear, or restyles
them. Note that while all tailors can do
alterations, by no means can all
alterationists do tailoring. (Some
alterationists call themselves "custom
tailors": those who order suits from
them are typically surprised by the Figure F: Alterations Specialist
product of their work.

5. Designer
Thinks up combinations of line,
proportion, color, and texture for
intended garments. They may or
may not have sewing or
patternmaking skills, and may only

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Figure G: Designer
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sketch or conceptualize garments. They need to work with people who

know how to actually construct the garment, or else the sketch will
remain a sketch.
6. Patternmaker
Flat draft the shapes and sizes of the
numerous pieces of a garment by
hand using paper and measuring
tools or by computer using AutoCAD
based software, or by draping muslin
on a dress form. The resulting
pattern pieces must comprise the
intended design of the garment and
they must fit the intended wearer. Figure H: Patternmaker

7.

Wardrobe consultant, fashion

advisor, or stylist
Recommends styles and colors
that are flattering for a client.
They are often employed by
actresses and others who wear
haute couture clothes.

Figure I: Wardrobe Consultant

8.
Seamstress
Sews seams, or in other words, a
machine operator in a factory who may
not have the skills to make garments
from scratch or to fit them on a real
body. This term is not a synonym for
dressmaker. Seamstress is an old
euphemism for prostitute.

Figure J: Seamstress

9. Shoe Worker
Creates and repair shoes and
related items, such as luggage
and saddles. According to the

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BLS, job positions for these workers will decrease by 15% between 2014
and 2024.

Figure K: Shoe Worker

10. Fabric Mender

Repairs things made of fabric that
are not clothes, such as curtains,
bedding and outdoor structures. 4

Figure L: Fabric Mender

What are the job descriptions in sewing?

Sewing professionals work with materials bound together by needle and

thread. Apparel workers cut materials and sew them into clothing, while tailors
or dressmakers may create custom clothing, alter existing apparel or repair
garments for clients. Many jobs are available in the realm of manufacturing,
where workers commonly perform specialized tasks in large-scale garment
production. Fabric and apparel patternmakers take a clothing designer's
original model and convert it into a pattern that can be laid out on a length of
fabric for replication. This work usually involves using computers to outline the
parts and draw in details to indicate features like pleats or buttonholes. Sewing
machine operators assemble and repair sewing equipment. They should know
techniques for reinforcing seams and attaching buttons, hooks, zippers and
other details that go into clothing production.

What is educational attainment requirements for sewing work?

Employers in the sewing trade prefer to hire those who are at least high
school graduates or the equivalent. However, vocational schools and sewing
schools offer programs that teach advanced techniques and even business
management. Vocational training programs can take anywhere from six
months to three years to complete and may prepare students for jobs in the
garment business. Classes or degrees in business administration or marketing
may also prove useful in the sewing industry. Aspiring sewing professionals
may also want to seek out apprenticeships in their area to gain supervised,
hands-on experience.
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Some schools may offer a professional certificate program. This may give
students the opportunity to build their professional portfolios while teaching
sewing and alteration techniques for upholstery and window treatments.
Sewing certificates may give students the knowledge necessary to help them
enter design school. Earning a certificate can take anywhere from 1-2 years
while students prepare to become sewing machine operators or apparel
sample-makers. Other coursework it may cover:

What are the information about the work?

1. Pay. Pay for tailors varies depending on skills and experience.

 new tailors usually earn minimum wage of Php. 12,000.00 per
month
 tailors with two to five years' experience usually earn Php.
15,0000.00 per month
 tailors with more than five years' experience, and those who make
wedding outfits, can earn up to Php. 18, 000.00 per month

2. What you will do. Tailors may do some or all of the following:
 discuss customers' clothing requirements
 take customers' measurements and fit clothing on customers
 estimate how much the clothing will cost to make
 source materials
 mark and cut the material according to the design
 sew clothing
 do alterations or add details such as padding to clothing
 design or alter patterns.

3. Skills and knowledge. Tailors need to have:

 sewing skills and knowledge of tailoring techniques
 knowledge of a range of sewing equipment 
 understanding of garment construction, and pattern-making skills
 knowledge of human body shapes
 clothing design skills
 knowledge of different fashions
 knowledge of fabric types, colors and fabric care
 cutting skills.

Note: Tailors who run their own business also need business skills.

4. Working conditions. Tailors:

 work full or part-time hours. Self-employed tailors may work irregular
hours, including evenings and weekends
 work in their own homes, workrooms, factories or showrooms

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 may travel locally or to other areas to visit clients.5

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Self-Check 1.1-2

IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify the career opportunities in each item.

1. Worker in sport city company

2. Sitoy’s Upholstery
3. Mak Tumang crafts the Catriona Gray’s gown
4. Ton Lao styles the attire of Daniel Padilla’s concert
5. Boystown’s Tailoring trainees draft the pattern of polo and trousers
6. Grade-12 Tailoring class assemble and sew the polo and trousers
7. Marian Rivera’s wedding gowns
8. Dingdong Dantes’s wedding suit
9. Tailoring students shorten the length of the trousers
10. Rusty Lopez

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Answer Key 1.1-2

1. Seamstress
2. Fabric mender
3. Designer
4. Fashion Advisor
5. Pattern maker
6. Tailor
7. Custom dressmaker
8. Custom clothier
9. Alterationists
10. Shoe maker

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LESSON 2: Occupational Health and Safety

I. Learning Competencies:
1. Explain the shop rules and regulations in Tailoring (Know-Why -
AK)
2. Explain and observe ethical standards in the workplace (Know-
Why – AK)
3. Identify the 5S (Know-What - AK)
4. Practice the 5S in workplace (Know-How – MM)

II. Nominal Duration: 3 days

III. Contents:
A. Shop rules and regulations
B. 5S
C. Ethical standards

IV. Learning Outcome No. 2: Explain the shop rules and regulations in
Tailoring, identify and perform 5S, explain and observe ethical
standards in the workplace

V. Assessment Criteria:

A. The observance of shop rules and regulations are implemented and

observed.
B. Ethical standards are recognized and observe in accordance with
the requirements in the workplace.
C. 5S is identified and clearly explained.
D. 5S is consistently practiced and monitored for the values and
ethics requirements for the job description.

VI. Learning Conditions: you will have access to

A. CBLM

VII. Assessment Method: Written examination and demonstration with

oral questioning

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.2-1-2 Ethical standards in the workplace with shop

rules and regulations

What is ethical standards?

Ethical standards in the workplace is the foundation for happy

employees and satisfied customers. When ethical standards are set forth
clearly and without ambiguity, fewer human resources issue arise, morale
picks up and productivity increases. The ethical standards in the workplace
are partially set by laws and regulations. Principles that when followed,
promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and kindness. There is
not one consistent set of standards that all companies follow, but each
company has the right to develop the standards that are meaningful for their
organization. Ethical standards are not always easily enforceable, as they are
frequently unclearly defined and somewhat open to interpretation like "Men
and women should be treated equally," or "Treat the client with respect and
kindness.”6

What is the definition of Legal Ethical Standards?

