Using of Sorbents in Oil Spill Cleanup: A Review

A Research Proposal to the

Senior High School Program
Davao Doctors College, Inc.
Gen. Malvar Street, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For General Chemistry 2
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Aquino, Alyssa
Bagundang, Hannah
Banlasan, Perlin
Jamero, Honey
Peter, Jovan
Pond, Christopher
Ruta, Joshua
Sansarona, Jaleyl
Engineers

February, 2022
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Almost all of our missteps have some impact on the planet's ecology and fauna.
While many human errors have a long-term influence on nature, only a handful have an
instantaneous and significant impact on the ecosystem, even killing thousands of species
at a time. When natural disasters such as wildfires and bombings destroy the marine
environment in a matter of minutes on land, it is occurrences such as oil spills that
endanger our seas and oceans in a short period of time.

The largest oil spill in history was not an unintentional occurrence. It was the
result of a fight. When Iraqi forces evacuated from Kuwait during the Gulf War in 1991,
they barricaded pipelines and oil well valves and lit fire to prevent American troops from
landing in the region. The fire began with the opening of the first well in January 1991
and lasted until the last well was capped in April of that year. As a result, about 240
million gallons of oil are believed to have been discharged into the Persian Gulf, killing
hundreds of fish and marine species.

In line with this, on August 11, 2006, the Petron Corporation-hired oil tanker M/T
Solar 1 sank off the coast of Guimaras, a Philippine island province, leaking more than
2.1 million liters (about 555,000 gallons) of bunker fuel. It is still remembered as the
worst oil leak in Philippine history. The oil that contaminated the water was not only
harmful to the environment, but also to the people and economy of Guimaras. Thirteen
years later, Guimaras has beautiful beaches with white sand, and the fishermen have
returned to collecting the wealth of the seas. The oil that contaminated the water was not
only devastating for the environment but also for the people and the economy of
Guimaras.
 The Guimaras oil disaster is the Philippines' second in the previous eight months.
In December 2005, a power ship went aground on the neighboring Antique shore, spilling
364,000 liters of bunker oil. This oil spill seriously contaminated 40 kilometers of
Antique's coastline and ruined more than 230 acres of virgin mangrove vegetation. The
rehabilitation expenditures are projected to reach $ 2 million, and clean-up activities have
not yet been finished. For several years, WWF has been promoting sustainable coastal
management in the Guimaras Strait area. WWF-Philippines assisted in the completion of
participatory coastal resource assessments covering a 54km coastline and 37,187ha of
municipal waters in the four towns of the Northern Guimaras Strait in 2004, as well as
the development of a program for the sustainable management of the Strait's blue crab
fishery.

In Davao City, as reported by Ciasico (2019) 10, 000 liters of blended oil were
spilled in Carmen, Davao del Norte, which was caused by a leak from Davao Packaging
Corporation’s (DAPACOR) fuel tank pipeline. The Ising and Taba rivers were heavily
affected by the incident, and the fishermen were alarmed because of the possibility that a
fish kill might occur. Also, more than 1,100 solid garbage was collected from the
operation; the oil also reached some of the plants and trees surrounding the affected
rivers. The rivers were cleaned up with the help of the local officials and citizens, the
Philippine Coast Guard used oil spill booms to contain the oil, and over thirty-four drums
of oil mixture were collected using the sole workforce. This not only proves how
environmentally taxing and harmful oil spills can be but also the lack of equipment the
Philippines has when it comes to responding to environmental disasters and issues.

Furthermore, research from Cozo (2014) surveying 1151 residents from Davao
City reveals that dabawenyos are aware and show a general concern for several
environmental issues. The survey showed that 92.09% of Dabawenyos are worried about
global warming, 88.87% are anxious about city flooding, 80.94% are concerned about
coastal degradation and loss of marine resources, and 76.78% are alarmed about the
pollution of rivers and water reservoirs. The factors which the citizens often address are
usually correlated with marine damage and garbage pollution, both problems which
coexist to damage each other frequently. The two issues both continually contribute to the
loss of marine life and resources from plastic garbages that suffocates, entangles, and gets
consumed by marine species causing them injury and death to marine life getting
damaged by oil spills which also affects the marine ecosystem because of the chemical it
induces that are poisonous to the animals. The researchers wanted to find a resolution that
addresses both plastic pollution and marine environmental damage by using plastic
sorbents to clean up oil spills with certain precautions. This can also pose more harm than
good if not appropriately controlled.

