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3-Limits and Continuity (Vikas Rahi Concepts of Function and Calculus)

(vikas rahi concepts of function and calculus) chapter 3

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Sarthak Jain
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3-Limits and Continuity (Vikas Rahi Concepts of Function and Calculus)

(vikas rahi concepts of function and calculus) chapter 3

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Sarthak Jain
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Chapter Limits and Continuity To understand it let us consider two funetions y,=x +1 and Y: = Forx=1;y,=2 but ¥ = 0/0 (meaningless) Ifx#1, 2 = +1 x-l See the graph of y, and compare it with the graph of y,. You will see a blank dot in the graph of y, because snot defined at x =I. Hence, if some one asks what is the position of blank dot in the graph of y,, what will >> your answer? (Here, the term position is used at the place of co-ordinates). Obviously, we can’t say about its y, co-ordinates because we already have stated that y, is meaningless =1. Thus to say about ‘y’ value of blank dot we take other points on the curve in it’s vicinity. We can take >oints on the curve situated either on the left hand or right hand side of x=1. See fig (iii) Fig. (i) Fig. (ii) 13.2 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus ‘The abscissae of points on the curve in the neighbourhood of blank dot are not exactly equal to I rather approximately 1 or we can write itas sel ie. x1 rathera=1-6 for left hand point and x=1+6 for right hand point. This ‘8's infinitesimal, or very small, or almost zero. Hence, for =145 we write.x 1 and read it as “x tends to 1” Correspondingly, (1-8) = L,, (1 +8) = L, (See graphs) and L,, L, are in the vicinity of Lon the y—axis. Let |L=L,| or|L —L,| is equal to *e" whichever is greater. Now make up your mind and think in obvious way that if 5—> 0; L,—> L from left and L, approaches L from right. Therefore, we say that limit x—> 1 exists and is equal to L which is ‘2" in this case. 3.1.1__¢—8 definition of limit ‘A number ‘L’ is called the limit of a function f(x) asx > a, L=lim f(x), if for any €>0 there exists number 80 such that forall x satisfying 0 0. Ifit is added to some number ‘a’, the result is (a + h); a number to the right hand of ‘a’ and for h > 0, fla + h) is said to be right hand limit of f(x). If ‘h’ is subtracted from ‘a’, the result is (a ~ h); @ number in the left hand of ‘a’ and for h—> 0, f(a —h) is said to be the left hand limit of f(a). LHL (left hand limit) at ‘a’ can also be represented by f(a ~ 0) or f(a ~) and RHL (right hand limit) at ‘a’ by fla + 0) or fla +) Limits and Continuity, Note 1. Iff(x) approaches the limit L, as.x approaches a certain niumber ‘a’ from the left (i.e. x takes values less than ‘a’), we write im, /(x)=L, and call L, the limit on the left at the point ‘a’ of the function, Ifx admits only values greater than ‘a’, we write lim, f(x) =, and call L, the limit on the right at the point ‘a’ of the function. It can be proved that if the limit on the right (RHL) and limit on the left (LHL) exist and are equal i.e. L, = L, = L then L will be the limit at the point. And conversely if there exists limit L of a function at the point ‘a’, then both LHL & RHL exist and are equal. It must be noted that existence of LHL & RHL separately means, LHL & RHL have finite and definite value. 2. Fora funetion f(x) to have limit as.x—>a, itis not necessary that fla) is "A defined, n finding the limit, we consider the values of the function in the neighbourhood of ‘a’ ie. a+h & ah, which are different from ‘a’. We can observe the existence of limit of f(x) at the point x = a directly from the graph without actually calculating LHL & RHL. When there is vertical separation at x =a in the graph lim f(x) does not exist, (See graph shown on right side) Let a function y = f(x) be defined at x = a and in its neighbourhood. Also, (a). If some positive or negative increment (it is immaterial which kind of increment) Avis givento. and itassumes the value.x=a*+ Ax; then the function Il receive an increment Ay. The