Viekuil PRINTED PRACTICAL JOURNAL WITH VIVA VOCE ; we Lebar Lap ry 'R' A IN @ | ! / PRACTICAL JOURNAL =i pradhe aN J FORCLASS XIIACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS OF ALL BOARDS Practical Journal FOR CLASS xIT Dr. Muhammad Farid Akhtar Principal Govt. Degree Science College Malir, Karachi. Group Science Practical Bench No. College Virduaf KIFAYAT ACADEMY kcracti Lahore\whail Kifayot Academy 370 Hamidia Mansion, Near Frere Market, Shahrah-e-Liaquat, Karachi. Phone : 021-32723031, 021-32764582, e-mail: [email protected] liek is a Registered Trade Mark of Kifayat Academy in Pakistan. Trade Mark No. 349962 © 2012 hiekdl Publications. All Rights Reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. 4stEdition : August 2012 2nd Edition : August 2014 4th Edition : August 2018 Price: Rs. Can be had from: © Kifayat Chambers, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. Phone: 021-32211722 © 5 Mian Market, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Phone: 042-37248219 © All Leading Book Stockists.Boose toiea? Shake? Soar? Featae sis Certificate i 52) 4; ‘3 x 64 ba of OSC SrAae Certified that Miss/Mr. da os of, 29 Os Sas) ba of out the necessary practical work as prescribed by the S% 0) S250) of Karachi for the year Incharge e5 £5 eS re a i, Date: Head of the Department SOSL92, SOESE92, S55? “O35” (<9 Go. O45) 5S cS 5590Part-IV: VIVA VOCE CONTENTS ANATOMICAL STUDY: Anatomical Study of Different Groups of Plants Slide Preparation and Spotting T.S. of Hydrilla Stem T.S. of Typha Leaf ] Hydrophytes T.S. of Dicot Stem - Sunflower T.S. of Monocot Stem - Maize Mesophytes T.S. of Monocot Root - Maize T.S. of Monocot Leaf - Maize TS. ._T.S. of Dicot Leaf - Nerium 10. T.S. of Pinus Needle (Leaf) 1 2. 3. 4, 5. _ T.S. of Dicot Root - Sunflower 6. re 8. 9. Xerophytes CYTOLOGY: 1. Preparation of Root Tip Squashes to Study Stages of Mitosis 2. _ Preparation of Slide of Meiosis by Squash Method from Rhoeodiscolour Floral Buds ECOLOGY AND GENETICS: 1. To Investigate Water Contents of a Soil Sample 2. To Study a Plant C. mmunity by Quadrate Method 3. _ (A) Study of Continuous Variations in the Height in Man (B) Study of Discontinuous Variations in Tongue Rolling in Man SPOTTING: 1. Identification of Soll Samples 2. — Morphological Adaptation of Different Groups of Plants 3. Plant Movement: (A) _ Investigation of Phototropism (8) Investigation of Geotropism Page 10 14 16 18 22 26 28 32 36 46 48 50 54 58 60 74 74 76BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION KARACHI H.S.C. PART-II BOTANY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION Board Directives for Examiners: 08 Marks (80 Points) 2Hours Instructions for Question No. 1: 25 Points Select plant material the following and distribute viz, Hydrophytes (Typha Leaf Hydrilla Ster) and Nymphea, Mesophytes (Sunflower stem, Maize stem, Brassica leaf), Xerophytes (Nerium leaf, Pinus needle and Casuarina stem, Cactus and Halophytes (Rhizophora). Distribution of Marks: Preparation of Slide 05 Points Labelled Diagram 10 Points Identification, Anatomical and Ecological Characters 10 Points Instructions for Question No. 2: 20 Points Select any 2 experiments for each batch, alternately. |. Calculate water contents of the soil sample. li, Analyse any two ecological attribute of i) Density, ii) Frequency and iii) Abundance of different Species by Quadrat method. Provide data of 3 or 5 Quadrates, ili, Calculate continuous Variation of Inheritance for: given students height data. Distribution of Marks: Theory/procedure 05 Points Observation and calculations 10 Points Result 05 Points Instructions Question No. 3: 15 Points _ Select three of the following spots, Five points for each spot. = JA ‘of the permanent slides or Specimen from Q. No. 1. 10 Points 10 PointshirAuat INDEX REMARKS INITIAL st CHudrorhtb dead Flower) 2 cellular enbarceal parVian)- o RE ee The z ] Vaan As 7S & Dicat 3 N 24 / Yevornube Le fa/ > 7V 7PART-I ANATOMICAL STUDY (Slide Preparation and Spotting) 2 Spnetcae | aries 3. Dicot Stem (Sunflower) 4. Monocot Stem (Maize) 5. Dicot Root (Sunflower) | Mesophytes 6. Monocot Root (Maize) 7. Monocot Leaf (Maize) Casuarina Stem Dicot Leaf (Nerium) Xerophytes 10. Pinus Needle (Leaf) DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS Preparation of Slide 05 points Labelled Diagram 10 points Ecological Characters 05 points Practical Journal Botany XilPART-I ANATOMICAL STUDY (Slide Preparation and Spotting) Procedure for Temporary Slide Preparation (1) The selected sections are transferred to the watch glass, containing aquaous safranin. Safranin dye is used for staining. (2) Sections are washed with water many times by the help of brush until no colour comes from the sections. (3) Transfer the best section on the slide, containing one or two drops of glycerine in the centre | (4) Cover the section with cover slip carefully by the help of needle in such manner that no air bubble should be present under the cover slip. Now slide is ready to examine under microscope. | Anatomical Characters of Hydrophytes yi’ 1. TS. of Hydrilla Stem (i) Epidermis: The epidermis is the outer single layer, without cuticle. (ii) Cortex: It is well-developed consists of parenchymatous cells. (ili) Air cavities: The cortex contains large air cavities, these tissues which surround the air cavities are called aerenchyma. hese are absent, such as sclerencyma and collenchyma. These are reduced. In the centre xylem is present in the form of a small cavity ‘is surrounded by well-developed phloem air cavities,Xylem cavity Aerenchyma —_Epidermis ‘Aerenchyma Endodermis Xylem cavity Phloem Practical Journal Botany Xil 32. T.S. of Typha Leaf (Hydrophyte Leaf) Diaphragm c Wo Cavity Stomata Cuticle Sclerenchyma Epidermis Palisade parenchyma Fig. 2: V.S. of leaf of Typha (a cellular enlarged portion) Vertical Section of Typha leaf shows the following structure: (i) Epidermis: It is the outer most layer. It is covered by cuticle. In the upper and lower epidermises stomata are also present. (li) Mesophyll region: Itis present between two epidermises. It consists of two types of cells, palisade and spongy parenchyma. (tii) Palisade parenchyma: Palisale tissue consists of columnar cells. They contain chloroplasts. They also contain patches of sclerenchyma and sub-epidermal vascular bundles. {iv) Spongy parenchyma: It contains large intercellular spaces. (v) Vascular bundles: These are present in the mesophyll region. They are collateral and closed cambium is absent. They consist of xylem and phloem. (vi) Bundle sheath: Vascular bundle is covered by thick sclerenchymatous sheath. Ecological Characters: (i) Large air cavities or intercellular spaces are present (ii) Vascular tissues are not well-developed. (il), Mechanical tissues are less in number. 