Statement of the Problem

The study’s purpose is to find the best material or method for cleaning oil
spills in marine environments.
Specifically, this study answers the following questions:

1. What are the background of the problem in terms of;

1.1. Global
1.2. National, and
1.3. Local?

2. What is the method in terms of;

2.1. Flow Chart
2.2. Materials Used
2.2. Process?

3. What is the hypothetical result in terms of;

3.1. Global
3.2. National, and
3.3. Local?

Significance of the Study

 The study aims to provide a necessary resolution of reducing oil spills by the
intermolecular interaction theory. The study will benefit the environment and its
ecosystem, which is the most vulnerable in this said problem of the oil spill. This study
will provide a series of processes and actions that will be conducted by the researchers to
ensure the efficacy of using alternative ways to reduce the production of the oil spill.

In recent years, the usage of synthetic sorbents in oil spill cleanup has expanded.
After a spill cleaning operation, these sorbents are frequently used to cleanse other oil
spill recovery equipment, such as skimmers and booms. Sorbent sheets or rolls are
frequently employed for this purpose.

The investigation of raw lignocellulosic sorbents' relevance for oil spill cleaning
is motivated by their availability, low cost, non-toxicity, reusability, and biodegradability.
Low hydrophobicity, poor oil sorption performance, and positive qualities are all
disadvantages of these materials. Modifying their qualities with specific agents can
improve them. As a result, numerous modification approaches for improving the
hydrophobicity of lignocellulosic materials have been evaluated in this work. Material
performance indicators, such as sorption capacity and reusability, were studied in-depth
due to application and testing circumstances. Based on the review findings, we can
conclude that lignocellulosic sorbents are among the best and most environmentally
friendly materials.

Rationale of the Study

There are research projects made for cleaning up oil spills, and there are many
methods that show how to clean them up. Some of the methods are using oil booms,
using skimmers, using sorbents, using dispersants, and more. These research projects and
methods helped us identify which type of method we will use to clean oil spills. Polymer
Sorbent is the method we choose to use to clean up oil spills because it is more
uncomplicated. Sorbents are insoluble compounds or mixes of materials used to recover
liquids by absorption, adsorption, or both mechanisms.
 One of the most common pollutants in the waters is oil. Every year, over 3 million
metric tons of oil pollute the waters. On the other hand, oil spills vary in severity and the
amount of damage they create. Variations in the oil type, the location of the spill, and
meteorological conditions all contribute to this. Furthermore, several chemical, physical,
and biological mechanisms influence the spread and behavior of spilled oil in the waters.

Oil spills are dangerous because they disrupt marine ecology and put the survival
of marine life at risk. Because oil extraction from marine resources has become a need,
and oil spills happen by accident, it is vital to use various oil spill cleanup techniques.
Regardless of these factors, oil spills are a serious problem since they can significantly
damage the environment. The spill's impacts are felt not just near the spill but also across
vast areas, wreaking havoc on shorelines and terrestrial creatures thousands of meters
away. Oil spills must be cleaned up as soon as possible to minimize environmental
damage.

Methods

In an oil spill, sorbent materials can be a valuable resource, allowing oil to be

retrieved in conditions when other approaches are ineffective. On the other hand,
Sorbents should be used in moderation to avoid secondary issues, such as the creation of
excessive waste, which can significantly increase the expenses of a solution.

Oil sorbents are organic, inorganic, and synthetic materials used to recover oil
rather than water. Their structure and configuration are based upon the material used and
their Intended application in the reaction.

