Common P.G.

Entrance Test 2020

Subject: Physics
1. The directional derivative of the scalar function 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 at the point (1, -2, -1) in the direction
2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ :
(A) 3/27
(B) 27/3
(C) 35
(D) 20
Answer:
Scalar function 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
⃗⃗⃗
∇ 𝜑 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖̂ (𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 ) + 𝑗̂ (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘̂ (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝑖̂(2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 ) + 𝑗̂(𝑥 2 𝑧) + 𝑘̂ (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧)

∇ 𝜑 at the point (1, -2, -1) = 𝑖̂(4 + 4) + 𝑗̂(−1) + 𝑘̂(−2 − 8) = 8𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ ̂
2𝑖̂−𝑗̂ −2𝑘
Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂. Unit vector 𝑎̂ = |𝑎| = 3

𝑑𝜑 ̂
2𝑖̂−𝑗̂ −2𝑘 37
Directional derivative at the point (1, -2, -1) is = ⃗∇𝜑 ∙ 𝑎̂ = (8𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂) ∙ ( 3 ) = 3 (Ans.)
𝑑𝑠

𝑟
2. The value of div ( 3 ) :
𝑟
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) ∞
Answer:
𝑟 𝑟 |𝑟|𝑟̂ 𝑟̂
⃗ ∙ ( 3) = ∇
div (𝑟 3) = ∇ ⃗ ∙( 3)=∇
⃗ ∙ ( 2) = 4𝜋𝛿 3 (𝑟) (Ans.)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

0, 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Three-dimensional Dirac Delta function 𝛿 3 (𝑟) = 𝛿(𝑥) 𝛿(𝑦) 𝛿(𝑧) and 𝛿 3 (𝑟) = {
∞, 𝑎𝑡 (0,0,0)
∞
3. The value of ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝛿(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 is:
(A) 𝑓(0)
(B) 𝑓(1)
(C) 𝑓(2)
(D) 𝑓(∞)
Answer: C
+∞
For one dimensional Dirac delta function ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)
∞
So ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝛿(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(2) (Ans.)

1
4. Moment of inertia of a sphere of mass M and radius R about one of its diameter is:
2
(A) 5 𝑀𝑅 2
2
(B) 𝑀𝑅 2
3
1
(C) 𝑀𝑅 2
2
(D) 𝑀𝑅 2
Answer: A
2
Moment of inertia of a sphere of mass M and radius R about one of its diameters is 5 𝑀𝑅 2 (Ans.)

5. Which of the following is true for the relation between modulus of rigidity (𝜂), Young’s modulus (𝑌)
and Poisson’s ratio (𝜎) ?
𝑌
(A) 𝜂 = 2(1+𝜎)
𝑌
(B) 𝜂 =
3(1+𝜎)
𝑌
(C) 𝜂 = 2(1−𝜎)
𝑌
(D) 𝜂 = 3(1−𝜎)

Answer: A
𝑌
𝜂=
2(1 + 𝜎)
6. At what speed will the mass of a body be 1.25 times it’s rest mass?
(A) 0.1 c
(B) 0.3 c
(C) 0.4 c
(D) 0.6 c
Answer: D
𝑚 = relativistic mass, 𝑚0 = rest mass or proper mass.
𝑚 = 1.25 𝑚0
𝑚0
𝑚 = 𝛾𝑚0 =
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
𝑚0
⇒ 1.25 𝑚0 =
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐

𝑣2 1 4
⟹ √1 − 2
= =
𝑐 1.25 5

𝑣 2 16 𝑣2 16 9
⟹ 1− 2
= ⟹ 2
= 1− =
𝑐 25 𝑐 25 25
𝑣 3 3
⟹ 𝑐 = 5 ⟹ 𝑣 = 5 𝑐 = 0.6 (Ans.)

2
7. The electric field intensity 𝐸⃗ due to an infinitely charged plane sheet at a distance 𝑟 from the sheet is
related as:
(A) 𝐸⃗ ∝ 𝑟
(B) 𝐸⃗ ∝ 𝑟 −1
(C) 𝐸⃗ ∝ 𝑟 2
(D) 𝐸⃗ is independent of 𝑟
Answer: D

The electric field intensity 𝐸⃗ due to an infinitely charged plane sheet is

𝜎
𝐸⃗ = 𝑛̂
2𝜖0

So 𝐸⃗ is independent of distance 𝑟. (Ans.)