4 Practical Journal Botany XIIMPOHTRL re sd Gah O™ \ os Dew a ee Scletenchyma a fern Pal ent cont f i a ed olan pales Nper be 1. QAS AMD ,adT aay eet ai icon @ ar SyeHA (a cellular enlarged oak diAnatomical Study of Mesophytes . T.S. of Dicot Stem (Sunflower) Vascular bundle Sclerenchyma Phicem tissue Parenchyma Fig. 3-A: Transverse Section of a Dicoty-ledonous Stem (Diagrammatic) CHARACTERS: The young dicot stem shows the following structure: (i) Epidermis: It is outer layer. Cuticle is present (ii) Hypodermi (iii) General corte: (iv) Endodermis: Below the general cortex single layer of wavy endodermis is present. jelow the epidermis hypodermis is present, consists of Collen-chymatous cells Below the hypodermis general cortex is present, consists of Parenchymatous cells (v) Pericycle: Below the endodermis Pericycle is present, consists of Sclerenchymatous and Parenchymatous cells (vi) Vascular bundles: Below the Pericycle vascular bundles are present. These are arranged in 2 ring. They are conjoint, collateral and open. Each vascular bundle consists of Phloem, Cambium and Xylem. 6 Practical Journal Botany XITis oF Dicot Stem (Suntouer) i a | Practical Journal Botany Xi|_ 7Trichome. Cuticle Mucilaginous canal Epidermis Hypodermis Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Phioem Cambium Metaxylem Vascular bundle Protoxylem Pith Fig. 3-B: A Cellular Enlarged Portion of T.S. Stem of Sunflower (vil) Xylem: The cells of xylem are arranged in chain like manner. Larger metaxylem are outside and smaller Protoxylem are towards inside, called endarch. | . (vili)Medullary Rays: In between two vascular bundles medullary rays are present (ix) Pith: Central part is called Pith, consists of Parenchymatous cells. Ecological Characters: (i) Epidermis is covered by cuticle. (ii) Mechanical tissues are present. (ill) Vascular bundles are well-developed. 8 Practical Journal Botany Xil“Wrichorne Ckicle ucilagios cane) ES ndoderwns Pevieyshe — prio G onto rraroior Vos’ pundle . ete: or yer ath gh bo veite an Pi pvldengs ie, Aecaibor Entarged Portion of TS: Se iaacieg PBNBE TERY Stem oF Sunttowc Lower Ae: co00 wx Practical ouroat Gata ait 9 —4. T.S. of Monocot Stem (Maize) — Mesophyte ( Epidermis Hypodermis Ground Tissue Vascular Bundle Xylem Phloem Fig. 4-A: Topographic Sketch of T.S. of Maize Stem CHARACTERS: Transverse section of monocot stem (Maize) shows the following structure: (i) Epidermis: The outer layer is called epidermis. It also has a thick cuticle on its outer side. Hairs are absent. (ii) Hypodermis: Below the epidermis, hypodermis is present. It consists of few layers of scleren- chymatous cells. (iil) Ground tissue: Below the hypodermis ground tissue is present. It consists of thin-walled parenchymatous cells. (iv) Vascular bundles: In the ground tissue vascular bundles are present, which are scattered in the ground tissues, have no particular arrangement. The vascular bundles are collateral and closed. They consist of phloem and xylem, cambium is absent, ) Bundle sheath: Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a sheath of sclerenchymatous cells, (vi) Xylem: Its consists of four vessels, arranged in the form of V or ¥. The larger metaxylem are situated on the lateral side at the arms of ¥ and the smaller, protoxylem are present at the base of ¥. 10 Practical Journal Botany XIIeider® vayeoserens \ os Ciroune fosuarow de e ay mm Price “Topographic Skekch of ES: of Maize. Stem ea Practical Journal Botany XII 11Cuticle Epidermis Hypodermis Ground tissue Vascular bundle Bundi sheath Phloem Metaxylem Protoxyiem Lysigenous cavity Fig. 4-B: An Enlarged Cellular Portion of T.S. Stem of Maize (Zea Mays) (vii) Phloem: Itis present on the upper side of xylem. (vili)Lysigenous cavity: On the lower side of Protoxylem a cavity is found, called lysigenous cavity or water cavity. It stores water. (tx) Endodermis, pericycle, medullary rays and pith are absent in monocot stem 2 (i) Epidermis is covered by cuticle, (ii) Mechanical tissues (sclerenchyma) are present (ili) Well-developed vascular tissues are present 12 Practical Journal Botany XItMaize (Zex Maus’) Pn Entavged CallulaPorton ot VS Stem at t Practical Journal Botany Xi| 135. T.S. of Dicot Root (Sunflower) Root hair moe Epiblema (Epidermis) Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Phloem Protoxylem Metaxylem Pith Fig. 5: T.S. of Root of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) CHARACTERS: A young dicot root (sunflower) consists of following structure. (i) Epiblema: The outermost layer is called epiblema. From its cells unicellular hairs are produced (ii) Cortex: Below the epiblema, cortex is present. It consists of many layers of thin-walled, rounded cells of parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces. (lil) Endodermis: Below the cortex endodermis is present. Itis a single layer of barrel-shaped cells (iv) Pericycl Below the endodermis, single layer of pericycle is present. (v) Vascular bundles: The vascular bundles are arranged in the form of a ring. The xylem and phloem are in separate bundles, The number of xylem and phloem bundles is equal. The vascular bundles are 2-6 in number. (vi) Protoxylem: The protoxylem (smaller cells) is exarch i.e. lies towards the outer region. Metaxylem (\arger cells) is towards the centre, Between two xylem groups one phloem or two groups of phioe™ one xylem is present (vii) Conjunetive tissues: Betwoen the xylem and phloem bundles of parenchymatous cells 2’? present, called conjunctive tissues. (viii)Pith: It is found in the centre. |t is poorly-developed or absent. 14 Practical Journal Botany XI!18 floors posciort egber® Cog) Cortex !}rdodecanis Periase prioe™ aot aoe 7S: i | lili Pra \ctical Journal Botany XII 156. T.S. of Monocot Root (Maize) Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Xylem Phioem Pith Fig. 6: Monocot Root (Maize) in Transection CHARACTERS: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) The transverse section of monocot root (Maize) shows following structure: Epiblema: The outermost layer is called epiblema, From this layer unicellular hairs are Produced. Cortex: Below the epiblema many-layered cortex is present, It with intercellular Spaces between them. consists of Parenchymatous cells Endodermis: Below the cortex single layered endodermis is situated Pericycle: Its the single layer present below the endodermis, Vascular bundles: The vascular bundles consist of separate bundles of xylem and phloem. The. are equal in number and always more than six. Exarch protoxylem: The Protoxylem er region i.e. exarch and metaxylem (larger cells) lies towards the centre (vii) Conjunctive tissues: Between the xylem and phloem conjunctive tissues are Present. (vili)Pith: The central most region Is called pith, It is well-developed, 16 Practical Journal Botany XI)Endodern's Fecicyd® qyem Poe Pith Practical