Legal ethical standards are those

company policies put in place that are
based on laws, rules and regulations
that come from government or
regulatory bodies. These standards
define more than the law for a company;
they define the expectations for
employees, for company leadership, and
they set the protocol for any violations
or allegations of wrongdoing. It is the
law that you cannot harass or
physically harm someone. A company
ethical standard goes beyond the law,
and it states how allegations of
harassment will be handled, investigated
and of how disciplinary actions will be Figure A: The legal ethical
taken. The company may have one set of standards

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internal standards, even while law enforcement is brought in to handle the

legal external side of an issue.7

What are the ethical behavior inside the workplace?

1. Integrity. One of the most important

workplace ethics is integrity. By definition,
integrity is the “quality of being honest and
having strong moral principles, a personal
code of conduct that goes above the level of
good conduct and encompasses the spirit of
good conduct.” Employees with integrity are
usually the ones you can count on, the
ones with the highest moral values and the
ones who are bent on doing the right thing Figure B: Integrity
at all times.

2. Honesty. Being an honest

individual means you do not
deceive others by giving out
misleading information. This
includes the truthful way of
conduct that is usually without the
intention of lying, cheating or any
form of falsification. Customers
typically only deal with a business
or a service provider whom they
trust. In a workplace, an honest
employee is the one you can rely on
Figure C: Honesty to continue doing their best in their
jobs for the company’s benefits.

3. Discipline. At times, an employee

may be talented in his line of work but
lacks the commitment and dedication to
complete the tasks given. It requires a
certain level of discipline to not only
complete the tasks within a certain time
frame but to also execute them well,
instead of doing just the bare minimum
at the very last minute. Disciplined
employees are extremely important as

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Figure D: Discipline
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they ensure that all assignments and projects are delivered and executed in
a timely manner.

4. Fair and respect. Achieving an

ethically strong workplace involves
the cooperation of every employee,
from top decision-makers/leaders
to entry-level employees. No
matter which level you are at, you
need to ensure that all your
actions are fair and just,
particularly if you are entrusted
with a position to lead. This will
ensure a positive work culture in
Figure E: Fair and Respect
your organization. Always remember
that every one of your staff deserves
to be treated with respect and
dignity, regardless of who they are or which position they are at.

5. Responsible and accountable. If an employee has a strong sense of

responsibility, he or she would undoubtedly turn up for work on time and
complete the tasks given with the best effort that he or she can offer.
Nevertheless, there will be a time when an employee may make a mistake,
hence it is important to also be able to acknowledge these mistakes, be
accountable for it and accept any consequences. In certain scenarios, an
ethical manager will take accountability for their staff or colleagues for
reasons that are not for self-interest but for the well-being of all parties
involved.8

Figure F: Responsible and Accountable in the

8 workplace
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What are the shop rules and regulations inside the shop?

In the most basic sense, the benefits of rules and regulations in

workplace are to protect the students. By protecting students, the protection of
the school from lawsuits. Following rules and regulations help students
understand what is expected of them and what will happen if they violate the
rules. It makes for a stable workplace where students feel safe to perform the
task. The result is less turnover, more teamwork and higher institution
morale.9

Students are requested to follow the following.

1. Observe silence at all times.

Figure G: Rule No.1

2. Take care
of the
tools,
materials
and

equipment.

Figure H: Rule No.2

3. Report the damage tools, materials and

equipment to the teacher at once.
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4. Figure I: Rule No.3

4.
4. Return
the

borrowed tools in their places in good

condition and clean.

Figure J: Rule No.4

5. Not bring tools outside the workshop.

Figure K: Rule No.5

6. Use
sewing
machine
during
class
time
only.

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Figure L: Rule No.6

7. Not bring notebooks and books on the

machine when working.

Figure M: Rule No.7

8. Clean the workshop before leaving.

Figure N: Rule No.8

9. Utilize the materials provided for class

projects only.

Figure O: Rule No.9

10. Do not make the workshop as playground.

Figure P: Rule No.10

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Self-Check 1.2-1-2

IDENTIFICATION
A. Direction: Identify the ethical behavior shown by the students.

1. Mario informs his teacher on the broken needle.

2. Akmad finishes his work before the time of submission.
3. Both Students are heard by their teacher on their reason.
4. The Grade-8 Tailoring students are working harmoniously.
5. The students are working in less supervision without doing other
unrelated things.

B. Direction: Give the appropriate Shop Rules and Regulations that

correspond the student’s behavior in the workplace during
performance task.

1. The assigned students to clean the machine area are keep on

standing waiting for the time.
2. The trainer is keep on asking the students who are performing to
minimize their voice.
3. Kim use the cloth provided for the project for his personal use.
4. John and James are running around the workplace.
5. Harold use the sewing machine during recess time without
asking permission.

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Answer Key 1.2-1-2

IDENTIFICATION
A.
1. Honesty
2. Responsible and Accountable
3. Fair
4. Integrity
5. Self-discipline
B.
1. Clean the shop before leaving
2. Observe silence at all times
3. Utilize the materials provided for class projects only
4. Do not make the workshop as playground
5. Use sewing machine during class time only

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.2-3 5S

What is 5S?

5S is a systematized approach to
organize work areas, keep rules and
standards, and maintain discipline to do
good job. The practice of 5S develops positive
attitude among workers and cultivates an
environment of efficiency, effectiveness and
economy. It utilizes workplace organization
and work simplification techniques to make
work easier, faster, cheaper, safer and more
effective.

What does 5s stand for?

5S, sometimes referred to as 5s or Five S, refers to five Japanese terms used to

describe the steps of the 5S system of visual management. Each term starts
with an S. In Japanese, the five S's are Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, and
Shitsuke. In English, the five S's are translated as Sort, Set in Order, Shine,
Standardize, and Sustain. 10

Japanese English

Seiri Sort
Seiton Set in order
Seiso Sweep
Seiketsu Standardize
Shitsuke Sustain

What are the benefits of 5S?

Benefits of 5S: Over time, the 5S methodology leads to many benefits,

including:

1. Reduced costs
2. Higher quality

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3. Increased productivity
4. Greater student satisfaction
5. A safer work environment

1. SEIRI (Sort)

The first step of 5S, Sort, involves going through all the tools, furniture,
materials, equipment, etc. in a work area to determine what needs to be
present and what can be removed. Sort through materials, keeping only the
essential items needed to complete tasks. (This action involves going through
all the contents of a workspace to determine which are needed and which can
be removed. Everything that is not used to complete a work process should
leave the work area.)

Some questions to ask during this phase

include:
1. What is the purpose of this item?
2. When was this item last used?
3. How frequently is it used?
4. Who uses it?
5. Does it really need to be here?

NOTE: When a group has determined

that some items aren't necessary,
consider the following options:
 Give the items to a different
department
 Recycle/throw away/sell the items
 Put items into storage
Figure A: Seiri
Benefits in sorting:
a. Make work easier by eliminating obstacles.
b. Provide no chance being disturbed by unnecessary items.
c. Eliminate the need to take care of the unnecessary items.
d. Prevents accumulation of unnecessary items.