new increased value is then given by + Ay=fla+Aw). Therefore, the increment of te function Ay will be expressed Ay=fla + Ax) - fla) () +1 ___+» A function y = f(@) is called continuous at x = a if it is defined at x = aand in the vicinity of ‘a’ and if ‘Therefore, we can write jim f(a+Ax)- f(a)=0 (2) ie. lim f(a+ Ax) = f(a) --G) or limf(x)=S(@) If given increment is positive i.e. Av= +h >0 then lim f(a+h) = f(a) but if the increment is negative ie. Av = -h then lim f(a—h)= f(a). Hence, the sufficient condition for the continuity of f(x) is lim Flat h)= f(a) = lim f(a-h), 13.4 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus ‘When we observe the graph of a continuous function we find the fact that the numerical difference of the ordinates of the function y= (x) at x= a and x = a*+Ax will be arbitrarily small, provided |Acx| is small enough. We can also say that while drawing a graph when the pen leaves contact with the paper the functi becomes discontinuous at the point where contact is left. 3.2.1__ Graphical View Fig) LHL > L, RHL L, LHL # RHL, ~~. lim f(x) does not exist. It does not matter whether f(a) is defined or not. Also, f(x) is discontinuous atx =a. Fig(i) LHL > L;RHL > L --lim f(x) exists but f(a) is not defined and hence f(x) is not continuous atx=a, Fig. (ii) Fig. (iii) Fig(lii) LHL = RHL = L; f(a) is also defined but f(a) # L. So, again limit of f(x) exists at x = a but it is discontinuous at x= a. Fig(iv) LHL = RHL = L; f(a) is also defined and is equal to L. Hence, limit of S(&) exists atx = a. Also, f(x) is continuous at x = a. From the above graphs, following facts come into picture that (i) If a function say y= f(x) is continuous at some point x = a, the limit of the function also exists at x= Gi) If lim f() exists, f(x) may or may not be continuous (iii) Iff(x) is discontinuous atx = a, lim (x) may or may not exist. (iv) If lim f(%) doesnot exist, the function is also not continuous at x= a. 3.2.2__ Continuity at End Point Let a function y = f(x) is defined on [a, b]. The function f(x) is said to be continuous at the left end. x = a if Ala) = tim f(a+h) = RAL. Also, f(x) is said to be continuous at the right end x= b if /(b) = lim f(b—h) = LHL. Limits and Continuity 13.5 3.2.3__Kinds of discontinuity Let the point x = a be the limit point in the domain of definition of y = fx). Discontinuity of Ist kind: In this kind of discontinuity, the RHL and LHL of the function y = f(x) are existent (ie. are finite and definite) at x = a and if (i lim f(a—h) = lim f(a+h) # fla) then f(x) is said to have first kind removable discontinuity. This kind of discontinuity can be removed by putting f(a) = lim f(x) . (ii) lim f(@—h) = lim f(a+h) then f(x) is said to have first kind non-removable discontinuity. The value lim f(a +h) — lim f(a—h) is called jump discontinuity of f(x) atx = a. Discontinuity of 2nd kind: If at least one of lim f(a+h) and lim f(a~h) is non-existent or infinite then (x) is said to have discontinuity of 2nd kind at.x =a. Theorem(1): The limit of an algebraic sum of two, three or in general any finite number of functions is equal to the algebraic sum of the limits of these functions. ie. lim(, + f+... +f) = limg, + hig, +... + tims, Theorem(2): The limit of a product of two, three or in general any finite number of functions is equal to the product of limits of these functions. im, ft ese... f) = litm fi im f+... lim f, ‘A constant factor may be taken outside the limit sign. ice. Him{kf(a)}= kelim 7a)} Theorem(3): The limit of the ratio of two functions is equal to the ratio of the limits of these functions, provided the limit of the denominator is not zero. f_limy lim =——> where lim g # 0. g limg Theorem(1) If the functions f(x) and g(x) are continuous at a point x =a then the sum = f(x) + g(x) is also continuous at point x POG Since fx) and g(x) are continuous at a point x= a, we ean write im s)= f(a) and lime) = g@) Now limg(x) = lim {f(2)+ 2} lim f(x) + lim g(x) (using theorems on limit) S(a)+ g(a) = $a) Thus, the function $(x) = fix) + g(x) is continuous. Similarly, we can prove the following theorems: Theorem(2) The product of two continuous functions