Journal Botany XIl_ 17 ass7. T.S. of Monocot Leaf (Maize - Mesophyte) Isobilateral leaf, both epidermises are similar Cuticle ~—_Eupper Sclerenchymatous Epidermis Patch Bundle Sheath Lysigenous cavity Bundle Sheath Extension ower Epidermis Vascular Bundles Lower Epi Xylem Phloem Fig. 7-A: Transverse section of Monocot or Isobilateral leaf of Makai or Corn (Zea mays). Section is taken through the midrib CHARACTERS: The transverse section of monocot leaf (Maize) shows following features. ()) Upper epidermis: The upper epidermis is a single layer. It has stomata (i), Mesophyil region: Between the upper and lower epidermises mesophyll region is present. It is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. It consists of only spongy paren- chymatous cells (iii) Vascular bundles: The vascular bundles are arranged in the mesophyll region in parallel manner Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a bundle sheath Each vascular bundle consists of xylem and phloem. They are conjoint and closed i.e. cambium is absent. (iv) Xylem: It is found towards the upper epidermis. It is inverted V-shaped. The protoxylem is towards the upper epidermis and metaxylem is situated at the arms of inverted V. 18 Practical Journal Botany XI!Cusde Cope’ : eaen™ A Earerenchymators PatchLysigenous Bundle Sheath any, Extension Xylem Phloem Fig. 7-B; Vascular Bundle of a Monocot Leaf — (Maize) (v) Phloem: It is present towards lower epidermis. (vi) Lysigenous cavity: A cavity is present at the upper side of protoxylem, called lysigenous cavity. It stores water. (vii) Lower epidermis: The lower epidermis is a single layer with cuticle and stomata. Ecological Characters: (i) Epidermis is covered by cuticle. (ii) Mechanical tissues are present, (iii) Vascular tissues are well-developed.ot Exrenior Vascular Bundle of a Mianocot Leaf Practical Journal Botany Xi 24 _Anatomical Study of Xerophytes 8. T.S. of Casuarina Stem (Xerophyte Stem) Epidermis Hypodermis Endodermis Pericycle Vascular bundle Fig. 8-A: T.S. Stem of Casuarina CHARACTERS: The T.S. of Casuarina stem shows following structures: (i) Epidermis: It is the outer-most layer, shows ridges and furrows. Epidermis is covered by cuticle. In the furrow region stomata are present. At the base of each furrow epidermal hairs are present. (ii) Hypodermis: It is present below the epidermis. It consists of two types of cells: (a) Sclerenchymatous Cells: These are arranged in the form of T below the ridges (b) Collenchymatous Cells: Few cells below the furrows. (iii) Cortex: It is present below the hypodermis. It consists of two regions: (a) Pallisade Cells: These are arranged in two masses on either side of T-shaped cells. (b) Thin-walled Parenchyma: These are present beneath the palisade cells and the furrows. 22 Practical Journal Botany XIIvig?) MRoMm: sure: sich cigtiieasan jrepdeneeiebeesd jun ols ofthe Roi Lmevoo ai alrmanigs sengonaiod bas emytoruala@ei eaGretiszineroow | : ougotevub-leie aie @aueal) yatuoeey ii) “eeot mC Epidormis Hypodormis Epidormis hair ‘Outer cortex Stomata Phioom Xylem Inner cortex Endodermis Pericycle Phloem Cambium Xylem Medullary ray Pith Fig. 8-B: T.S. Stem of Casuarina equisetifolia (a cellular enlarged portion) (iv) Vascular Bundles: These are present in cortex region. These are found in parenchymatous tissues beneath the ridges. Steler vascular bundles are also present. Each vascular bundle consists of xylem, phloem and cambium. They are conjoint, collateral and endarch. (v) Endodermis: It is inner-most wavy layer consists of parenchymatous cells. (vi) Pericycle: itis present in the form of a cap over vascular bundles and consists of sclerenchymatous cells. (vii) Pith: itis the central most region, consists of parenchymatous cells. Ecological Characters: (i) Epidermis is covered by thick cuticle. (ii) Mechanical tissues i.e, Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma are present. (iii) Vascular tissues are well-developed. 24 Practical Journal Botany XII iouter cortex Stomake\ 9, T.S. of Dicot Leaf of Nerium (Xerophyte Leaf) Upper Epidermis Palisade ‘Spongy Parenchyma Parenchyma Cuticle rN CX Ree Sunken Stomata Hairs Phioem Xylem Bundle sheat Fig. 9: T.S. of Leaf of Nerium / CHARACTERS: The transverse section of dicot leaf (Nerium: rmis is two to three layered. It is also covered by a thick cuticle lied dorsi-ventral leaf, because upper epidermis has thick and ) shows following structure. (i) Upper epidermis: The upper epide Stomata are absent. Dicot leaf is cal lower epidermis has thin cuticle (ii) Mesophyll region: Between the upper and lower epidermises mesophyll region is present. It is differentiated into two regions, the upper region is made up of palisade parenchyma tissues and lower one consists of spongy parenchyma tissues. (ili) Palisade parenchyma: Palisade region is below the upper epidermis. It has double layer of elongated cells without intercellular spaces. (iv) Spongy parenchyma: The spongy parenchyma cells are present below the palisade tissue. These are loosely arranged with intercellular spaces. Palisade and spongy tissues are not present in the midrib region. (v) Hypodermis in midrib: In the region of midrib hypodermis is present below the epidermis. It is composed of 3-6 layers of collenchyma cells. {vi) Vascular bundle: in midrib a large vascular bundle is present. It is crescent-shaped and surrounded by a parenchymatous bundle sheath. 26 Practical Journal Botany XI! k(vii) Xylem: It is present towards the upper epidermis. The cells of xylem are in the form of rows. Protoxylem |s towards the upper side and metaxylem is towards the lower side. (vili)Phloem: |t is present on the lower side of metaxylem. (ix) Lower epidermis: The lower epidermis is covered by thin cuticle. In the lower epidermis stomata are present. The stomata are sunken and protected by hairs. Ecological Characters: (i) Epidermis is covered by thick cuticle. (ii) In mesophyll Palisade and spongy Parenchymatous cells are present. (iii) Vascular tissues are well-developed. Upperepicteans gonad Ey igade Falls Pasenchym@ couenchyn™ ‘yew \ vn, Bunt gn ches Ts: of Dicot Leaf of Nev Kerophuke Jeet) Phloer Practical Journal Botany Xil_ 27(ys 10. T.S. of Pinus Needle (Xerophyte Leaf) <) Sclerenchymatous Stoma Cutical epidermis / Patch XY Jf Hypodermis Mesophyll Fig, 10: T.S. Needle (Leaf) of Pinus Showing Detailed Internal Structure amet, CHARACTERS: The transverse section of Pinus needle shows following structure. (i) Epidermis: The outermost layer is called epidermis. It is a layer of thick-walled cells with a strong cuticle. In the epidermis sunken stomata are also present. Each stoma opens into a cavity, ‘Hyprodermis: Beneath the epidermis hypodermis is present. It consists of one or two layers of tous cells. It is interrupted by stomatal cavities. region: Below