2. SEITON (Set in order/Systematize)

Ensure that all items are organized and each item has a designated place.
Organize all the items left in the workplace in a logical way so they make
tasks easier for workers to complete. This often involves placing items in
ergonomic locations where people will not need to bend or make extra
movements to reach them.

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Some questions to ask during this phase

include:

1. Which people (or workstations) use

which items?
2. When are items used?
3. Which items are used most
frequently?
4. Should items be grouped by type?
5. Where would it be most logical to
place items?

Benefits in systematizing:
a. Classify necessary items into
frequency of handling. Figure B: Seiton
b. Locate tools and materials that are
used very often near to the point of use.
c. Locate the material at the defined position to ensure “First-in, first out”,
as well as to make the work easy.

3. SEISO (Sweep)

Proactive efforts to keep workplace areas clean and orderly to ensure purpose-
driven work. This means cleaning and maintaining the newly organized
workspace. It can involve routine tasks such as mopping, dusting, etc. or
performing maintenance on machinery, tools, and other equipment.

Benefits in cleaning:
a. To make the workplace clean, safe
and comfortable.
b. To make it easy to produce quality
products.
c. To check whether the machinery and
equipment are in good condition or
not.
d. Assign responsible persons to each
machine, equipment and area.
Figure C: Seiso

3. SEIKETSU (Standardize)

Create a set of standards for both organization and processes. In essence, this
is where you take the first three S's and make rules for how and when these
tasks will be performed. These standards can involve schedules, charts, lists,
etc.

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Benefits in standardizing:
a. To prevent the worsening of Seiri,
Seiton, and Seiso activities.
b. To minimize causes that will make
the workplace dirty and
uncomfortable.
c. To protect workers from dangerous
conditions.
d. To make the workers happy and
vivid giving them a chance to present
their talent and creativity.
Figure D: Seiketsu

5. SHITKUSE (Sustain/Self-discipline)

Sustain new practices and conduct audits to maintain discipline. This means
the previous four S's must be continued over time. This is achieved by
developing a sense of self-discipline in employees who will participate in 5S.

THINGS TO REMEMBER:

 Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Shitsuke, these 4S’s are techniques and actions to
make the workplace well-organized.
 Shitsuke is a condition in which all members practice these 4S’s
continuously, spontaneously and willingly.
 Shitsuke is the creation of strong cooperation culture filled with spirit of
high productivity through implementation of these 4S’s, as well as
motivation, education and training for all the members.
 Management should give good examples. 11

Figure E: Shitsuke
11
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Self-Check 1.2-3

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Read and analyze the following statement. Choose your answer
among the four choices.

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps of the 5S method?

A. set C. specialize
B. shine D. sustain

2. The theory behind the 5S method is that the steps _____ one another as one
progresses through the process.
A. build upon C. internalize
B. characterize D. revolve around

3. The 5S method of process improvement was created to help _____

A. Health care companies establish earnings goals.
B. Environmental companies with lean waste management.
C. Service companies determine the most qualified candidates for hire.
D. Manufacturing companies learn workstation order and maximize
efficiency.

4. Which of the following is the first phase of 5S?

A. Seiketsu C. Seiso
B. Seiri D. Shitsuke

5. What does the Japanese term seiri refers to?

A. discipline C. sweeping
B. sorting out D. systematic arrangement

6. Which phase of 5S when you clean machines, windows, floor etc.

A. Seiketsu C. Seiso
B. Seiri D. Seiton

7. Which one is NOT a benefit of shine?

A. customer satisfaction C. improved quality
B. happier employees D. less production downtime

8. Which is NOT a benefit of sorting?

A. Reduce the waste of searching C. Reduced set-up times
B. Increased productivity D. Improved safety

9. What phase of 5S are we talking about when we regulate, how we color

code out tools, how we use the red tag system, or the approach we take to
problem solving when we have problems with 5S?

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A. set-in order C. sort

B. shine D. standardize

10. Which technique can effectively prevent the waste of excess motion?
A. 5S C. MED
B. Kaizen D. All of these

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Answer Key No. 1.2-3

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C (specialize)
2. C (internalize)
3. D (manufacturing companies learn workstation order and maximize
efficiency)
4. B (seiri)
5. B (sorting out)
6. C (seiso)
7. D (less production downtime)
8. C (reduced set-up times)
9. A (set-in order)
10. A (5S)

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KNOW-WHY and KNOW-HOW

Task Sheet 1.2-4

Title: 5S

Performance Objectives: Practice 5S in the workplace

Supplies/Materials:
1. Paper
2. Ballpen
3. Soft broom
4. Dust pan
5. Rag
6. Cleaning mop

Equipment: N.A.

Steps/Procedure:

1. A group of student will be assigned in a certain area in the workplace.

2. Identify the things in the workplace either sewing tools, materials, or
equipment.
3. Segregate things according to use or not in use.
4. Arrange, organize and label the things in their proper places like
container, storage box, or cabinet provide easy access for the frequent
use.
5. Sweep or wipe the area depending the need of the area.
6. Keep the area organize to its standard or requirement.
7. Apply the consistency of the 5S daily or during the class.

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Performance Criteria Using Analytic Rubrics

Name: __________________________________________________________ Section: __________________

Scale
Criteria 4 Mastery Level Criteria Rating
1. Accuracy-procedure Approaching Mastery 1
3
2. Area-floor Level
2
3. Tools storage 2 Apprentice Level
1 Beginner’s Level 3
4. Time management
5. Safety/Work habits 4
Score
Criteria 1: Accuracy-procedure
4 Perform correctly and consistently the Seven (7) steps.
3 Perform correctly and consistently the four (4) to six (6) steps.
2 Perform correctly and consistently the one (1) to three (3) steps.
1 Perform nothing at all.
Criteria 2: Area-floor
Floor was swiped and mopped using rags under furniture and in open areas, including corners and
4
along center aisles.
Floor was swiped and mopped under furniture and in open areas; corners and center aisles areas
3
still dirty.
2 Almost half part of the floor is dirty; some mess under furniture, in corners, or along center aisles.
1 All part of the floor is dirty; mess is under furniture, in corners, and along center aisles.
Criteria 3: Tools storage/garbage container
Tools are correctly labeled so that frequent use of sewing tools and materials are accessible. Clutter
4 like papers, cartoon, plastics, and mess remnants are segregated and disposed in its kind. All tool’s
drawers are cleaned out and organized.
Tools are correctly labeled so that frequent use of sewing tools and materials are accessible. Clutter
3 like papers, cartoon, plastics, and mess remnants are segregated and disposed in its kind. But
tool’s drawers are not cleaned and nor organized.
Tools are correctly labeled so that frequent use of sewing tools and materials are accessible. Clutter
2 like papers, cartoon, plastics, and mess remnants are evident in the area. And also tool’s drawers
are not cleaned and nor organized.
Tools are not labeled and organized. Clutter like papers, cartoon, plastics, and mess remnants are
1
evident in the area. And also tool’s drawers are not cleaned and nor organized.
Criteria 4: Time management
4 Task is finished ahead of time
3 Task is finished on time
2 Task is finished after five minutes.
1 Task is undone.
Criteria 5: Safety/Work habits
4 Systematic safety application of procedures all the time without supervision
3 Systematic safety application of procedures most of the time with minimum supervision
2 Systematic safety application of procedures sometimes with constant supervision
1 Never follow systematic application of procedures and need close supervision at all time

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LESSON 3: Classification of Sewing Tools and Materials

I. Learning Competencies:
1. Identify the different sewing tools and materials (Know-What -
AK)
2. Explain the function of sewing tools and materials (Know-Why - AK)

II. Nominal Duration: 1 days

III. Contents:
A. Measuring tools
B. Cutting tools
C. Marking tools
D. Drafting tools
E. Sewing tools

IV. Learning Outcome No. 3: Identify the different sewing tools and
materials and explain the function of the sewing tools and materials.