While extensively utilized in spill response, sorbents should be prudenced to

minimize inappropriate and excessive use that can cause severe logistical issues
connected with secondary contamination, recovery, storage, and disposal. All of these
factors add considerably to the overall expenses of cleanup activities. Synthetic sorbent
material, in particular, should be used sparingly and with care to ensure that it is used to
its full ability to reduce future problems with trash disposal.

Sorbents are particularly successful during the last phases of shoreline cleanup
(Figure 1) and collecting tiny pools of oil that are difficult to recover using other cleanup
approaches. Sorbents are unsuitable for use in the open sea. They are often less successful
with viscous oils such as heavy fuel oil and oils that have aged and emulsified, even
though specific sorbents have been specially created for viscous oils.

Figure 1: Polypropylene sorbent boom used to collect oil released during fishing
operations.

A substance must attract oil preferentially to water and be oleophilic and

hydrophobic. Sorbent materials can function either via adsorption or, less typically,
through absorption. In adsorption, the oil is preferentially drawn to the surface of the
substance, whereas absorbents integrate the oil or other liquid to be recovered into the
body of the material. The bulk of materials available for oil spill response are adsorbents;
few are genuine absorbents.
Sorbent classification
Sorbents may originate from numerous sources, including natural, synthetic, and
hybrid. Generally, synthetic variants are more successful in collecting oil spills than
natural-based equivalents. Mainly, synthetic sorbents may obtain an oil-to-sorbent weight
ratio up to 40:1, which is 4 and 20 times greater than natural organic and inorganic
sorbents, respectively.

Even while synthetic materials beat natural-based sorbents in terms of oil

adsorptive capacity, the latter kinds nevertheless show to be a suitable option owing to
their natural abundance, broad availability, and reasonable pricing. Moreover, specific
natural-based sorbents may also be generated from industrial waste or by-products of
such activities. In general, the characteristics of the abovementioned sorbents can be
given in Table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics of various sorbent materials for oil spill recovery potential
(Anuzyte and Vaisis 2018; Okiel et al. 2011; Cho et al. 2014; Ali et al. 2012; Asadpour et
al. 2013; Braghiroli et al. 2018; Hoang et al. 2018c; Olga et al. 2014; Wolok et al. 2020)

Absorbents Advantages Disadvantages Percent of oil

recovery (%)

Inorganic Abundant sources •Seabed contamination and ≈ 70

sorbent eco-unfriendly
materials • High cost
• Poor Biodegradability
• Low capacity of oil
adsorption and difficulty in
oil recovery
• Low adsorption selectivity

Natural • Abundant sources • Low adsorption capacity ≥ 75

organic • Good • Limited recyclability
sorbent biodegradability • Poor hydrophobicity
materials • Low cost

Synthetic •High sorption • Poor biodegradability ≥ 90

organic capacity • High cost
materials • Good reusability • Less environmentally
friendly

To examine the performance of various sorbent materials, researchers will

frequently depend on the oil-to-material weight ratio as the significant indication in
determining the oil adsorptive capacity of a specific sorbent (Saravanan et al. 2021; Rathi
et al. 2021). Despite numerous laboratory procedures in acquiring these measures, the
controlled circumstances inherent in these studies might weaken the accuracy of such
findings. In practical settings, the combinations of numerous environmental elements,
such as wind, waves, currents, and other natural forces, significantly impact the sorbent.
Hence, the actual material performance in realistic situations may not be equivalent to
those previously recorded in laboratory settings.