8. The magnetic field due to long straight current carrying conductor of radius 𝑅, when 𝑟 > 𝑅 (𝑟 is the
distance between the point and the axis of wire) proportional to:
(A) 𝑟
(B) 𝑟 −1
(C) 𝑟 2
(D) 𝑟 −2
Answer: B
The direction of magnetic field is circumferential, circling around the wire. The magnitude of magnetic field
is constant around an Amperian loop of radius r, centred on the wire.
So, Ampere’s law gives

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝐼

𝜇0 𝐼 1
⇒𝐵= ⇒𝐵∝
2𝜋𝑟 𝑟
So, the magnetic field due to long straight current carrying conductor of radius 𝑅, when 𝑟 > 𝑅 (𝑟 is the distance
between the point and the axis of wire) proportional to 𝑟 −1 . (Ans.)
9. The self-inductance of a coil with turns 50, flux 3 units and a current of 0.5 A is:
(A) 75
(B) 150
(C) 300
(D) 450
Answer: C
Number of turns N=50
Flux 𝜑= 3 units
Current I=0.5 A
Self-inductance L=?
𝑁𝜑 50∗3
𝑁𝜑 = 𝐿𝐼 or, 𝐿 = = = 300 (Ans.)
𝐼 0.5

3
10. The dielectric constant for a material with electric susceptibility of 5 is:
(A) 6
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 0
Answer: A
Electric susceptibility 𝜒𝑒 =5
𝜖
Dielectric constant or relative permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 𝜖 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒
0

𝜖 is permittivity of the material and 𝜖0 is permittivity of free space.

Dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒 = 1 + 5 = 6 (Ans.)
11. Two thin convex lenes having focal length 2 cm and 5 cm are coaxial and separated by a distance of 3cm.
The equivalent focal length is:
(A) 0.5 cm
(B) 2.5 cm
(C) 1.5 cm
(D) 3.5 cm
Answer: B
Focal lengths of convex lenses are 𝑓1 = 2 𝑐𝑚, 𝑓2 = 5 𝑐𝑚
Separation between them is 𝑑 = 3 𝑐𝑚
The equivalent focal length is 𝑓𝑒𝑞
1 1 1 𝑑
= + −
𝑓𝑒𝑞 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2
1 1 1 3 5+2−3 4 2
⇒ = + − = = =
𝑓𝑒𝑞 2 5 10 10 10 5
5
⟹ 𝑓𝑒𝑞 = 2 = 2.5 𝑐 (Ans.)

12. In Young’s double slit experiment, the separation of slits is 1.9 mm and fringe spacing is 0.31 mm at a
distance of 1 meter from the slits. The wavelength of the slit is:
(A) 4890 A0
(B) 5890 A0
(C) 6890 A0
(D) 7890 A0
Answer: B
Separation of slits, 𝑑 = 1.9𝑚𝑚 = 1.9 × 10−3 𝑚
Fringe width, 𝛽 = 0.31𝑚𝑚 = 0.31 × 10−3 𝑚
Screen distance, 𝐷 = 1𝑚
𝜆𝐷 𝛽𝑑
Distance between two adjacent bright (or dark) fringes is called fringe width, 𝛽 = ⇒𝜆= =
𝑑 𝐷
−3 −3 −3 0
0.31 × 10 × 1.9 × 10 = 0.589 × 10 = 5890𝐴

4
13. 𝑓(𝑡) is a periodic function with period 𝑇. The average value is:
𝑇
(A) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑇
(B) ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2 𝑇
(C) ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1 𝑇
(D) ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇 0

Answer: B
1 𝑇
The average value of 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝑇 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (Ans.)
+1
14. If ∫−1 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ; then 𝑛 is:
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) -1
(D) None of these
Answer: A
Legendre polynomial 𝑃0 (𝑥) = 1
+1 +1 +1 +1
If 𝑛 = 0, ∫−1 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑃0 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]+1
−1 = 2

Γ(𝑛+1)
15. If Γ(𝑛) = , then Γ(−𝑛) is:
𝑛
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) ∞
(D) None of these
Answer: C
Γ(𝑛+1)
Γ(𝑛) = → ∞ as 𝑛 → 0
𝑛
Γ(0+1) Γ(1) 1 Γ(−1+1) Γ(0)
If n=0, Γ(0) = = = 0 → ∞ and If n=-1, Γ(−1) = = → ∞.
0 0 −1 −1

So Γ(𝑛) becomes infinite not only at zero but also at all negative integers. Then Γ(−𝑛) is ∞. (Ans.)
16. The efficiency of Carnot’s engine working between the steam point and ice point is:
(A) 24.31%
(B) 25.21%
(C) 23.52%
(D) 26.80%
Answer: D
𝑇
Efficiency of Carnot engine in terms of the absolute temperatures of its two heat reservoirs is 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇 𝐿
𝐻

TL is temperature of cooler reservoir and TH is temperature of hotter reservoir.