is a continuous function. y. 4 13.6 Concepts of Functions & Calculus Theorem(3) The ratio of two continuous functions is a continuous function, “provided denominator does not vanish at the point under consideration. Theorem(4) If u=g(x) is continuous atx= a and /(u) is continuous at the point u, ‘composite function f{g(x)} is continuous at the point x = a. ‘Now according to our plan, first of all we shall lear the evaluation of limits of different forms and then ence of limit and continuity. ‘There are seven indeterminate or meaningless forms, which are: 0 wo 0% @ > (iii) ~- (ivy 0.0 wo 0 wy & (vii) F We shall distribute the problems of evaluation of limits in the following manner. (D Algebraic limits Limits of algebraic forms are further sub-classified as: 0 ()@ form, which are based on (a) Factorisation method (b) Rationalisation method ‘i (c) Standard formula ina , lim) Z| = nae! mis a rational number. (ii) type o @ % type (b) © type (11) Trigonometric Limits (UD Logarithmic Limits (IV) Exponential Lis (i) Based om Series Expansion (ii) Based on definition of *e* (V) Miscellaneous Forms Let us follow the above plan (D Algebraic limits Sk @ @ form (a) Factorisation method In this method, numerators and denominators are factorised. The commo factors are cancelled and the rest outputs the result. ____Limits and Continuity | 13.7 Sol. ‘The given limit = lim =n Gx ral2x-5 2x1-5 fim? =x Woe tle st val Sol. 2° -)-(? =k The given limit = tim D= (a = log = fim @ LVEF Y= G= e+ Doge sl (DOr) = fim DEE eH“ D lose] rol (x-D@+D +1+1-(1+Dlog!] _ 3-0 _3 (+) 2 2 (b) Rationalisation Method | Rationalisation method is followed when we have fractional powers (like it 22: cic) on expressions in numerator or denominator or in both. After rationalisation, the terms are factorised, which on cancellation gives the result. veth—Vx os hoo h eth—Vx iim ——— soi jim. —, = im Veta, a Ve Vexh+vx ho ethede lim “Gig z IS0i(derhevs) | We wp in VEEP IB Jaws ams Note: The N‘ and D’ both have to be rationalised. (0) The given limit Concepts of Functions & Calculus tim SERENE Mpa s Jp=x, Vare+ Jax tM gre Wace pest dpon Natt yqnx im P+) -(p—h, Nae Vax gag} pte typ-x wa (©) Based on standard formula x Proot Letx=a+h;Asx > ah—0 timeto'-2" em (ath)=a ee Diy +. }s] ) +terms of higher powers of | 4] (Using Binomial theorem) =i me h =na! Explanation: Before applying the above formula, the care should be taken that in the denominator the factor should definitely be (x ~ a) asx > a. And in the numerator, the power of x & a both should be same, See the examples below. In this case, above formula can’t be applied because in the numerator powers of x & 2 are different, | f(s) 27 (=) “ie his limit belongs to the above formula, what are the terms in the blank spaces? 7 Also, find the limit after filling the blank. Sol. Clearly, the term in the numerator should be 4" i.e. 8 and in the denominator also, term should be 8 to create the factor (x— 4), Now the limit is 5 Limits and Continuity 13.9 Ve -1)+(ve—1)+(x%4-1 (6) (9 (PI) = limjA—— +. st) Ga) GD GD [Grex Le teed tyres Ml Le = {24% tx edxayt tat = 2 {xo tye) +r) ng = @0=3) -2 fim SOD =2 mes Soll Let 10-x=y Asx>2,y>8 3 _ gl v3 _ gis yogi ya! 1 it = I lim - a + The given limit = lim > — > = lim 2 a li x"! -(p+l)x+ p ft) ere is x"! —(p+i)x+p St (x=)? G- Dividing N’ and D* by (x —1), we get the limit (= * ~P tim G2) = af tin EAE SESE oy, ion of p terms of G.P. in GD lim ea ising summation of p terms of G.P.) tim CD HCE =1)+ (8 I teen te" =I) al co) Ray (oi re imal), 1) 1) 4 (x"-1) (=D (x1) (x=D) GD a142+3 +--+ p= Met) timex i= 2x xx Hence, required limi * This problem can also be solved by using binomial expansion. " (n=l) > Lea)" =1ena gy, ‘ z ‘We may take (1+a)" =1+nc; if least power of a in denominator is 1. nal) 2 Similarly, (I+@)’ ~1+ne+ ‘2° , if least power of 0. in denominator is 2; for @ > 0 “Limits and Continuity.) 13.1 And eae 2yV3_ gayi tim Wits? - Vim 2e (tay! 1-28) 2 x30 x(x) I + 33) 1a x (tx 2 (ii) Algebraic function of «0 type : ~ 1 (a) = form: First of all we should know the limiting values of ~, a*(a>0) as x ~> &. 