V. Assessment Criteria:

A. Sewing tools and materials is identified in accordance with the specific

use.
B. Sewing tools and materials to be used for task are explained in its
function.

VI. Learning Conditions: you will have access to

A. CBLM
B. Sewing Tools
C. Sewing Materials

VII. Assessment Method: Written examination and oral questioning

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.3-1-2 Classification of sewing tools and materials

What are the sewing tools and materials?

Good tools are important in

sewing. Your sewing machine and your
sewing aids should be selected as
carefully as possible for good
performance and long-lasting
satisfaction. We know that appropriate
tools make work easier.

This lesson will provide you knowledge

and skills in using sewing tools and
materials correctly. To make the work
light and easy, you should have a
complete set of sewing tools in your Figure A: Complete sewing kit
sewing box located in the practical work
area.12

What are the five classification of sewing tools and materials?

13
1. Measuring Tools

1.1 Tape measure.

Also known as tapeline, it is made of

non-stretchable strip used in taking body
measurements. It measures 150 centimeters
in the front side and 60 inches on the other
side.

Figure B: Tape measure

12
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1.2 Sewing Gauge.

This is a six -inch ruler made of aluminum or stiff cardboard with a

slider used to measure small hem areas and short distances like hem folds,
seam allowance, button holes, and pleats.

Figure C: Seam gauge

1.3 Ruler.

This is the most common measuring device; 12 inches long used to

connect two points in drawing straight lines. It may be made of clear plastic,
wood, or metal.

Figure D: Ruler
1.4 Meter stick or Yardstick.

This is a one-meter long

wooden or steel stick usually
marked off in centimeters and
millimeters and is used to measure
fabric length by yard or meter

Figure E: Meter stick

2. Drafting Tools

2.1 L-Square/Tailor’s square.

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This is an aluminum ruler with 90 degrees’ angle used to draw

perpendicular lines and to measure off parallel lines.
Two arms are connected perpendicularly and used to make construction
lines in pattern drafting. The long arm has breakdown measurements of 1-
24,1-12, 1-6, 1-3, and 2-3 while the short arm has breakdown measurements
of 1-32, 1-16, 1-8, 1-4, 1-2.

Figure F: Tailor’s square

2.2 Hip Curve Ruler

It is a curve stick made of metal or

wood calibrated on both side used to form
the hipline and other areas of garments
that need to be curved.

Figure G: Hip curve ruler

2.3 French Curve.

It is an instrument made of flat

metal or wood used to shape the
neckline, armholes, and collar.

Figure H: French curve ruler

3. Cutting Tools

3.1 Shears.

It is also called “Bent-Handled Shears” -7 inches onward long scissors

suitable for cutting fabric and thick/hard paper because the blades rest flat on
the cutting surface.

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Types of shears
a. Cutting shears
The blades are straight and best for cutting fabrics and has 7-12
inches long.

b. Pinking shears.
This pair of shears has a zigzag edge used to cut the edge of seam
allowance of fabric that does not ravel. It is used also for cutting
decorative materials.

c. scalloping shears.
This tool has scallop blades used to cut parts of garments a with
series of uniform scallops.

Figure I: Cutting shears

3.2 Scissors

It is also called “Trimming scissors” used for cutting hanging threads,

excess fabrics of a seam, trimming fibers, and other purposes. It may be made
of plastic with metal or all metal.

a. Trimmers

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This scissors allow to quickly deal with sewing thread and fabric problems. The
sharp blade also can use for removing unwanted stitches. Only 4.25" length,
compact and portable that can handle easily. The wide usage of this scissor,
can be use it anywhere just need a simple cut. Washing after using it, oiling it
a little bit.

Figure K: Buttonhole scissors

3.4 Buttonhole scissors.

These are used for cutting

buttonholes. The blades have a
square shape at the joint of scissors to
control cutting the cloth off the
buttonhole area.

Figure L: Buttonhole scissors

3.5 Embroidery scissors.

It is a sharp pointed scissors

usually 4-5 inches long used in
cutting fine delicate cloth and
thread in embroidery work.

Figure M: Embroidery scissors

3.6 Seam ripper

This tool is intended for cutting

off stitches of a seam. Care in using
this instrument is required to prevent
the cloth from being damaged.

Figure N: Seam ripper

4. Marking Tools

4.1 Tailor’s chalk

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It is available in a variety of colors and is used to mark the fabric. It is

made of hard chalk and can be removed by brushing.

Figure O: Tailor’s chalk

4.2 Tracing wheel

This is an instrument with

serrated edge wheel that produces dots
on the fabric. The smooth dots create a
straight, solid line.

a.
Figure P: Tracing wheel

a. Tracing paper/Dressmaker’s
carbon paper

It is a specially waxed carbon

paper that transfers the tracing
wheel’s markings to the fabric. This is
available in different colors.
Figure Q: Tracing paper
5. Sewing Aids

5.1 Pins

Available in two kinds, one with colored head for easy handling and the
other with a small steel pins, both used to fasten two or three materials
together.

Pins with head Steel pins Safety pins

Figure R: Pins

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5.2 Pin cushion

It is a cushion available in different

shapes and colors used to hold pins and
needles to prevent them from scattering in
the workplace.

Figure S: Pin cushion

5.3 Hand needles

These are available in different sizes

and used for temporary stitches,
hemming, and other sewing purposes.

5.4
Figure T: Hand needles
Thread

This is originally made from natural

fibers only- cotton, linen or silk. It is a
special type of yarn which is used for
sewing but not for knitting or weaving. It
is also the basic raw material for giving
desired shape to a garment and holding
the body parts together by creating
seams.

Figure U: Pin cushion

5.5 Thimble

This is a small cup placed on

the tip of the middle finger to protect
it from being pricked by the needle
while sewing. It is made of metal or
plastic.

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Figure V: Thimble

5.6 Threader

This is a diamond shaped wire

attached to a handle and used
to insert thread through the needle eye.

Figure W: Threader

5.7 Fabric
It is a cloth or other material
produced by weaving together cotton,
nylon, wool, silk, or other threads.
Fabrics are used for making things
Figure X: Threader such as clothes, curtains, and sheets.