Depending on their composition and purpose, four primary forms of sorbents are
now available in the market:
● loose adsorbent particles supplied in bulk
● mesh-covered pillows or booms
● continuous flat sorbents such as sheets, masts, cracks, or rolls
● loose fibers linked to create snares or sweeps

Besides these standard categories, different sorbent kinds may be built for a
particular purpose.
 Fig. 2 Classification of sorbents: a bulk sorbent (ITOPF Ltd 2012),
b industrial enclosed sorbent (ZOYET 2020), c continuous flat sorbent (ITOPF Ltd
2012), d loose fiber sorbent (Deyuan marine 2020)

Bulk Absorbents: are usually loose granules used to clean up minor oil stains on
land (ITOPF Ltd 2012). The main obstacle limiting the application of this particular type
of absorbent is the difficulty of collecting the oil absorbent material after use. Therefore,
bulk adsorbent application in marine environments (i.e., limited to shore spills) should
only be considered in exceptional circumstances. Bulk sorbents can generally include
organic, inorganic, and synthetic sorbents (Figure 2a).

Enclosed sorbents: are housed within an outer fabric, such as mesh or netting to
form booms or pillows. Enclosed sorbents can be directly applied to contaminated areas
and are more easily monitored and collected than loose bulk sorbents. They can come in
various shapes and sizes, with booms being the most popular products (ZOYET 2020).
Generally, enclosed sorbents are constructed using readily available organic or inorganic
materials. Synthetic materials such as polypropylene can sometimes be incorporated into
the sorbent composition (Fig. 2b).

Continuous sorbents: Besides enclosed loose sorbent booms, there is another

type of constant cylindrical booms, often categorized as continuous sorbents (ITOPF Ltd
2012). Compared to the flexible sorbent booms described previously, continuous flat
sorbents such as sheets, rolls, mats, pads, and webs have a higher surface-to-volume ratio
conducive to oil absorption deep inside the sorbent material (Fig. 2c). Among a wide
range of synthetic materials, woven, melt-blown polypropylene is often found as a
common source material for continuous sorbents used in treating oil spills. Other
materials such as polyurethane, nylon, and polyethylene are less popular alternatives.

Loose fiber sorbents: While bulk, enclosed, and continuous sorbent products are
adequate on a wide range of oils, they are less efficient in recovering more weathered and
high viscosity oils. Loose fiber sorbent is a more attractive and efficient option in dealing
with highly weathered and viscous oil. Loose fiber sorbents in bundles or hanks can be
directly applied over a large surface area and adhere to the oil layer itself. Strips of
polypropylene are first attached to form snares that look like “pom poms” (Fig. 2d)
(Deyuan Marine 2020). Next, these snares are tied to a long rope to construct oil sweeps
or “snare booms.” A continuous band of oil sweeps attached to a rope mop skimming
device can cover an oil section up to several meters in length. Table 2 summarizes the
characteristics of different sorbent materials used in treating oil spills.

Table 2 Characteristics of various sorbents

Sorbent types Advantages Disadvantages

Sorbent in bulk • Available in nature • Difficult to control and

• Low cost retrieve because of
spreading by the wind
• Difficult to pump
• Difficulties in the
 removal of absorbed oil
from sorbents

Loose fiber sorbent •Non-sensitive to the •Sensitive with

weather and the viscosity low-viscosity spilled oil
of spilled oil

Enclosed sorbent •Easy to use and retrieve • Low strength resulting in

• Large surface while using being rapidly
for an saturated and sunk
enclosed boom • Limited oil retention

Continuous sorbent Long-term storage •Sensitive with the weather

• Easy to use and retrieve and the viscosity
of spilled oil
• Difficult to decompose

A typical oil-spill cleaning and recovery method in which sorbents are utilized
with three key phases is represented in Fig. 3. These comprise
1. putting of sorbents covering the surface area where the oil spill locates,
2. collection of oil-saturated sorbents, and
3. extraction and removal of the soaked-up oil from the sorbents using mechanical
press or distillation.

Nevertheless, the procedure above is considered both labor and

resource-intensive. Successfully removing a typical oil spill generally takes a
considerable volume of sorbent over a long period. One option to overcome the resource
demand is to improve the material’s absorption capacity. An example of this material is
carbon aerogel which may expand up to 900 times its starting weight (Sun et al. 2013).
(Sun et al., 2013). However, technical breakthroughs in boosting the absorption capacity
have only been eclipsed by logistical restrictions. Transporting these huge and
cumbersome sorbent materials to spill locations typically provides technicians with a
challenging challenge.