the hypodermis mesophyll region is situated. It consists of thin walled cells with peg-like in foldings. The cells of mesophyll also contain chloroplasts. many resin-canals are also present. itre of leaf a distinct endodermis is present. It consists of large barrel-shaped lodermis, pericycle is present. It cnsists of many layers ofSclerench matcus oo Stoma chile epiderens Res © oi A\buminucus C ells sTocheidal Cells _— a - ge f Pig Neagle Herpes) ractical Journal Botany Xi! 29(vi) Vascular bundles: Within the pericycle two vascular bundles are found. Each vascular bundle consists of xylem and phloem. (vii) The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed. (viii) The xylem consists of rows of cells, directed to the inner side. The phloem lies towards outside. (ix) In between the two vascular bundles transfusion tissues are present. These are of two types albuminous cells, which are present close to phloem and tracheidal cells, which are situated close to the xylem. The albuminous cells conduct food from the mesophyll cells to the phloem and tracheidal cells conduct water and mineral salts from the xylem to the mesophyll cells. Ecological Characters: (i) Cuticle is present above epidermis. (ii) Below epidermis Sclerenchyma (Mechanical tissues) are present. (ii) In mesophyll tissues Peg-like projections are present. (iv) Vascular tissues are well-developed.CYTOLOGY Preparation of Root tip squashes to study stages of Mitosis. Preparation of slide of Meiosis by squash method from Rhoeodiscolour floral buds Practical Journal Botany Xi! 31PART-II CYTOLOGY ae 1. PREPARATION OF ROOT TIP SQUASHES )\ = TO STUDY STAGES OF MITOSIS Requirements: (i) Onion root tips (v) Slide and cover slip (ii) HCI (10% or 1 molar) (vi) Watch glass and dropper (iil) Acetocarmine 2% (vii) Compound microscope (iv) Spirit lamp and forceps (vii) Filter paper Theory: Mitosis is a process of cell division in which the cell divides into two cells and number of chromosomes remains constant in the daughter cells. The stages of mitosis are visible in the dividing cells of root tips or shoot tips. Procedure: (i) Cut the root tips of onion (whitish portion) by the help of blade or forcep. (ii) Place the root tips on a slide and add few drops of HCI (10%) for few minutes to soften the root tips. After that rinse the tips with water. (iil) Add few drops of acetocermine (iv) Crush the root tips by the help of Brass rod or Spatula or Scalped. Heat the slide gently over the spirit lamp for few seconds. (¥) Place the cover slip gently over it. Wrap the slide in a filter paper, press it with thumbs taking care that cover slip should not be moved. (vi) Observe the slide under microscope, and study different stages of mitosis. (1) Prophase ) It is the first stage of mitosis, in which fine thread like structures appear in the nucleus, called chromosome consists of two threads, called chromatids. are attached by centromere. ‘Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. to form nuclear spindle, are called poles. its central broad part is called equitorial plane or(2) Metaphase (i) Itis the second stage of mitosis. (li) Inthis stage nuclear spindle is formed. (il) The chromosomes are arranged at the eq- itorial plane (equator) of nuclear spindle. {iv) «The chromosomes are attached at spindle fibres by a part of centromere, called kinetochore. The chromosomes consist of two chromatids which are attached with each other by centromere. (3) Anaphase (i) _Itis the third stage of mitosis. (ll) In this stage the two chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other at the centromere and become independent chromosomes. These chromatids form two groups, which move towards their upper and lower pols of nuclear spindles along the tractile fibres. ‘Two groups of chromosomes are arranged at the upper and lower poles of spindle. (4) Telophase (i) Itis the fourth stage of mitosis. {i) The chromosomes at the two poles start to disappear. They become uncoil and invisible, (lll) Nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes. (iv) Nucleus reappears. (v) Nuclear spindle disappears. (vi) Two nuclei are formed in one cell, = (5) Cytokinesis 1) After the formation of two nuclel in a cell, the of cytoplasm takes place, it is called (wv) (i (iv) cells are formed, ll contains constant number of == Fig. 12: Metaphase of Mitosis == Fig. 13: Anaphase of Mitosis Fig. 14: Telophase of Mitosis ee @) IE SS Fig. 15: Cytokinesis of Mitosis (Division of Cytoplasm) ‘| Metaphase_of Mitosis _ | Anophase of Nikos @iiision ob Cytoplasr é [ : | & | Cybokinesis ef Milosis Practical Journal Botany xi! 382. PREPARATION OF SLIDE OF MEIOSIS BY SQUASH METHOD FROM RHOEODISCOLOUR FLORAL BUDS Requirements: (i) Floral buds of Rhoeodiscolour (li) Ethyl alcoho! 70% (ili), Acetocarmine (iv) Microscope, slide, cover slip, razor blade (v) Watch glass or petridish. Theory: Meiosis is the process of cell division, in which chromosome number is reduced to half, produce haploid daughter cells. This process is also called reduction division. Preservation and Preparation of Material (i) Collect the floral buds of Rhoeodiscolour in growing season - March to April. (ii) These buds must be fixed in carnoy’s solution or former's fixative for 24 hours. It will stop the further division. (iii) Then keep these buds in 70% ethyl alcohol in refrigerator. Procedure of Slide Preparation: (i) Take on or two anthers of buds from the material which is kept in 70% ethyl alcohol (ii) Add few drops of acetocarmine stain on the buds. (ili) Crush the anthers with the help of needle and remove the anther wall. (iv) Cover the crushed material by cover slip. (v) Wrap the material in a filter paper and press it gently with the thumb. Remove the excess stain with filter paper. (vi) Warm the slide gently at 50°C over a spirit lamp for few seconds. Examine the prepared slide under microscope. Meiosis Consists of Two Divisions: (1) First Division: Meiotic division, in which chromosome number is reduced. (2) Second Division: Mitotic division, in which the number of chromosome does not further reduce, 36 Practical Journal Botany XIIPROPHASE. (1) First Division: (Meiotic Division) [tis the initial stage of meiosis. it consists of five stages: Leptotene (2) Zygotene (3) Pachytene Diplotene (5) Diakinesis (4) @ i) ch) (1) Leptotene: Leptos = Slender Chromosomes appear in this stage. ‘These chromosomes are fine thread like structures. These are beaded structures due to the presence of chromomeres on it. Fig. 16: Meiosis-1 Leptotene Practical Journal Botany Xil 37() (ii) (ill) (i) (il) (i) (ii) (ii) (i) (ii) (il) (2) Zygotene: Zygosis = Pairing In this stage homologous chromosomes become close to each other and form pairs. This pairing is called synapsis. The chromosomes become shorter and thicker and prominent These chromosomes