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Self-Check 1.3-1-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand the items below. Write the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Luis will transfer pattern marks to the fabric, what marking tool will he
use?
A. ball pen C. pencil
B. carbon paper D. tailor’s chalk

2. A flexible tape used to take body measurement.

A. curve ruler C. ruler
B. L-square D. tape measure

3. The tool used in making a construction line.

A. L-square C. tape measure
B. ruler D. yard stick

4. The drafting tool used in the construction of a garment.

A. Curve rule C. Scissors
B. Seam ripper D. Tracing wheel

5. It is calibrated curve wood/metal stick on both side used to form the

hipline
and other areas of garments that need to be curved.
A. curve ruler C. meter stick
B. french curve D. yard stick

6. What is the difference between scissors and shears?

A. Shears are for cutting hair
B. Scissors are for cutting fabric, shears are for cutting paper
C. Scissors are for left handed people, shears are for right handed people
D. Shears—large scissors used to cut fabric, scissors—smaller, used to
cut out patterns, etc.
7. A metal or plastic device that is placed over the middle or ring finger of
your sewing hand.
A. Thimble C. Tailor's ham
B. Bobbin D. Pin cushion
8. This tool has a head and is used to temporarily hold fabric together.
A. Pin C. Needle
B. Iron D. Sharp pointy thing

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9. This tool has an eye and is used to carry thread through the fabric to
make stitches.
A. Thread C. Pin
B. Seam ripper D. Hand needle

10. This tool is used to measure curved areas.

A. Measuring tape C. Yard stick
B. Ruler D. Seam gauge

11. This tool is used to take out unwanted stitches in sewing procedures.
A. Shears C. Clippers
B. Seam ripper D. Needle

12. This tool is used to cut fabric ONLY.

A. Scissors C. Pinking shears
B. Shears D. Tracing wheel

12. This tool cuts fabric in a zigzag pattern to prevent fraying

A. Pinking shears C. Scissors
B. Shears D. Scalloping shears

13. This tool is used to measure large flat surfaces.

A. Ruler C. Yardstick
B. Measuring tape D. Seam gauge

14. What do we use to keep pins handy?

A. Pin cushion C. Thimble
B. Emery bag D. Shears

15. What tool used with tracing paper?

A. Pizza cutter C. Tracing wheel
B. Sewing gauge D. Tracing board

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Answer Key 1.3-1

1. D (Tailor’s chalk)
2. D (Tape measure)
3. D (Yard stick)
4. D (Tracing wheel)
5. A (Curve ruler)
6. D (Shears-large scissors, used to cut fabric, scissors-smaller, used
to cut out pattern, etc.)
7. A (Thimble)
8. A (Pin)
9. D (Hand needle)
10. A (Measuring tape)
11. B (Seam ripper)
12. A (Shears)
13. C (Pinking shears)
14. A (Pin cushion)
15. C (Tracing wheel)

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LESSON 4: Classification of Hand Stitches

I. Learning Competencies:
1. Identify the different hand stitches (Know-Why – AK)
2. Classify and explain the purpose of hand stitches (Know-Why – AK)
3. Create and apply the hand stitches in making in making a craft (Know-
When – TL)

II. Nominal Duration: 1 week and 2 days

III. Contents:
A. Temporary hand stitches
B. Permanent hand stitches
C. Decorative hand stitches

IV. Learning Outcome No. 4: Identify the different hand stitches, classify
and explain the purpose of hand stitches, and create and apply the hand
stitches in making a craft.

V. Assessment Criteria:

A. Basic hand stitches are identified and clearly explained.

B. Procedures in sewing hand stitches are followed.
C. Safety procedures for handling sewing tools and materials are strictly
followed.

VI. Learning Conditions: you will have access to

A. CBLM
B. Sewing Tools
C. Sewing Materials

VII. Assessment Method: Written examination and demonstration with oral

questioning

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KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.4-1-2 Classification of hand stitches

What is manual sewing?

Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old. The first sewing
needles were made of bones or animal horns and the first thread was made of
animal sinew. Iron needles were invented in the 14th century. The first eyed
needles appeared in the 15th century. Hand stitches are the fundamental
stitches used in garment construction.

With time being limited, most sewing projects are done by machine
nowadays, but there are still some occasions when sewing by hand is essential.
Below are the classification of basic hand stitches that will cover most hand-
sewing contingencies.

What are the three (3) classification of hand stitches?

1. Temporary hand stitches/Basting
2. Permanent hand stitches
3. Decorative hand stitches

Preliminary steps to thread a needle:

1. Cut a length of thread of about 30 inches. Do not use a very long

thread, it may knot or interrupt while sewing and for safety purposes.
2. Use one end to thread the needle and pull it out from the eye of the
needle.
3. Hold two ends and tie a knot.

How will you secure the thread in the hand needle?

The first task is to secure the thread. There are three easy methods to do this:
stitch on the spot, a knot, or using looped double thread. 14

1. Stitch on the spot

This is quite simply 3-4 stitches taken on the same spot to secure
the thread before and after sewing a seam. Start by taking the
threaded needle through form the reverse of work to the front, until a
tiny amount of thread is left at reverse. Then take the needle to
reverse again, approximately 1/8” (3mm) ahead of the first position

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and back up again to the front at first position. Repeat 3-4 times
before continuing to stitch the seam. To finish, stitch o the spot again.
End with thread at the reverse of work, pull up tightly and snip off
thread end.

1 2

3 4

Figure A: Tacking stitch/stitch on the spot

2. Knotted end
Make a knot in the tail end of the thread, and working from the
right side, approximately 1” (25mm) from side edge, pull the threaded
needle to reverse and back up again within 1/8” (3mm) of the side
edge. Start stitching using any of the methods below, catching the
thread at the back as you stich. Once the seam is finished, gently pull
on the knot and snip off.

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1 2

3 4

Figure B: Knotted end

3. Looped thread
This method is only possible when working with a double length of
thread. Use a larger-eyed needle and thread the doubled thread
through until the loose tail ends are nearest the eye. Take the first
stitch, close to the side edge, from the right side of the work, through
to the back and then up again to the right side 1/8” (3mm) to the left,
and through the looped end before pulling up tight.

NOTE: Draw a chalk line along the stitching line, or mark it with pins, to keep
the stitching straight. The standard length of the thread in the needle is from
index finger tip to elbow level.

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1 2 3

4 5

Figure C: Looped thread

What are the temporary hand stitches?

Stitches made temporarily as a guide to keep the edges from slipping

when they are stitched permanently.

Some General Guidelines for All Basting:

 Basting stitches are temporary a knot in your thread can be replaced
by one or two tiny stitches at the beginning and end of your sewing.
 Use a contrasting color thread. It’s easier to see and therefore to
remove completely.
 Don’t use red thread. As you remove the thread it will shed its’ fibers
on and into the weave of your garment fabric. Red thread fibers just
stand out too much on light fabrics.
 Never press your basting stitches. If you must, like the basting stitches
holding down pleats, or on a wool lapel, use silk thread. An all-purpose
thread will leave an imprint. (It’s slight but if you’re sewing something
very special on special (pricey) fabric, don’t risk it)

1. Even basting stitch

Set of running stitch, with equal lengths and spaces.