TL=absolute temperature of ice point=273K and TH=absolute temperature of steam point=373K
𝑇 273
Efficiency 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇 𝐿 = 1 − 373 = 1 − 0.7319 = 0.268 ⇒ 𝜂 = 26.80% (Ans.)
𝐻

5
17. Two ends of a rod are kept at 127℃ and 227℃ . When 2000 Cal of heat flows in this rod, then change in
entropy is:
(A) 1 Cal/K
(B) 20 Cal/K
(C) 6.9 Cal/K
(D) 0.7 Cal/K
Answer: B
Temperatures of two ends of the rod are:
𝑇1 = 127℃ = (127 + 273)𝐾 = 400𝐾 and 𝑇2 = 227℃ = (227 + 273)𝐾 = 500𝐾
Heat flowing through two ends of the rod is ∆𝑄 = 2000 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝑄 ∆𝑄 2000
Change in entropy ∆𝑆 = = 𝑇 −𝑇 = = 20 Cal/K (Ans.)
∆𝑇 2 1 100

18. In a gas, the relative velocity of the most probable speed (𝑉𝑝 ), the average speed (𝑉̅ ) and root mean square
speed (𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) of the molecule are:
(A) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉̅ > 𝑉𝑝
(B) 𝑉̅ > 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉𝑝
(C) 𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉̅ > 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(D) 𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉̅

Answer: A

3𝐾𝑇
Root mean square speed 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 𝑚

8𝐾𝑇
Average speed 𝑉̅ = √ 𝜋𝑚

2𝐾𝑇
Most probable speed 𝑉𝑝 = √ 𝑚

So 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉̅ > 𝑉𝑝 (Ans.)

𝑧
19. The residue of (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏) at infinity is:
(A) 1
(B) -1
(C) 0
(D) ∞
Answer: B
𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏)

−𝑧 2 −1
Residue of 𝑓(𝑧) at infinity is Res 𝑓(𝑧) = lim [−𝑧𝑓(𝑧)] = lim [(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)] = lim [ 𝑎 𝑏 ] = −1 (Ans.)
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ (1− )(1− )
𝑧 𝑧

6
 𝑑𝑓(𝑥)
20. The Fourier transform of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹(𝑘) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. The Fourier transform of is:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹(𝑘)
(A) 𝑑𝑘
(B) ∫ 𝐹(𝑘)𝑑𝑘
(C) −𝑖𝑘𝐹(𝑘)
(D) 𝑖𝑘𝐹(𝑘)
Answer: C
Fourier transform of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐹(𝑘) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
Fourier transform of =𝐹[ ] = (−𝑖𝑘)𝑛 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑓
So, Fourier transform of = 𝐹 [𝑑𝑥 ] = (−𝑖𝑘)𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)] = −𝑖𝑘𝐹(𝑘) (Ans.)
𝑑𝑥
∞
21. If 𝑓(𝑠) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is the Laplace transform of the function 𝐹(𝑡), then Laplace transform of 𝑘𝑡 is:
1
(A) 𝑠2
𝑘
(B) 𝑠2
𝑘
(C) 𝑠
𝑠2
(D) 𝑘

Answer: B
∞
Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑡) is 𝐿[𝐹(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ 𝑘
So Laplace transform of 𝑘𝑡 is 𝐿[𝑘𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠2 (Ans.)

22. When an electron jumps from fourth orbit to second orbit, one can get:
(A) First line of Pfund series
(B) Second line of Lyman series
(C) Second line of Paschen series
(D) Second line of Balmer series
Answer: D
If the quantum number of the initial (higher energy) state is ni and quantum number of final (lower energy)
state is nf, then for Balmer series nf=2 and ni=3,4,5, …
Electron transition from ni=3 to nf=2 corresponds to first line of Balmer series.
Electron transition from ni=4 to nf=2 corresponds to second line of Balmer series.
23. Davisson and Germer experiments relate to:
(A) Interference
(B) Polarisation
(C) Electron diffraction
(D) Phosphorescence
Answer: C
Davisson and Germer experiment relate to electron diffraction. This experiment confirms the existence of de
Broglie waves. The diffraction of de Broglie waves by the target is responsible for the results of Davisson and
Germer.
7
24. Which is incorrect according to the shell model of the nucleus?
(A) Magic number exist
(B) Nucleons interact with their nearest neighbours only
(C) Nucleons in a nucleus interact with a general force field
(D) Large electronic quadruple moment exists for certain nuclei.
Answer: B
The shell model of the nucleus accounts for the existence of magic numbers and certain other nuclear
properties in terms of nucleon behaviour in a common force field. Each nucleon interacts chiefly with a general
force field produced by all other nucleons.
25. Which of the following is not used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
(A) H2O
(B) D2O
(C) C
(D) Al
Answer: D
26. Which of the following is used in VLSI technology to form integrated circuit?
(A) Transistors
(B) Switches
(C) Diodes
(D) Buffers
Answer: A
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions
of MOS transistors onto a single chip.
27. The Boolean expression for the output of the logic circuit shown in the figure is:

(A) 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵̅ + 𝐶
(B) 𝑌 = 𝐴̅𝐵̅ + 𝐴𝐵̅ + 𝐶̅
(C) 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅𝐵 + 𝐶
(D) 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴̅𝐵 + 𝐶
Answer:

𝐴⨁𝐵 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵

∙ 𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑌 = (𝐴⨁𝐵) (𝐴 ∙ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵) ∙ 𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐴 ∙ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵) + 𝐶̅ = (𝐴 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∙ 𝐵̅ ) ∙ (𝐴 ̅ ∙ 𝐵) + 𝐶̅
= (𝐴̅ + 𝐵) ∙ (𝐴 + 𝐵̅ ) + 𝐶̅ = 𝐴̅𝐴 + 𝐴̅𝐵̅ + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵̅ + 𝐶̅ = 𝐴̅𝐵̅ + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶̅

8
28. Digital circuit can be made by repetitive use of:
(A) NOT gates
(B) OR gates
(C) NAND gates
(D) AND gates
Answer: C
NAND gate and NOR gate are called the universal logic gates. The repeated use of NAND gates or NOR gates
alone can produce all other logic gates.
29. Asynchronous counters are known as:
(A) Ripple counters
(B) Modulus counters
(C) Decade counters
(D) Multiple check counters
Answer: A
Asynchronous counters are known as Ripple counters.
30. According to Schrodinger, a particle is equivalent to a:
(A) Single wave
(B) Sound wave
(C) Light wave
(D) Wave packet
Answer: D
According to Schrodinger a particle is equivalent to a wave packet.

31. Position and moment operators satisfy [𝑥̂, 𝑝̂ ] = 𝑖ℏ, the value of [𝑝̂ , [𝑥̂, 𝑝̂ ]] is:
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) ℏ
(D) 𝑖ℏ
Answer: B
[𝑥̂, 𝑝̂ ] = 𝑖ℏ, [𝑝̂ , [𝑥̂, 𝑝̂ ]] = [𝑝̂ , 𝑖ℏ] = 0

32. The normal Zeeman effect is:

(A) Observed only in atoms with an even number of electrons
(B) Observed only in atoms with an odd number of electrons
(C) Confirmation of space quantization
(D) Not a confirmation of space quantization
Answer: A and C
The normal Zeeman effect is due to transitions between the singlet (S=0) states of the atom. If there are even
number of electrons, they will be paired off. So, their spin will be zero.
The Zeeman effect is a vivid confirmation of space quantization.

9
33. For Bragg’s reflection by a crystal to occur, the X-ray wavelength 𝜆 and inter atomic distance 𝑑 must be:
(A) 𝜆 > 2𝑑
(B) 𝜆 = 2𝑑
(C) 𝜆 ≤ 2𝑑
(D) 𝜆 < 2𝑑
Answer: C
Bragg’s law: 2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
𝑛 represents the order of reflection. The highest possible order is determined by the condition that sin 𝜃 can
not exceed unity.
For 𝑛 = 1, 2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆
Since sin 𝜃 ≤ 1, 𝜆 ≤ 2𝑑
34. According to the band theory of solids, the potential energy of two types of standing waves inside the
crystal differ by an amount:
(A) Energy gap
(B) 6 eV
(C) 2 eV
(D) None of these
Answer: A
35. The magnetic lines of force cannot penetrate the body of a superconductor. This phenomenon is known
as:
(A) Isotopic effect
(B) BCS theory
(C) Meissner effect
(D) London theory
Answer: C
The phenomenon of flux exclusion in a superconductor is known as Meissner effect. It is independent of the
history of superconductors and is reversible.
36. The Poynting vector S of an electromagnetic wave is:
(A) 𝑆 = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐻
⃗
(B) 𝑆 = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
⃗
𝐸⃗
(C) 𝑆 = 𝐵⃗
𝐸⃗
(D) 𝑆 = 𝐻⃗

Answer: A
1
Poynting vector 𝑆 = 𝜇 (𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
⃗)