Furthermore, the changing maritime environmental conditions are not always

friendly, compounding the already challenging position. Again, the higher absorption
capacity only solves one side of the issue, while the latter oil recovery procedure stays
very much the same. Thus, the oil-collecting methods used in sorbent–based devices
should be examined in depth to attain the ideal efficiency in oil spill recovery.

Fig. 3 The oil-spill cleanup and recycling of oil sorbents (Ge et al. 2016)

Storage, transport, and disposal of used sorbents

Upon recovery from off-shore spill locations and before ultimate disposal, the
processing and storage of oil-sorbent materials from onboard collection boats and
on-shore collection terminals are crucial steps in the cleaning operations. Oil leachate
may readily arise in onboard storage compartments from oil-saturated booms when piled
or crushed together. Hence, the boom storage area should be covered and continuously
monitored to avoid the possibility of oil seeping onto ship decks or gangways and
decrease the chance of recontamination. Furthermore, the management of oil-soaked
booms during the unloading of these goods should be carefully handled to prevent the
possibility of contamination onto quays and jetties. In most circumstances, a temporary
storage facility is essential for collecting oil-contaminated debris and items washed
ashore and gathered from the coastline before being conveyed to ultimate disposal sites.
Local storage capacity for collected oil-sorbent materials typically is not adequate to
satisfy the quantity of oil-sorbed materials recovered from large-scale cleaning activities.
The issue is further aggravated by the excessive sorbent materials that would require
extra storage facilities. Before final transit, it is ideal for as much oil to be removed from
the sorbent materials. The sorbents are then compressed to minimize the bulk size and
optimize logistic costs. The oil and water combination produced upon the sorbents being
squeezed should be collected and adequately kept at temporary facilities to avoid the
possible danger of leaching.

There are fewer disposal possibilities for spent sorbent materials than the
recovered oily fluid. The presence of sorbent material in the waste stream may restrict
some disposal procedures, such as feedstock in refineries. Theoretically speaking, the
reuse of some sorbents is viable following the extraction of the adsorbed oil. Several
techniques may be utilized to obtain the necessary effects, such as physical compression
using a mangle or wringer (e.g., rope mop skimmer systems), centrifugal force, and
solvent extraction. The reduction is the most practicable for some synthetic sorbents
among these approaches. Special attention to the number of sorb and compress cycles
should be considered, considering the sorbent materials' degradation while being exposed
to physical compression pressures. The reuse of sorbents has several acute effects,
including the contamination of recollected oil stream from sorbent particles removed
during compression, degradation of sorbent material and its adsorption ability, and the
quantity of the oil that can be cost-effectively extracted.
 Despite these obstacles, there are situations in which some sorbents increase their
absorptive ability following each reuse cycle, notably for very viscous oils.

Hypothetical Result

The Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska,
shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989, spilling more than 11 million gallons of crude
oil. The spill was the greatest in US history, putting local, national, and industry entities
to the test in terms of preparing for and responding to such a calamity. The cleanup
efforts after the incident were hindered by a number of variables. The enormity of the
fall, as well as its remote position (only accessible by helicopter or boat), complicated
government and industry operations and put current preparations to the test. The leak
presented hazards to the delicate food cycle that supports Prince William Sound's
commercial fishing sector. Ten million migratory shorebirds and ducks, hundreds of sea
otters, dozens of other species, including harbor porpoises and sea lions, as well as many
whales, were also in jeopardy.

Since the event happened in open navigable waters, the U.S. Coast Guard's On-Scene
Coordinator has authority for all activities connected to the cleanup effort. His first move
was to immediately close the Port of Valdez to all traffic. A U.S. Coast Guard USCG
investigator and a representative from the Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation visited the scene of the incident to assess the damage. The Alaska Regional
Response Team was teleconferenced together around noon on Friday, March 25, and the
National Response Team was launched shortly after. Following the area's preparedness
planning, Alyeska, the group representing seven oil companies working in Valdez,
including Exxon, took over responsibility for the cleanup. Shortly after the spill was
reported, Alyeska established an emergency communications center in Valdez and a
second operations center in Anchorage, Alaska.