Steps:

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1. Thread a needle and knot it. Lightly mark in pencil where you want to
sew.
2. Pull the needle up through both layers of fabric until the knot stops
the thread. Push the needle down through the layers to sew a single
stitch, about the width of a fingerprint.
3. Using equal length of stitch and space, continue sewing along the
line. Pull the needle through the fabric firmly but not too tightly or it
will pucker. Repeat the stitches until you have come to the end of
your fabric or pattern.
4. Cut the thread at the needle and tie a simple knot to secure the
stitching.

Figure D: Even basting

2. Uneven basting stitch/ Dressmaker’s basting stitch

Used in fastening together two or more pieces of cloth where there is
to be no strain on them before the permanent basting is done.

Steps:
1. Thread a needle and knot it. Lightly mark in pencil where you want to
sew.
2. Pull the needle up through both layers of fabric until the knot stops
the thread. Push the needle down through the layers to sew a single
stitch, about the width of a fingerprint.
3. Using equal length of stitches but unequal spaces from the stitches,
continue sewing along the line. Pull the needle through the fabric
firmly but not too tightly or it will pucker. Repeat the stitches until
you have come to the end of your fabric or pattern.
4. Cut the thread at the needle and tie a simple knot to secure the
stitching.

Figure E: Uneven basting

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3. Diagonal basting stitch / Tailor’s basting stitch

The tailor basting stitch is used by tailors to hold all the layers of a
coat together (the fabric, the interfacing, the padding, the lining) for a fitting
on a client. They use this stitch because it does such a great job of keeping
all the layers in place and yet it’s easy to remove. A series of parallel,
horizontal stitches that produce diagonal floats of thread on the top layer of
fabric.

Steps:
1. Insert the needle down into the fabric (1) and come back up through
the fabric about 3/8″ above the point the needle entered (2). Insert
the needle back into the fabric to the left (if right handed) and level to
where it originally went in (3). This makes short vertical stitches
across the back and longer diagonal stitches across the front.15

Figure F: Diagonal basting

What are the permanent hand stitches?

Permanent hand stitches are used to hold edges in place such as hem
and facing. These are used as substitutes for machine stitching when it is
necessary. To have sewing invisible on the right side of the garment, it is
advisable to use same color of thread with the color of the cloth.

4. Running stitch
Stitches used when strength is not in required in gathering, sheering
and tucking. It can be stitched even or uneven.

Steps

1. Thread the needle and knot the thread.

2. Anchor the knot in the inside of the fabric in the area you will be
sewing a line of running stitches.
3. If sewing layers of fabric, align the edges.
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4. Pin in place if desired.

5. Place needle through the fabric and bring it back up to the top side
from the bottom side of the fabric, weaving the needle in and out of
the fabric.
6. Repeat until the desired area is sewn.
7. Anchor the thread in the inside of the seam or seam allowance and
trim the thread.

Figure G: Running stitches

5. Gathering stitch
Gathering stitch is used to draw up a long length of fabric to fit a
shorter straight section, or simply to gather onto a waistband, etc. it is
raw of large running stitches.

Steps

1. Use thread doubled for extra strength, secure it at one end with back
stitches or a knot, and take 3-4 long running stitches at a time (each
approximately ½” (13mm) in length.
2. Leave long thread tail at end.
3. Pull up fabric to fit, adjusting folds and gathers evenly along the
length, then back stitch to finish and hold gathers in place.

Figure H: Gathering stitches

NOTE: If a long length of fabric is to be gathered, split the length into
2-3 sections. This helps make gathering easier and prevents thread
breaking under too much pressure

6. Back stitch

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Backstitch is a hand sewing stitch that is useful for when the stitches
will not show on the right side of a garment or project. It is an excellent
hand stitch to sew a seam because it is one of the strongest and most
durable stitches, making it very reliable. Use this stitch for mending seams,
hand sewing small projects or hand-picking a zipper in a beautiful garment.
A strong hand stitch that can be used permanently in place of machine
stitching on the right side of the garment.

Steps:
1. Prepare the hand needle with thread
2. Mark the fabric/material
3. Push the needle into the fabric where to start the seam or joining two
pieces of fabric.
4. Bring the needle back through both layers of fabric just in front of the
previous stitch for the strongest backstitch. Stitching in this fashion
resembles a machine sewn stitch.
5. Push the needle back into the fabric between where the needle came in
and out of the fabric to create the first stitch.
6. Bring the needle up through the fabric the same distance you came
forward in creating the first stitch.
7. These stitches can touch each other, as seen here, or space them a little
farther apart.
8. Once sewn a distance, the threads overlap on the reverse side of the
fabric.

Note:
Take time and sew small stitches for a secure seam. For example, a
garment seam such as a crotch seam in a pair of tight pants
requires a strong reliable seam.
For other kinds of sewing projects, small stitches still work, but can
make a little longer if want to stitch faster.
Adjust the length of the stitch for the look or effect you desire. For
example, you would use backstitch on a hand-picked zipper, but the
length of the stitch is tiny so that it is barely visible.

Figure I: Back stitches

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7. Overcast stitch
It is a type of slanting stitch used to enclose a raw edge, or unfinished
seam. The purpose is to prevent unraveling of the fabric

Steps:
1. Tie a knot at the end of the thread and insert it through the fabric
just below the raw edge. Pass the needle from the backside to the
front side so the knot is hidden underneath.
2. Loop the thread over the edge and pass the needle through the fabric
from back to front, a small distance to the side of the original stitch.
This stitch is easiest done when working from right to left.
3. Pull the thread tight and you will see the first loop formed over the
edge of the fabric. Be sure not to pull the threads so tight as to crimp
the fabric. It should be flat and smooth on the edge.
4. Repeat by wrapping the threads over the edge and passing the needle
through the fabric from back to front. Note that the thread with the
needle attached is under the loop, so the loop of thread can wrap
itself around the fabric’s edge. Otherwise, if the thread is on top of
the loop, it will form a knot.
5. Pull the threads tight as you did with the first stitch to form a second
stitch. Repeat this over and over until the entire edge of the fabric is
wrapped in thread.16

Figure J: Overcast stitches

8. Whip stitch

This simple technique is made up of short, diagonal stitches and is

great for hemming window treatments. When used on a hem, whipstitches
are usually invisible, fast, and easy to execute.

Steps

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1. Thread your needle and tie a knot in the end of the thread. Start your
needle on the inside of the hem so the end knot is invisible. Bring the
thread up to the top layer of fabric.
2. Move your needle forward about a half inch (shorter or longer
depending on your project), loop it around the edge, and bring the
needle up through the bottom side of the fabric.
3. Repeat as desired.

Figure K: Whip stitches

9. Slip stitch
An invisible finish used for holding facings, trimmings, hems and
other desire invisible touches of a garment.