⃗
𝐵
⃗ = .
If the medium is linear, 𝐻 𝜇

1
So, 𝑆 = 𝜇 (𝐸⃗ × 𝜇𝐻
⃗ ) = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐻
⃗ (Ans.)

10
37. For good conductors, skin depth (𝛿) varies with frequency (𝜔) as:
1
(A) 𝜔
1
(B)
√𝜔
(C) 𝜔
(D) √𝜔
Answer: B
1
The skin depth is that distance below the surface of a conductor where the current density has diminished to 𝑒
of its value at the surface.
1
Skin depth, 𝛿 = 1/2
𝜖𝜇 𝜎
𝜔√ [√1+( )2 −1]
2 𝜖𝜔

For good conductors, 𝜎 ≫ 𝜔𝜖

2
So, skin depth, 𝛿 = √𝜇𝜎𝜔

1
Skin depth (𝛿) varies with frequency (𝜔) as 𝛿 ∝ (Ans.)
√𝜔

38. The thickness of half wave plate of quartz for a wavelength of 5000 A0 (given refractive index µExtraordinary
= 1.553 and refractive index µOrdinary=1.544) is:
(A) 2.78×10-3 cm
(B) 2.78×10-5 cm
(C) 2.78×10-7 cm
(D) 3.78×10-3 cm
Answer: A
Wavelength, 𝜆 = 5000𝐴0 = 5000 × 10−10 𝑚 = 5 × 10−7 𝑚
Refractive index, 𝜇𝑒 = 1.553 and Refractive index, 𝜇𝑜 = 1.544
𝜆
Thickness of half wave plate, 𝑡1⁄2 = 2(𝜇
𝑒 −𝜇𝑜 )

5×10−7 5×10−7 5×10−7

= 2(1.553−1.544) = 2×0.009 = = 2.78 × 10−5 𝑚 = 2.78 × 10−3 𝑐𝑚 (Ans.)
0.018

39. In a micro-canonical ensemble, a system A of fixed volume is in contact with a reservoir B. Then:
(A) A can exchange only energy with B
(B) A can exchange only particles with B
(C) A can exchange neither energy nor particles with B
(D) A can exchange both energy and particles with B
Answer: C
The microcanonical ensemble is a collection of independent systems, having the same number of particles N,
volume V and an energy between E and E+δE. So, in microcanonical ensemble, neither energy nor matter is
exchanged.

11
 1
40. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function is given by 𝑓𝐹𝐷 (𝜀) = 𝜀−𝜀𝐹 where 𝜀𝐹 is the Fermi energy. The
exp( )+1
𝐾𝑇
value of 𝑓𝐹𝐷 (𝜀𝐹 ) at the absolute temperature is:
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) ½
(D) Infinity
Answer: B
1
Fermi-Dirac distribution function is given by 𝑓𝐹𝐷 (𝜀) = 𝜀−𝜀𝐹 , where 𝜀𝐹 is Fermi energy.
exp( )+1
𝐾𝑇

1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀 < 𝜀𝐹
At absolute temperature, T=0K, 𝑓(𝜀) = {
0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀 > 𝜀𝐹
Thus, at T=0K the highest occupied energy level is Fermi energy.
So, the value of 𝑓𝐹𝐷 (𝜀𝐹 ) at the absolute temperature is 1. (Ans.)
41. Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 2I respectively about their axis of rotation. If their kinetic
energies of rotation are equal, their angular momenta will be in the ratio of:
(A) 1:2
(B) 2:1
(C) 1: √2
(D) √2: 1
Answer: C
Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 2I respectively. Let I1=I and I2=2I
1 1 (𝐼𝜔)2 𝐿2
Kinetic energy of rotation, 𝐾 = 2 𝐼𝜔2 = 2 = 2𝐼
𝐼

Where I=moment of inertia, ω=angular velocity and 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔= angular momentum

If their kinetic energies of rotation are equal, 𝐾1 = 𝐾2

𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐼 𝐼 1 𝐿 1 1
⇒ 2𝐼1 = 2𝐼2 ⇒ 𝐿21 = 𝐼1 = 2𝐼 = 2 ⇒ 𝐿1 = √2 = (Ans.)
1 2 2 2 2 √2

42. A particle executing simple harmonic motion of amplitude 5 cm has a maximum speed of 31.4 cm/s. The
frequency of its oscillation is:
(A) 4 Hz
(B) 3 Hz
(C) 2 Hz
(D) 1 Hz
Answer: D
Amplitude, A=5 cm, Maximum speed, vmax=31.4 cm/s