are called bivalent or diads, because each pair consists of two chromosomes. (3) Pachytene: Pachos = Thick The chromosomes become more thick, shorter and prominent. Each chromosome now consists of two chromatids, So pairs of homologous chromosomes are called Tetrads, (4) Diplotene: Diplo = Double The tetrad chromosomes now start to separate from each other. These chromosomes are still attached with each other In one or more points, These points are called chiasmata, At the chiasmata exchange of genetic material takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, called crossing over. (5) Diakinesis The chromosomes reach at their maximum contraction. The chiasmata move towards the end of chromosomes, called terminalization, so chromosomes are completely separated, Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, Practical Journal Botany XI) Fig. 17: Meiosis-| Zygotene Fig. 18: Meiosis-| Pachytene Fig. 19: Meiosis-! Diplotene Fig. 20: Meiosis-I DiakinesisMetaphase I (i) In this stage the nuclear-membrane disappears and the formation of nuclear-spindle is completed. (ii) The chromosomes are now placed at the middle broad part of spindle, called equitorial plane. (ii) The chromosomes are attached to the discontinuous or half spindle fibres by centromere. Each chromo- ‘some of bivalent is attached to the half spindle fibres of one pole and other chromosome to the spindle fibres of another pole. Anaphase I 0 The centromeres of the homologous chromosomes repel each other. As a result of this process each tetrad breaks up into two component pairs of chromatids or DIADS. (ii) They move towards the opposite poles of the spindle by the contraction of half spindle fibres. (ili) Due to this process reduction of chromosomes occurs and they are changed from diploid to haploid. (iv) In this stage separation of whole chromosomes of each homologous pair takes place, but separation of chromatids does not occur. Telophase I (i) When the chromosomes are arranged in groups at the opposite poles of spindle, the nuclear membrane starts to appear around each group. (ii) The nucleolus reappears. Nuclear spindle disappears. In this way two daughter nuclei are formed. (iii) These daughter nuclei are haploid contain half number of chromosomes. (iv) First nuclear division is completed. 40 Practical Journal Botany Xi Fig. 21: Meiosis-I Metaphase-1 Fig. 22: Meiosis-I ‘Anaphase-I Fig. 23: Melosis-I Telophase-ISecond Division: (Mitotic Division) Prophase II (0) In this stage the chromatids of a chromosome remain Separate from each other, They are also loose except at the centromeres, (\) Initially they are tong and coiled, but soon they become shorter and thicker. (iil) The nucleolus and nuclear-membrane dis-appear. Fig. 24: Melosis-II — Prophase-tr Metaphase IT (i) Inthis stage the ‘nuclear spindle is formed and the chro- mosomes are arranged at the equitorial plane. (ii) The chromosomes consist of two chromatids. Anaphase IIT (i) The two chromatids are ‘Separated from each other, each having its own centromere. (ii) The two sister chromosomes of each Pair begin to move towards the opposite poles of spindle and arrange themselves there, forming two separate groupsPART- | ECOLOGY AND GENETICS 1. To investigate water contents of given soil sample. 2. To study a plant community by Quadrate method. 3. Polygenic inheritance (A) Determine continuous variation in the height of human being. Record result as histogram. (B) Study of discontinuous variations in tongue-rolling in man. Record result as histogram. DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS Theory and Observation ~ 05 points Calculation and Result 05 points Practical Journal Botany Xi! 45PART-II ECOLOGY AND GENETICS saat? ) 41. TO INVESTIGATE WATER CONTENTS OF A SOIL SAMPLE Requirements: (i) Soil sample (li) Tin box or petri dish (ill) Electric balance (iv) Electric oven (v) Dessicator (vi) Pair of tongs Theory: Rain water is absorbed by soil, Each soil has different water holding capacity and contains Particular amount of water contents. It indicates the nature of soil. Wt. of moist soil — Wt. of oven dried soil Water holding capacity (W.H.C) = Wt. of dried soil x 100 Procedure: (i) Take the weight of empty tin box. (li) Take the weight of tin box along with soil. (ili) Keep this soil sample in an oven at 105°C to 110°C for about 24 hours. (iv) Take the weight of oven dried soil alongwith tin box. The difference in weight indicates the loss of water. “ Practical Journal Botany XilObservations: ( (i) Weight of empty tin box = Alggn og | to 4% (ii) Weight of tin box + soil =iup: (Domai lteato | (4 me (iii), Weight of oven dried soil + tin box a ¢ De AU Rete | (iv) Weight of moisture = B-C = K 2X ; Pe f ve (v) Weight of soil before heating =B-A = LA | Gama \4 \F gro (vi) Percentage (%) of water contents = x 400 ice (water holding capacity) See ee a Percentage (%) Weight of | Weight of tin | Weightof | Weight of | Weight of soil of water contents empty tin ES 3 bu oven dried | moisture | before heating | (water holding box ‘8) soil + soil B-C B-A capacity) A) (©) (k) ) Kanes L SP, xloo= \4 a 2") A 3 x 3)| ‘Oop \ 3.9 = L128 Result: y The % of water contents in a given soll sample = _40_% B= 33.3% C= 419.8% Conclusion: ae Each soil contains different water contents, it depends upon the nature of soil, size of its particles and availability of water. Practical Journal Botany Xi! 472. TO STUDY A PLANT COMMUNITY BY QUADRATE METHOD BY DETERMINING FREQUENCY, DENSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF DIFFERENT SPECIES Requirements: Quadrate 40 « 40 cm. Theory: Quadrate is a sampling unit of definite area in square form. It is selected randomly to study the ecosystem. By this method frequency, density and abundance of species can be determined. Procedure: (i) Different quadrates are formed in an area for the study of community. The area of quadrate is 40x 40 cm. OR 1 meter x 1 meter. (ii) Identify each species and note the number of species in each quadrate. Observation: The data is collected according to the following table: Total No. of Total No. of s.| Name of necro) q Individuals of a | quadrates in Peel Naot No.