Early on within the cleanup, efforts to conserve sensitive locations were made.
Sensitive environments were identified, defined in line with the degree of cleanup, then
ranked for his or her priority for cleanup. Seal pupping sites and fish hatcheries got top
priority, and specific cleaning techniques were permitted for these regions. Wildlife
rescue was delayed, despite the identification of vulnerable regions and also the early
start-up of coastal cleaning. Adequate resources for this endeavor failed to reach the
accident scene quickly enough. Many birds and mammals died as a result of direct oil
contact or an absence of food options.

Following the Exxon Valdez disaster, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of
1990, requiring the Coast Guard to tighten its rules on oil tank boats, likewise as their
owners and operators. Today, tank hulls give stronger protection against leaks originating
from an identical disaster, and communications between vessel captains and vessel traffic
centers have improved to safer sailing.

In addition, on August 11, 2006, the Petron Corporation-hired cargo ship M/T
Solar 1 sank off the coast of Guimaras, a Philippine island province, spilling quite 2.1
million liters (about 555,000 gallons) of bunker fuel. The worst oil spill in Philippine
history continues to be remembered. The oil that tainted the water wreaked havoc on the
environment, the people, and the Guimaras economy. "I was surprised to see dead fish
floating in the water, and then there was oil all over the place," Jean Gajo, a local
fisherman who also works as a tour guide, said, pointing to the beach and clear blue
waters. However, the island and sea had been painted black following the spill.
According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the
disaster devastated 1,500 hectares (more than 3,700 acres) of the local ecosystem
consisting of mangroves, seagrass, and coral reefs.

NOAA's complete approach to oil spill techniques includes booming, skimming,

barriers/berms, physical herding, manual oil removal/cleaning, mechanical oil removal,
sorbents, vacuum, debris removal, sediment reworking/tilling, and in situ burning, among
other operations. However, the responses depend mostly on many aspects, such as the
volume of oil involved, the kind and grade of oil, the circumstances prevalent in the
region, and where the incident happened. The remedies need to be science-based to
reduce the probable negative repercussions, such soil erosion and environmental
pollution. The residents promptly sought to contain the oil following the leak. The
tragedy gave birth to Bayanihan, a Filipino philosophy of supporting one another. The
Philippine Coast Guards (PCG), Petron Corporation, and international help worked
together to clean up the leak at sea, mostly utilizing oil spill dispersants (OSDs).
According to the Oil Spill Prevention Response, OSDs act as a cleaner, removing oil
from the water's surface and breaking it down into smaller particles that biodegrade more
quickly and easily. Sonsub, an Italian oil and gas company, was contracted by the
company that had insured the Solar 1 and used a ship designed for oil spill recovery to
recover the remaining oil from the sunken vessel that lay 640 meters (2,100 feet)
underwater. (2019, Murga)

Subsequently, Sapsal (2017) researched Ananas Comosus (cayenne pineapple)

leaf fiber as a sorbent material for cleaning oil spills. He used leaf fibers to promote using
organic bio-sorbents for cleaning oil spills, stating that there are negative impacts to using
synthetic polymers as sorbents. It is proven to be harmful because of improper disposal.
The results showed that the leaf fiber was only reliable on water sorption and mechanical
strength, but in terms of oil sorption, the leaf fiber did not show much potential and
effectiveness for cleaning oil spills. He concluded that using Ananas Comosus (cayenne
pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative organic bio-sorbent cannot be justified. The main
concern of Sapsal for using leaf fiber as an organic sorbent material was because of the
damage synthetic materials pose; however, with the proposal of the researchers to use
polymer as a sorbent material, they also plan to approach the problem with precautionary
methods when recollecting and disposing of the polymer sorbents to minimize the risks
polymer could impose.
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