Velocity of a particle executing simple harmonic motion, 𝑣 = ±𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑥 2

At the mean position 𝑥 = 0 and maximum speed, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔𝐴, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜔 is angular frequency and 𝑓is
frequency.
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 31.4 31.4
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐴 ⇒ 𝑓 = = 2×3.14×5 = 31.4 = 1 𝐻𝑧 (Ans.)
2𝜋𝐴
12
 𝑑𝑄
43. In a reversible cycle, the value of the integral ∮ is:
𝑇
𝑑𝑄
(A) ∮ >0
𝑇
𝑑𝑄
(B) ∮ <0
𝑇
𝑑𝑄
(C) ∮ =0
𝑇
𝑑𝑄
(D) ∮ =constant
𝑇

Answer: C
𝑑𝑄
In reversible cycle, ∮ = 0. This is known as Clausius’ theorem.
𝑇
𝑑𝑄
In irreversible cycle, ∮ < 0. This is known as Clausius inequality.
𝑇

44. What is the correct expression for the phase angle in an RLC series circuit?
(𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )
(A) 𝜑 = tan−1 𝑅
−1 (𝑋𝐿 +𝑋𝐶 )
(B) 𝜑 = tan 𝑅
(𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )
(C) 𝜑 = tan 𝑅
−1 (𝑋
(D) 𝜑 = tan 𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )
Answer: A
𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 𝜔𝐿−1⁄𝜔𝐶 𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶
tan 𝜑 = = ⇒ 𝜑 = tan−1
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

45. The time constant of an R-C circuit is:

(A) RC
(B) R/C
(C) R
(D) C
Answer: A
The constant RC has dimension of time and is called time constant of R-C circuit.
46. The value of the time constant in the R-L circuit is:
(A) L/R
(B) R/L
(C) R
(D) L
Answer: A
The constant L/R has dimension of time and is called time constant of R-L circuit.
47. In Newton’s rings experiment, the diameter of the 15th ring was found to be 0.590 cm and that of the 5th
ring was 0.336 cm. If the radius of the plano-convex lens is 100 cm, the wavelength of light used:
(A) 4880 A0
(B) 5880 A0
(C) 6680 A0
(D) 7680 A0
Answer: B

13
 𝐷𝑛+𝑚 2 −𝐷𝑛 2
In Newton’s ring experiment, wavelength of light 𝜆 = 4𝑚𝑅

Where Dn+m is diameter of (n+m)th ring, Dn is diameter of nth ring

R is radius of curvature of plano-convex lens.
𝐷𝑛+𝑚 = 0.590 𝑐𝑚 = 0.590 × 10−2 𝑚, 𝐷𝑛 = 0.336 𝑐𝑚 = 0.336 × 10−2 𝑚
𝑅 = 100 𝑐𝑚 = 1 𝑚
𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 + 𝑚 = 15 ⇒ 𝑚 = 10

𝐷𝑛+𝑚 2 − 𝐷𝑛 2 (0.590)2 × 10−4 − (0.336)2 × 10−4

𝜆= = = 5880 × 10−10 𝑚
4𝑚𝑅 4 × 10 × 1
So, the wavelength of light used, 𝜆 = 5800 𝐴0 (Ans.)
48. If a charged particle of mass m is accelerated through a potential difference V Volts, the de-Broglie
wavelength is proportional to:
(A) V
(B) V-1/2
(C) V2
(D) V1/2
Answer: B
If a charged particle of mass m and charge q is accelerated through a potential difference V Volts, Kinetic
energy 𝐾 = 𝑞𝑉
𝑝2
Kinetic energy in terms of momentum 𝐾 = 2𝑚

Momentum 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐾 = √2𝑚𝑞𝑉

ℎ ℎ
The de-Broglie wavelength 𝜆 = 𝑝 =
√2𝑚𝑞𝑉

1
So, the de-Broglie wavelength is proportional to .(Ans.)
√𝑉

49. The lowest energy possible for a particle in a potential box is 2eV. The next highest energy of the particle
is:
(A) 4 eV
(B) 16 eV
(C) 32 eV
(D) 8 eV
Answer: D
The energy eigenvalues constituting the energy levels for a particle in a box,
𝑛 2 𝜋 2 ℏ2
𝐸𝑛 = , 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
2𝑚𝐿2