| Species i species in all | which a species uae each quadrate quadrates occur erucied 1 1. | Abutilon 2. | Calotropis 3. | Chenopodium 4. | Ziziphus 48 Practical Journal Botany XIICalculation: rrantency.si= Total number of Quadrates in which a Species occured x 100 Total number of quadrates studied Total No. of individuals of a species Sa iaiationioncenilty)/ = =a ota species Total number of quadrates studied Total No. of individuals of a species in all quadrates a Aa a ae Total No. of quadrates in which a species occured Calculation of abundance Conclusion: The two most frequent species of community are Practical Joumal Botany Xi! 49(A) STUDY OF CONTINUOUS VARIATIONS J yey IN THE HEIGHT IN MAN Requirement: (i) Measuring tapes (ii) Graph paper Theory: When a character Is controlled by more than two separate genes then a veriety of phenotype is produced, this is known as polygenic inheritance. Height is a polygenic inheritance which is considered as a continuous varying trait. Method (Procedure): (i) Measure the heights of students of class (should be in round figure). (i) Arrange the heights in the order of magnitude and frequency table. Nes | Height of Stucont inom [NSE | Height of Stucant in. om : us 4 154J6 2 \50 4 3 Pe is) 160 4 {s\ 2 \52 Pic 1GI 452 i 162 6 5 5 sit 2 iat an 7 Iss ; 4 163 J % Iss 20 _ 4 Ise les It 10 st | 4 Mo) \5F Ad cae 13=elBA The data of heights and number of students can be sh histogram the valve Is shown in the shape of erect reruns i In thaegg oC ai blsfegram: In ths 50" Practical Journal Botany XIILoss or va S.No. i i o. Height ininches. -.,, Frequency (No. of Students) ee) Total in Che F104. 1 14-151 HL => a c 22 - Hd S 3 156 - 154 & a = © " q z , l d Covernan Counting, Nurmevod Sucker HU 9> wu a: sw o> wan HHL Practical Journal Botany Xil 5148 SO 52 S54 S6 58 60 62 64 66 68 ‘Height of Students (in inches). Histogram Showing the Result of Height of Various Students Conclusion: The data of height of students indicates that is purely a polygenic inheritance. 52. Practical Journal Botany Xi that the most numerous height is 60 inches. It also showsPractical Jounal Botany Xi 53(B) STUDY OF DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN TONGUE ROLLING IN MAN Requirement: Data of tongue rolling of students. Theory: Tongue rolling is a character, which is controlled by It is inherited in a simple mendallian pattern. y one gene with dominent and recessive alleles Method: The students are directed to roll their tongue. The number of tongu! roller students are noted in the following manner. fe roller students and non-tongue Tongue roller students 20 Non tongue roller students 30 Observation column: Tongue roller students Non tongue roller students Students TR. NTR. Histogram Showing the Ratio of Tongue-roller and Non-tongue Roller Students 54 Practical Journal Botany XiPractical Journal Botany XI! 55PART-IV \ | VN | Al. Identify any Soil Sample (Sand, Silt, Clay, Loam) 2. Permanent Slide or Specimen of any Ecological Material. e Hydrilla Plant ¢ Nymphaea (Lotus) or Water Lilly Nelumbium (Kanwal) e Chenopodium album (Bathua) Suaeda fruticosa e Respiratory Roots of Mangroove (Halophyte) Plant e Sunflower, Cucurbita, Wheat, Maize ¢@ Opuntia (Cactus) / Euphorbia Plant e Aloe vera Plant e Calotropis (Aak) Plant e Prosopis Plant 3. Plant Movement (A) Phototropism (B) Geotropism Practical Journal Botany Xi 57(i) (if (il (v) Ww (vi) (i) (ii (iil) (iv) (vy) (i) (ii) (il) (iv) Vv (vi) SPOTTING 1. IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL SAMPLES Soil is the outer most layer of earth crust. It consists of different types of soil. These are as follows: ~ SAND Its individual grains can be seen or felt. (Size of fine sand is 0.02 - 0.2 mm; size of coarse sand is 0.2 - 2.0 mm). It is non-plastic and gritty. (Sandy) The dry soil does not form a c The moist soil squeezes (Presses closely) and forms cast. It has minimum water holding capacity, due to large interspace. Itis airy soil “ SILT It consists of small particles, fine flour like or talcum like. The individual particles are not visible. (Their size is between 0.002 - 0.02 mm) thas less or medium water holding capacity. It is less elastic and sticky. It can form cast. The dry soil does not form cast. Water and air can not move freely through the soil CLAY It consists of very smalll particles, not visible by naked eyes. (Their size is below 0.002 mm) itis less airy \tis plastic and sticky. It forms cast It has large water holding capacity. It swells up by absorbing water, When it is pressed between finger and thumb, it forms ribbon like structure. On drying cracks are developed and changed into small ball like structures. 58 Practical Journal Botany Xi!LOAM ) The mixture of sand, silt and clay is called loam i) It consists of different sizes of soil particles. i) It is more airy than silt and clay. ) thas good water holding capacity, so it is considered as the best soil. (v) Dry soil forms cast, but needs careful handling, (vi) Moist soil can form cast and can be handled easily. According to the ratio, the loam may be of different types: (A) Sandly loam (B) Silt loam (C) Clay loam (A) Sandy loam: (i) Sand particles are in high proportion. These sand particles can be easily seen. (il) Dry soil forms cast, but fall apart. (iii) Moist soil forms cast and does not break. (B) Silt loam: (i) This loam contains high proportion of silt. (ii) Ithas talcum touch, soft and floury. (iii) Itis plastic and can form cast both in dry and wet condition, but wet soil does not form ribbon like structure. (C) Clay loam: (i) Itcontains high proportion of clay particles. (ii) The dry soil forms hard and dry lumps. (iii) Wet soil is very plastic and sticky or clods. It can form flexible ribbon like structures. Practical Journal Botany Xi! 592. Morphological Adaptations of Hydrophytes Hydrilla Plant Fig. 28: Hydrilla Plant (1) Hydrilla is a complete submerged hydrophyte. (2) Roots are poorly developed (3) Stem is soft, spongy, weak and slender. (4) Nodes and internodes are present on stem. (5) Leaves are thin, long or ribbon like, arise in the form of groups from nodes, (6) Cuticle and mechanical tissues are absent 60 Practical Journal Botany XIIWydrilla Plant a Practical Journal Botany Xi 64Nymphaea (Lotus) OR Water Lilly Nelumbium (Kanwal) Laminia Rhizome Nymphaea (Lotus) Plant bium * oe Netumbius (Kanwal) Plant Fig. 29: Fixed Floating Hydrophytes (1) These are fixed floating hydrophytes i.e. their roots are attached in the bottom of pond. (2) Roots are well-developed. (3) Root hairs and root caps are absent. (4) Stem is slender and spongy. It is rhizome, remains in mud. (5) Leaves are large, thick, covered with waxy coating and float on water. 62 Practical Journal Botany XII(votvs) Plant Ee , Nyosphnes Fixed floating Hydrophytes Practical Journal Botany XII 63hull a (2 (3 (4 5) (6) 64 Morphological Adaptations of Halophytes (A) Chenopodium album (Bathua) Suaeda fruticosa Inflorescence Fig. 30: Chenopodium album (Bathua) Halophytes grow in saline soil, mostly short trees (shrubs). Stem may be succulent, contains water storage tissues. Leaves are thick, fleshy and hairy, with cutical Stomata are small and sunken, Seeds show vivipary germination i.e. germination starts in the fruit before dispersal Roots are spongy contain intercellular spaces Practical Journal Botany XIIrr \nfloveceen« e Practical Journal Botany Xil 65a (B) Respiratory Roots of Mangroove (Halophyte) Plant Fig. 31(B): Respiratory Root of Mangroove Plant showing pores (1) The plant grows in saline soil or marshy places. (2) The roots are stilt roots, which arise from stem or branches. (3) The root are called pneumatophores or respiratory roots. These roots arise from the underground roots, grow vertically from the soil in air. (4) These roots contain small pores, which take O2 and help in respiration. 