10. La
dd
er

Figure L: Slip stitches

stitch
This stitch is also similar with slip stitches and perfect for closing
up a handmade pillow. It’s invisible, which makes it great for finishing
hems. Use a thread that matches your fabric and all you’ll see is a tiny
amount of ticking.

Steps
1. Thread your needle and tie a knot in the end of the thread. Bring the
needle out through the fabric from the inside of the fold of the hem so
that your end knot stays hidden.
2. Position the needle directly across from the exit point of the first stitch
so that it goes back through to the inside of the opposite fold. The

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point is to bring the two sides of fabric together at exactly the same
points on each side to hide the stitch.
3. To progress, move your needle an 1/8 of an inch or so forward, and
bring it back up along that same side.
4. Pull the thread through that stitch and move the needle across to the
other side of fabric, entering at the exact same point you did on the
other side.
5. Pull the thread through and repeat step 4, moving to the opposite side
of fabric.
6. Once you’ve closed the gap, the thread closing your seam will
resemble rungs of a ladder.
7. To make the stitch invisible, pull the tail of your thread taut, while
smoothing out your seam.

Figure M: Ladder stitches

11. Blanket stitch or Buttonhole stitch

This stitch is usually formed at the edge of fabric and can be used
to hold layers of fabric together. Starting from the back, left edge of the
work, bring the needle to front, at right angles and approximately ¼”
(6mm) in from edge. It is specifically used for hemlines of dress and
sleeves. And also used for making hand worked buttonholes. Although it
is often has functional purpose as a strong reinforcements, it can also be
used decoratively on a variety of different fabrics.

Steps

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1. Take needle to back, over top edge and bring it through to the front
again, ¼” (6mm) ahead, and looping thread over needle.
2. Pull needle through fully so the looped thread tightens and sits along
top edge. Repeat process along entire edge.

NOTE: Use contrasting colored thread, embroidery floss, or thicker,

buttonhole thread for a more decorative finish.

Figure N: Blanket stitches

What are the decorative hand stitches?

Decorative hand stitches are tiny pieces of thread art. These are fancy
stitches and decorative embroidery stitches used for special effects, for
contrast, and emphasis.

12. Catch Stitch

It is similar to a herringbone stitch. The needle catches a thread
or two from the first fabric and then the thread crosses and needle goes
to catch a thread or two from the second fabric. This is a very stretchy
stitch and very suitable for sewing the hem where you need some
stretch. A cross stitch of a garment which is used to hold seam edges in
place. It takes the place of overcasting.

Steps

1. Form a knot at the end of the thread. Working from left to right, insert
the needle into the fold of the hem, between the layers so the knot is
trapped inside the fold. Come out with the needle a little bit below the
fold of the hem. For this example I folded the hem a 1/2″ and then
another 1 1/2″.
2. Pull the thread out of the hole so the knot is firmly placed on the
inside of the hem and the thread is pulled taut.

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3. Insert the needle just above the fold of the hem to the right of the
thread on the hem, moving from right to left. Only catch a little bit of
the fabric so a very tiny dot of thread is left on the right side of the
garment.
4. Pull the needle through so the threads are going from the hem to the
fabric at an angle to the right.
5. Reinsert the needle into the hem, parallel to the first stitch on the
hem, catching only the hem and not going through the garment
fabric.
6. Pull the needle and thread through the stitch from step 5 and pull
firm. This is the first stitch, as you can see the X shape just above the
fold of the hem.
7. Repeat by inserting the needle and thread to the right of the last
stitch, on the garment fabric, forming a very small dot from right to
left.
8. Return to the right of the stitch and finish the stitch on the fold of the
hem. Repeat this until you have gone all the way around the hem.

Figure O: Catch stitches

13. Cross stitch

Cross-stitch is a form of sewing and a popular form of counted-thread
embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are
used to form a picture. The stitches count the threads on a piece of even
weave fabric in each direction so that the stitches are of uniform size and
appearance.

Steps

1. To complete a full row of cross stitch, do the first half of each cross or
'x' before crossing the stitches (each of my stitches started at the
bottom left corner of an 'x). By doing this, you will start and end your
row on the same side.
2. Complete the row by crossing over each stitch until you are back at
the beginning of the row. In the row I stitched, each stitch started at
the bottom right of an 'x' and was worked from right to left

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3. When you turn your work over to look at the back, you will notice it is
a neat row of lines, which you can easily weave any excess floss into.

Figure P: Cross stitches

14. Chain stitch

Chain stitch is a sewing and embroidery technique in which a series of

looped stitches form a chain-like pattern. Handmade chain stitch embroidery
does not require that the needle pass through more than one layer of fabric.
For this reason the stitch is an effective surface embellishment near seams on
finished fabric. Because chain stitches can form flowing, curved lines, they are
used in many surface embroidery styles that mimic "drawing" in thread

Steps
1. Start with a small stitch. To make a simple stitch, just bring the
needle through the back of the fabric, then bring it through the front
of the fabric near the first hole.
2. Come back through the fabric near your stitch. Bring the needle
through the back of the fabric a short distance below your first stitch.
This new hole should be in line with the first two (not off to either
side.
3. Loop the thread through the first stitch. Bring the needle under the
initial stitch from the side. You may need to use the needle tip to work
the stitch open slightly. Pull the thread through so that it's reasonably
tight (but not so tight that the fabric bunches up.
4. Put the needle back through the second hole. Next, put the needle point
through the same hole that you came up through in Step 2. Your
stitch should look like a skinny oval or slit. You've just made the first
"link" of your chain!
5. Come back through the fabric below your stitch again. Now, all you
need to do is just repeat the steps above to continue your chain. Bring
the needle through the back of the fabric at a spot that's about as far
from your first link as you did before.
6. Loop the thread through the previous link. This time, pass the thread
underneath both threads in the "link" of the chain. Then, put the

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needle down through the same hole you came up through. Your chain
should now have two links.
7. Repeat as needed. Simply continue this pattern to continue adding
links to your chain.

Figure Q: Chain stitches

15. Feather stitch

Featherstitches are embroidery techniques made of open, looped stitches

worked alternately to the right and left of a central rib. Fly stitch is categorized
with the featherstitches.

Steps

1. Thread your needle and tie off one end.

2. Pull the untied end of the thread to within a couple inches of the tied
off end. This will keep your thread short while stitching and help
prevent tangling. As you go along, pull the needle to shorten the
untied off end so it continues to pull all the way through the fabric.
This gives you twice the length of thread to use while keeping the
length short while sewing.
3. Start from the back on your central line and pull the thread through.
4. Insert the needle lower than where you started on one of the outside
lines. Do not pull the needle through.
5. Like using a straight pin, push the front of the needle back up so it
connects with the center line above your first entry point. You're
creating a diagonal line from the outside line to the center line.
6. Loop the thread from your first entry under the tip of the needle.
7. Pull the needle and thread through.

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Figure R: Feather stitches

16. Knot stitch

A knotted stitch is any embroidery technique in which the yarn or

thread is knotted around itself. Common knotted stitches include French
knots and coral stitch. Knotted stitches can be subdivided into individual or
detached knots, continuous knotted stitches, and knotted edgings.