𝜋 2 ℏ2
The lowest energy possible for a particle, for 𝑛 = 1, 𝐸1 = 2𝑚𝐿2 = 2 𝑒𝑉

The next highest energy of the particle, for 𝑛 = 2

(2)2 𝜋 2 ℏ2 𝜋 2 ℏ2
𝐸2 = = 4 2𝑚𝐿2 = 4 × 2 𝑒𝑉 = 8 𝑒𝑉 (Ans.)
2𝑚𝐿2
14
50. A rod has length of 1 meter. If the rod is placed inside a satellite moving with a velocity 0.8 c relative to
the laboratory, the length of the rod by the observer in laboratory is:
(A) 0.5 meter
(B) 0.6 meter
(C) 0.7 meter
(D) 0.8 meter
Answer: B
The length of an object is measured to be greatest when the body is at rest relative to the observer and is called
proper length (𝐿0 ).
When it moves with a velocity 𝑣 relative to the observer its measured length is contracted in the direction of
𝑣2 𝑣2
its motion by a factor √1 − 𝑐 2 , 𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑐 2

𝐿0 = 1 𝑚, 𝑣 = 0.8 𝑐

𝑣2 (0.8 𝑐)2
So, 𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑐 2 = 1 × √1 − = √1 − 0.64 = √0.36 = 0.6 𝑚 (Ans.)
𝑐2

51. As an object approaches the speed of light, its mass becomes:

(A) Zero
(B) Double
(C) Remains same
(D) Infinite
Answer: D
𝑚0
Relativistic mass of an object, 𝑚 = 2
,where 𝑚0 = rest mass, 𝑣 = relativistic speed of body, 𝑐 = speed
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
𝑚0
of light. As an object approaches the speed of light, 𝑣 → 𝑐 . So, 𝑚 = 2
→∞.
√1−𝑐2
𝑐

52. Nuclear forces are:

(A) Gravitational attractive
(B) Electrostatic repulsive
(C) Long range and strong attractive
(D) Short range and strong attractive
Answer: D
The short-range attractive forces between nucleons arise from the strong interaction.
53. The binding energy per nucleon is maximum for the nucleus:
(A) 56Fe
(B) 4He
(C) 208Pb
(D) 101Mp
Answer: A
The binding energy per nucleon is maximum for the 56Fe nucleus.

15
54. The mean life time of one of the atoms of a radioactive sample with disintegration constant λ is:
(A) 1⁄𝜆
(B) ln 2⁄𝜆
(C) 𝜆 ln 2
(D) ln 𝜆⁄2
Answer: A
The mean lifetime of a nuclide is the reciprocal of its decay probability per unit time.
1
So, 𝑇̅ = 𝜆

55. If a generalized coordinate has the dimensions of momentum, the generalized velocity will have the
dimension of:
(A) Velocity
(B) Acceleration
(C) Force
(D) Torque
Answer: C
If a generalized coordinate has the dimensions of momentum, the generalized velocity will have the dimension
of force.
56. Hamilton’s canonical equations of motion are:
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
(A) 𝑞𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑝 and 𝑝𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑞
𝑖 𝑖
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
(B) 𝑞𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑝 and 𝑝𝑖̇ = − 𝜕𝑞
𝑖 𝑖
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
(C) 𝑞𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑝̇ and 𝑝𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑞̇
𝑖 𝑖
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
(D) 𝑞𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑝̇ and 𝑝𝑖̇ = − 𝜕𝑞̇
𝑖 𝑖

Answer: B
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
Hamilton’s canonical equations of motion are 𝑞𝑖̇ = 𝜕𝑝 and 𝑝𝑖̇ = − 𝜕𝑞 .
𝑖 𝑖

57. The generalized velocity co-ordinate 𝑞𝑘 of a classical system with Lagrangian L is said to be cyclic if:
𝜕𝐿
(A) = 𝑞𝑘̇
𝜕𝑞𝑘
𝜕𝐿
(B) =0
𝜕𝑞𝑘
𝜕𝐿
(C) =0
𝜕𝑞𝑘̇
(D) None of these
Answer: B
When the Lagrangian function L does not contain a coordinate 𝑞𝑘 explicitly, the coordinate 𝑞𝑘 is called cyclic
or ignorable coordinate.
𝜕𝐿
= 0 (Ans.)
𝜕𝑞𝑘

16
 𝑘𝑟̂
58. A particle moves in circular orbit about the origin under the action of a central force 𝐹 = − 𝑟 3 . If the
potential energy is zero at infinity, the total energy of the particle is:
𝑘
(A) − 𝑟 2
𝑘
(B) − 2𝑟 2
(C) 0
𝑘
(D) 𝑟2

Answer: C
𝑘𝑟̂
Particle moves in circular orbit under the action of a central force 𝐹 = − 𝑟 3

𝑚𝑣 2
For circular motion, centripetal force 𝐹 = − 𝑟̂
𝑟

𝑚𝑣 2 𝑘𝑟̂ 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑘 𝑘
⟹− 𝑟̂ = − 3 ⟹ = 3 ⟹ 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1 1 𝑘 𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 1 𝑘
Kinetic energy, 𝐾 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 𝑟 2 and Potential energy, 𝑉 = − ∫∞ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = ∫∞ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 = − 2 𝑟 2
1 𝑘 1 𝑘
Total energy of the particle, 𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑉 = 2 𝑟 2 − 2 𝑟 2 = 0 (Ans.)