66 Practical Journal Botany XIIVole Practical Journal Botany Xi OTa (2) 3) (4 (5 3 Cre (1) (2) (3) (4 (5) 68 Morphological Adaptations of Mesophytes Sunflower, OR (Cucurbita, Wheat, Maize) This plant is a mesophyte, ordinary land plant grows: in average conditions of water and temperature. Root system is well-developed. Stem is erect and branched. All kinds of tissues are well-developed. Aerial parts, stem and leaves have cuticle. Mechanical tissues and vascular tissues are present. Morphological Adaptations of 4 Xerophytes Cactus Plant - Opuntia itis @ xerophyte plant. It is a stem succulent plant. The stem is modified into leaf like structure, becomes expanded and broad, called Phylloclade. The leaves are modified into spines to prevent transpiration The stem contains chlorophyll and manufactures food material The stem is also soft and spongy. It stores food and water, Practical Jounal Botany XI! FLOWERING TwiG Fig. 32: Sunflower (Surajmukh)) Flower Phylociade Fig. 33: Opuntia SpinesFloviet —SuNELoweR___ Practical Journal Botany Xil_ 69y tact: Aloe vera Plant (1) itis a xerophyte, leaf succulent plant. (2) Its leaves becomes thick and fleshy Succulent due to the storage of food and water. (3) Stem is reduced in size. (4) The leaves are radical and vertical in Position. (5) The stored food and water are used economically during dry conditions. Fig. 34; Aloe vera Plant Showing Succulent Leaves Calotropis (Aak) Plant (1) Itis a xerophyte plant. (2) Its roots are well-developed. (3) The leaves are covered by silver powdery layer to reflect the light. It reduces transpiration. (4) The stem and branches are covered by hairs or wax to reduce loss of water. FLOWERING TWIG Fig. 35: Calotropis procera (Aak) 70 Practical Journal Botany Xi!Calotro i ew ro.cera. (Nak) Practical Journal Botany Xil_ 74(1) (2) (3 (4) 2 Prosopis Plant Fig, 36: Portion of shoot of Prosopis It is a xerophyte plant. Root is well-developed, long and deep. Stem and branches are provided with thorns. These are modified bi conv }. ranch erted into hard and pointed structures. nent Thorns reduce the rate of transpiration Practical Journal Botany XlPortion of shoot of Prosopis _ Practical Journal Botany XI! 73Js ' 3, PLANT MOVEMENT (A) Investigation of Phototropism 4 (i) The movement in plant in response to light stumilus is called phototropism. f Wooden Box (ii) The apparatus consists of a box, contains an aperture or window for light (ill) In the box a pot with seedling is present. ('v) The seedling grows towards light, it is bent towards the aperture, which Indicates the process of phototropism i.e. movement of plant body towards light. Fig. 37: Phototropism, Demonstration of Phototropism (B) Investigation of Geotropism (i) Geotropism is the tropic movement of plant in response to the stimulus of gravity. (V))_ The apparatus shows the germination of Maize grains which have developed into young seedings (tli) The root shows movement towards the soll, it indicates the process of geotropism. (iv) Stem grows towards light. Fig, 38: Geotropism in Maize Seedlings 74 Practical Journal Bolany Xi\Nindow Phototropis m, Demostration Of _‘Phototrapism Practical Journal Botany Xi! 75Qi. Ans Q2. Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4. Ans. Qs. Ans. Qé. Ans Q7 Ans. Qe. Ans. VIVA VOCE PART: Anatomical Study (Slide Preparation and Spotting) What are the functions of epiblema? The functions of epiblema are: (i) Protection of inner tissues of root. (ii) It produces root hairs for wter absorption. What is the function of Cortex? Its function is storage of food. What is meant by radial type of vascular bundle? When equal number of separate bundles of xylem and phloem in the root, these are called radial vascular bundles What type of vascular bundles are present in roots? In roots vascular bundles are radial, having equal number of xylem and phloem bundles. They are exarch, having protoxylem towards periphery and metaxylem towards pith. How would you distinguish between dicot and monocot root? Dicot Root: (i) _ It has few vascular bundles i.e. usually four in number. (ii) Ithas small or no pith: Monocot Root: (i) Ithas many vascular bundles i.e. more than 6. (li) It has well-developed pith. What do you meant by exarch xylem? \n exarch xylem protoxylem is towards periphery and metaxylem towards pith. What do you mean by Parenchyma? Parenchyma are the tissues having thin walled cells with or without intercellular spaces. They are rounded or oval-shaped. Their function is storage. What do you mean by conjoint, collateral and open vascular bundl 2 Conjoint: Xylem and phloem or cambium are present in the same vascular bundle. Collateral: Vascular bundles are present side by side, bundles with xylem and phloem in the same radious. Open: Cambium is present in the vascular bundle. 76 Practical Journal Botany XI!ag. Ans. Q10. Ans. an Ans. Q 12. Ans. Q 13. Ans. Q14, Ans. Q15. Ans. Q 16. Ans. Qi17. Ans. Q18. Ans. Q19. Ans. Q20. Ans. What is collenchyma? Collenchyma is a tissue having rounded or oval-shaped cells. In their intercellular spaces lignin and pectin are deposited. Their function is to provide strength and support. What do you mean by sclerenchyma? ‘ Sclerenchyma are the tissues, consist of hexagonal cells, compactly arranged. Along the inner region of cell wall ligin and pectin are deposited. Their function is to provide strength and support. What is the function of medullary rays in stem? f Medullary rays are parenchymatous cells between two vascular bundles. Their function is to separate the vascular bundles and storage. What do you mean by endarch xylem? Xylem having protoxylem towards pith and metaxylem towards epidermis is called endarch. What is closed vascular bundle? The vascular bundle without cambium is called closed. How would you differentiate dicot and monocot stems? Dicot Stem: (i) Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. (ii) Vascular bundles are open having cambium. (iil) Pith and medullary rays are present Monocot Stem: (i) Vascular bundles are scallered in cortex region. (ii) Vascular bundles are closed i.e. without cambium (iii) Xylem cells are arranged in the form of V or Y. (iv) Lysigenous cavity is present. Why a dicot leaf is called dorsiventral leaf? The dorsiventral leaf (dicot) usually grows in a horizontal direction. The upper epidermis is more illuminated than lower epidermis Which part of leaf having photosynthetic cells? Mesophyll part of leaf has photosynthetic cells. Why