Steps

1. Hold it taut with your hand not holding the needle.

2. Place your needle in front of this stretch of floss.
3. Wind the floss around the needle once or twice, depending on if you
want a bigger or smaller knot.
4. Re-insert the tip of your needle just next to, but not into the same exit
point on your fabric.
5. Give the floss a little downward tug with that hand, so that the coil
will tighten up, and slide down your needle to make a little bundle
against the surface of your fabric.
6. Coil snugly held in position against the surface, push needle all the
way through.

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7. Pulled the needle, and the floss trailing behind it, down through the
center of the coil that was wrapped around the needle.
8. Keep practicing.17

Figure S: Knot stitches

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Self-Check 1.4-1
I. IDENTIFICATION:
Directions: Identify the following if it is temporary stitches,
permanent stitches or decorative stitches. Write your answer
on your sheet.
1. Back stitch
2. Even basting stitch
3. Feather stitch
4. Tailor’s basting stitch
5. Running stitch
6. Blanket stitch
7. Cross stitch
8. Catch stitch
9. Dressmaker’s basting stitch
10. Overcast stitch

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Direction: Select the letter of your answer among the choices.

1. This stitches is used to finish the hem of garment.

A. Running stitches C. Blanket stitches
B. Overcast stitches D. Diagonal stitches

2. Which of the following stitches used to sew seam?

A. Catch stitches C. Back stitches
B. Blanket stitches D. Overcast stitches

3. Which of the following stitches used to finish raw edges?

A. Catch stitches C. Back stitches
B. Blanket stitches D. Overcast stitches

4. Which of the following is fancy stitches?

A. Catch stitches C. Back stitches
B. Blanket stitches D. Overcast stitches

5. A stitches used to replace the stitches of the single needle lockstitch

sewing machine
A. Catch stitches C. Back stitches
B. Blanket stitches D. Overcast stitches

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Answer Key 1.4-1

I. IDENTIFICATION
1. Permanent stitches
2. Temporary stitches
3. Decorative stitches
4. Temporary stitches
5. Permanent stitches
6. Permanent stitches
7. Decorative stitches
8. Decorative stitches
9. Temporary stitches
10. Permanent stitches

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C (Blanket stitches)
2. D (Back stitches)
3. D (Overcast stitches)
4. A (Catch stitches)
5. C (Back stitches)

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KNOW-HOW and KNOW-WHEN

Job Sheet 1.4-3

Title: Hand stitches

Performance Objectives: Apply hand stitches in constructing pencil case

Supplies/Materials:

1. Pattern of pencil case

2. Fabric
3. Tailor’s chalk
4. Pins
5. Hand needle
6. Thread
7. Trimmer/cutter
8. Ruler

Equipment: None

Steps/Procedure:

1. Apply safety practices in handling the tools and performing the task.
2. Prepare the sewing materials and tools needed in pencil case (pattern,
cloth, tailor’s chalk, pins, hand needle, thread, trimmer, and ruler)
3. Cut the desired form of the cloth following the pattern.
4. Sew bottom raw edge using blanket stitches (use same color of
thread to the cloth)
5. Fold the cloth in 3 ½” dimension with right side facing inside.
6. Close the folded edges using back stitches in ¼” seam allowance
(use same color of thread to the cloth)
7. Sew the raw edges using blanket stitches in 3/16” dimension( use
same color of thread to the cloth)
8. Sew the hand-worked buttonhole in ½” dimension (use same color of
thread to the cloth)
9. Create a unique design at front of the item using at least 3 of the
embroidery stitches.
10. Attach the button (use same color of thread to the cloth)
11. Finish the sewn pencil case by trimming excess thread.

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Performance Criteria Using Analytic Rubrics

Name: __________________________________________________________ Section: __________________

Scale
4 Mastery Level Criteria Rating
Criteria
1. Stitch Formation 3 Proficient Level 1
2. Stitch Uniformity Approaching Proficient
2 2
3. Cutting Level
1 Beginner’s Level 3
4. Time Management
5. Threads 4
6. Creativity 5
6
Score
Criteria 1: Stitch Formation
4 At least six (6) stitches in the project are formed correctly
3 Four (4) to five(5) stitches in the project are formed correctly
2 Two (2) to three(3) stitches in the project are not formed correctly
1 At least one of the stitches are formed correctly
Criteria 2: Stitch Uniformity
4 At least six (6) stitches are evenly spaced the correct distance apart and are the same in length
3 Four (4) to five (5) stitches are evenly spaced the correct distance apart, and are the correct length
2 Two (2) to three (3) stitches are not evenly spaced the correct distance apart, or of the same length.
1 At least one (1) stitches is evenly spaced the correct distance apart, or of the same length.
Criteria 3: Cutting
4 Project was cut 100 % to the correct size and edges are smooth and even
Project was cut to the correct size 80 % to 99 % of the edges are smooth with only one uneven
3
spots
2 Project was cut to the correct size 60 % 79 % of the edges are smooth with two uneven spots
1 Project was cut 59 % off to the correct size and three edges onward are uneven and jagged
Criteria 4: Time Management
4 Project was submitted a head of time
3 Project was submitted on time
2 Project was submitted a day after the date of deadline
1 Project was submitted two days onward from the date of deadline
Criteria 5: Threads
4 0 % of the loose threads or knots are visible
3 1% to 25 % of the loose threads and knots are visible
2 26 % -50 % of the loose threads and knots are visible
1 51 % off loose threads and knots are visible
Criteria 6: Creativity
Students worked steadily on the design elements to personalize and craft their sewing project 90
4
% to 100 % of the time
3 Student put 70 % to 89 % thought and consideration in the design and improved it when needed.
2 Student put thought into the design and drew a pattern 40 % to 69 % of the time
1 Student put thought into the design and drew a pattern 39 % off of the time
Criteria 7: Safety/Work habits
4 Systematic safety application of procedures all the time without supervision
3 Systematic safety application of procedures most of the time with minimum supervision
2 Systematic safety application of procedures sometimes with constant supervision
1 Never follow systematic application of procedures and need close supervision at all time

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References:

https://www.sewmuchfunsewingclass.com/blog

https://www.mindfood.com/article/5-health-benefits-of-sewing/

http://www.moah.org/stitches/

https://study.com/articles/Sewing_Professions_Overview_of_Career_Education_Programs.html

https://www.careers.govt.nz/jobs-database/retail-and-personal-services/retail/tailordressmaker/job-
opportunities

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ethical-standards-workplace-11576.html
https://www.jobstreet.com.my/en/cms/employer/5-sought-workplace-ethics-behaviour/

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-obeying-rules-regulations-workplace-18690.html

https://www.5stoday.com/what-is-5s/

https://www.creativesafetysupply.com/content/education-research/5S/index.html

https://www.ehow.com/info_8347903_classifications-sewing-tools.html

https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_5_classifications_of_sewing_tools_and_equipment

https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/how-to-sew-basic-stitches-221433

https://shop.mybluprint.com/sewing/article/flat-catch-stitch/

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Permanent-Hand-Stitches_2179/

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