59. The law at given temperature, the ratio of spectral emissive and absorptive powers of a body is called:
(A) Wein’s law
(B) Kirchhoff’s law
(C) Stefan’s law
(D) Displacement law
Answer: B
Kirchhoff’s law: The ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is the same for all bodies at a given
temperature and is equal to the emissive power of a blackbody at that temperature.
60. A permanent memory, which helps to start-up the computer and does not erase data after power off:
(A) Network interface card
(B) CPU
(C) RAM
(D) ROM
Answer: D
ROM, which stands for Read-Only Memory, is a storage medium used in your computer to store data. The
data stored in ROM can only be read and is near impossible to modify. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile,
meaning that even when you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM still remain.
61. Which of the following is non-volatile storage?
(A) Backup
(B) Secondary
(C) Primary
(D) Cache
Answer: B
Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage or long-term persistent storage.

17
62. A half adder is a logic circuit with:
(A) Two inputs and two outputs
(B) Three inputs and one output
(C) Three inputs and two outputs
(D) Two inputs and one output
Answer: A
Half Adder is a combinational logic circuit which is designed by connecting one EX-OR gate and one AND
gate. The half adder circuit has two inputs, which add two input digits and generates a carry and a sum.
63. An oscillator differs from an amplifier because:
(A) It has more gain
(B) It has less gain
(C) It requires no input signal
(D) It requires no dc supply
Answer: C
An oscillator is a system consisting of active and passive circuit elements to produce a sinusoidal or other
repetitive waveform at the output without the application of an external input signal.
An amplifier contains one or more active devices and transforms power from the dc supply into the signal
power at the output, the signal amplitude at the output being proportional to that at the input.
64. In a ferromagnetic material, as the applied field gradually reduced to zero, the polarization still left is
known as:
(A) Coercive polarization
(B) Spontaneous polarization
(C) Space charge polarization
(D) Remanent polarization
Answer: D
The polarization remaining in the material when the polarization field is reduced to zero, is called the remanent
polarization.
65. The splitting of spectral line in presence of an electric field is called as:
(A) Stark effect
(B) Zeeman effect
(C) Paschen-Back effect
(D) Raman effect
Answer: A
The splitting of spectral line in presence of an electric field is called as Stark effect.
66. Weak forces act on:
(A) Both hadrons and leptons
(B) Hadrons only
(C) All the charged particles
(D) None of these.
Answer:
Weak forces act on quarks and leptons. Weak forces mediate transformation of quarks and leptons.

18
67. Which of the following elementary particle is a lepton?
(A) Photon
(B) µ-meson
(C) Neutron
(D) Proton
Answer: B
Muon µ- is a lepton.
68. Biot-Savarts law in magnetic field is analogous to law in electric field:
(A) Gauss law
(B) Faraday law
(C) Coulombs law
(D) Ampere law
Answer: C
Biot-Savarts law in magnetic field is analogous to Coulombs law in electric field.
69. The Ampere law is based on:
(A) Stoke’s theorem
(B) Green’s theorem
(C) Gauss divergence theorem
(D) Maxwell theorem
Answer: A

Ampere’s law in differential form: ⃗∇ × 𝐵

⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐽

Using Stoke’s theorem ∫(∇⃗ ×𝐵

⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑎 = ∮ 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ∫ 𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑎 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 , where ∫ 𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑎 = 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 =total current
passing through surface.
This is integral form of Ampere’s law.
70. The magnetic flux density of a finite length conductor of radius 12 cm and current 3A in air is:
(A) 5×10-6
(B) 4×10-6
(C) 6×10-6
(D) 7×10-6
Answer: A
Current, I=12 A, Radius, r=12 cm=12×10-2 m
𝐼
The magnetic field intensity, 𝐻 = 2𝜋𝑟

The magnetic flux density, 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻, in air

Where 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
𝐼 3 1
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 = 𝜇0 2𝜋𝑟 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 2×𝜋×12×10−2 = 2 × 10−5 = 5 × 10−6 (Ans.)

19