spongy cells are loosely arranged? Spongy cells in leaves are loosely arranged to form air cavities for storage of air. Why a monocot leaf is called isobilateral leaf? Monocot leaf is called isobilateral leaf, because it has vertically, so both surfaces receive direct and equal amount of light. It has uniform structure on both upper and lower surfaces. How would you morphologically differentiate between dicot and monocot leaf? Dicot leaf has reticulate venation in leaf lamina and monocot leaf has parallel venation in leaf lamina, What is vein? The branch which arises from the midrib of leaf and present in the leaf lamina is called vein. It supplies water and food to its tissues. Practical Journal Botany Xil_ 77Qé6. Ans. Q7. Ans. PART-II Preparation of Root Tip Squashes Define Mitosis? Mitosis is a simple cell division in which the number of chromosomes. remins constant. It TeSults in the formation of two daughter cells. Why Mitosis is called equational cell division? Mitosis is called equational cell division because the chromosome number in the daughter cells remain constant. What type of cell divide by mitosis? The somatic cells divide by mitosis. What is Karyokinesis? The division of nucleus is called Karyokinesis. What is monad and diad? Monad is the chromosome which consists of single thread, Diad is the chromosome which consists of two threads, called chromatids. How many chromatids are present in a single chromosome at the stage of anaphase. In anaphase each chromosome consists of single chromatid Preparation of Slide of Meiosis by Squash Method Define Meiosis. Meiosis is the process of cell division in which chromosome number is reduced to half in daughter cells, so it is called reduction division, Why meiosis is called reduction cell division? Meiosis is called reduction cell division because the chromosome number is reduced in daughter cells. How many divisions of nucleus found in meiosis? In meiosis there are two divisions of nucleus. Which of cells are produced by meiosis? By meiosis haploid germ cells are produced by reduction division, What do you mean by chromosome? Chromosome is a fine thread like structure, produced in the nucleus from chromatin material during cell division. It transfers the hereditary characters into the daughter cells. What is polytene chromosome? Special type of chromosome which consists of number of chromatids or chromosomal strands Is called polytene chromosome Which part of plant is used for the study of meiosis in plants? Mostly anthers are used for the study of meiosis in plants. 78. Practical Journal Botany XIlQi. Ans. Q2, Ans. Qs. Ans. Q1. Ans Q2 Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4. Ans. Qs. Ans. a6. Ans. Qz. Ans. Qs. Ans. qi Ans. a2. Ans. RT-H1 To Investigate Water Contents of a Soil Sample What is water content? The soil absorbs rain wator according to Its nature and size of particles, It Is called water content, What Is the role of water in the soll? The water is noce sary for plant body, It /s absorbed by plant roots easily, Ifa soll contains high water, do it produce better crops? High water In a soll can not produce better crop, The water should be sufficiont but not in high amount. To Study a Plant Community by Quadrate Method What is quadrate? Quadrate is a small square, which is choosed randomly to study the community in the ecosystem, Why quadrates are used to study ecosystem? Quadrates indicate the number of species, thelr frequency, density and abundance, What is biotic component? The living organisms, plants and animals are the biotic components of ecosystem. What is donsity of specios? Density is the total number of species according to the total number of quadrates, What is frequency of species? Frequency is the total number of quadrates in which species occurred divided by total number of quadraes. What Is abundance? Abundance is the total number of individuals of a species in all quadrates divided by total number of quadrates in which species occurred What is importance of water holding capacity of a soil? Water holding capacity of a soil is important for plant, because roots can absorb water in sufficient amount. Which soil is more sulted to plants? Loam is more suited soil to plants because it is airy as well as it has sufficient water holding capacity. Study of Continuous / Discontinuous Variations The trait of height in follow which genetic inheritance? The trait of height in human being Is called polygenic inheritance. How will you come to know that certain trait is controlled by many genes? The trait which shows variations is controlled by many genes so it is polygenic inheritance, such as height Practical Journal Botany XI! 79Q3. Ans. aa Ans Qs. Ans. Q6. Ans. Q1. Ans. Q2 Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4. Ans Qs. Ans. a6. Ans. Qi. Ans. Q2. Ans. Q3. Ans. a4, Ans. Qs. Ans. Give example of human traits following polygenic inheritance? The example of human trait following polygenic inheritance Is height, etc. Define polygenic inheritance? The inheritance which is controlled by two or more separate genes is called polygenic inheritance Define tongue rolling trait? Tongue rolling trait is controlled by a single gene with dominant and recessive alleles. What is histogram? Histogram is like a graph which shows data about character of inheritance and also indicates ig variations. PART-IV Identification of Soil Samples Define soil texture? Rough estimate of proportion of particles of different sizes in the soil sample is called soil texture, What is the size of particles of clay? The size of particles of clay is below 0.002 mm. What is constitution of sandy loam? Loam is the mixture of sand, silt and clay. Sandy loam contains more Proportion of sand. Differentiate between loam and clay? Loam Is the mixture of sand, silk and clay. Its particles can be seen individually. Clay consists of fine particles. Dry soil form hard clods or lumps. Wet soil is flexible and plastic. Define constitution of clay loam? The loam which contains more proportion of clay is called clay loam. Dry soil is hard, moist soil forms ribbon. Which soil can hold more water contents the clay or sand? Clay soil can hold more water contents. Plant Movement What is geotropism? The tropic movement in plant in response to the stimulus of gravity is called geotropism What is phototropism? The movement of plant curvature in response to light stimulus is called phototropism. Which hormone is involved in growth of curvature? Auxin hormone is involved in growth of curvature. What is the function of plumule? The plumule develops into shoot system of plant. What is the function of radicle? The function of radicle is development of root system 80 Practical Journal Bolany XIIVirAua ZOOLOGY KIFAY. hahrah-e-Liaquat, Karachi. Ph: 02 ACAI TY cou ICATIONAL PUBI . coe |