1 See the graphs of these functions. You will see in the graph of — that the curve 00. This is because lim —>0 andit's A finite no. k true for any function like f(x) = i Now see the graph of a when @>1. Tl ‘graph appears to touch x-axis in the negative side of x-axis and there after it increases rapidly. That is because lim a" ->0, Again you'll also find the result lim a’ > co. In fact we have the following results: © ifa>t lima’ =41 ifa=1 Of 0sa0, q>0. ISSIR We have to consider three cases as it is not given whether p> 9, p= or p q; p—qr0 > x” 4%, asx > 1 Hence Lapproaches ox 22240), appr (d+0+0) Case(II) Hp=qL=< [putting (p — q) =0 in A] | Case(II1) If p 2 Hence Lx0x 24049 _, 5 (d+0+0) = Limits and Continuity | 13.13 wet lo niterms Find L im be by +by +... if [x|<1. ist oto nterms PIL & Dt } a=») ) b=x) Sol. RRTG Evaluate Jim 5 x6 vvex _ ye (I+%) x+6 x(1% Sol. (i) when > +905 b Hence, the given limit = lim (ii) when ¥ >; fy Hence, the given limit = lim Find the li it from the two sides of L= Jim tim (X)" Sol, |) When k approaches 1 from left side i.e. when k= I~ h, it is in between 0 & | and we know that any number lying between 0 & | when raised to power 00, becomes zero. 2 L= lim lim (k)' =0 when k— 1 +h, kis greater than 1 and any number greater than 1 when raised to power co, becomes 00. 2. L=lim lim (k)' =0 In this problem, one must note that ‘n” & *#” are independent of each other. fig 2 ea saa OD a Sol. Letussolve lim — meal , (say). (i), When O1; lim a’ 0 1.3.14 Concepts of Functions & Calculus ® Thus the limit attains the — pattern, a Now let Jim. L, (say) ae For better understanding assume x ASx PO; —yP—Pie yrO @-l_ | ia’ Thus L,= lim 2 eg ee lta 1 i "SOW since lim | , ef 00 be J 2. The limit is of (2) form and hence (2) Such problems are simplified (generally rationalised) first, thereafter they generally acquire (= ) patter, lin(o—vor +n) (n+ Vn? mn) tile") eS) its and Continuity ESI in. «(JP FF-x) pg Et) sh am. ina * Tete ye« 5 Beye Here we have to consider two cases (i) When x + 00; [x] = then the seen Sit Boe (ii) When x» ~205 fx|= — x then we have lim tim (de +Vs'si-x/2) te +1 tay? Sol. tim «(vr +Vx"41- -xi)x ee (eG) Vere) (e+e) aaa “Efe aaien) (ester) (itis rationalised again) 1 wAerien) (rie) 13.15 13.16 Concepts of Functions & Calculus ‘When x 20 we have Rest solve yourself. “EXE Evaluate the following limits: | 2 7 L tm ( + uw | on page a ae tim 2= HED a OP ax=3 5, lim24 = —4 6. rr as lin FO GO Where Goo) =-V25 =. ae : Var 2x -V3x + ‘Sie Pi : BN Bere= Ba+x 2x "eV fx-p— Jp Ue+detve-3 10. eae i et 12 13, fim tot iy 4 45, lim {(I-+1/3)" -1}x 16. 17. xP -(p4 18. lim + Ds+ P ‘p’ is a positive integer. 19, 20. 21. etl 22. te Palin a1 . gyi 24, (tebe tomems) 25, jim? 4 + . (sede. ton tems} (n+ 2) (n+l)! li a me (n+2)H(nt 1)! prt gh! jin ao ai limYx(Vx+a-vx+8) 33, lim y(x+ay(x+b)—x 29, 26. 30. 32, 34, Limits and Continuity | 13.17 c+ 2h +t lim a isa +ve integer. Tim EDIE + (4 2)? tnt (4 100)” = x" +(x+100)° a limS mediaa lim (VF +1 -Ve*=1) 3(a>0) 35, tim (Va + ba -a') sant 36. tims (Va Jets -x Saswers 3 4 1-4 2. P 2 1 Sean 4. 8. -1 6. = 8 . He 9. ip 10. 25 = 2. i 36 1. 13. n 14, 15. 0 16. 17. p 18. 2 1 ats 2. -3 2 1 2 Ge 2 2 1 a 24> 3.5 ; 13.18 25. 27. 29, 31. 33. 35. Concepts of Functions & Calculus Kk+D, 1 28. 50 1 i 30. Lifa>t;0ifa=1&-1if 0 co 34. 0 (ID) Trigonometrical Limits We use following formulae under this class on Sin : @ Lin = (ii) limeos@=1 ; (iii) tim 2 Gv) lim =1 tin tS @ tim wrest The formula (ii) is very clear. As 9-> 0 ; cos > cos0=1 ise. 084 approaches 1. . sin® ‘Now let us prove (i) ae Let us consider a circle of radius = I (see figure) denoted ZPOB by o(o<0<%). From figure it is clear that Area of 4 POA < Area of sector POA < Area of ACOA => $x Odx PR < $x 0Ax @P <3 x0dx AC > fxlxsind < pxixo < pxixtand => sind<0 0 we have tim1 > tim 222 > timeos Jim! > limo > oe sind = > tim >I sind We have proved the formula when 0>0. But itis true also for 8<0. Let © = ~ 4, sin(-9) = imine Hence, Jim; Ca) a tan Now proof of (iii) lim: gis very easy. tan@ |. sin lim, oli LHS = Ig cos ite txt oy, e0 9 — cosO 1 Now see the evaluation of trigonometric limits Evaluate the following limits ay. . i 6) imsin (i) tim-sinn Gi) ignsin tiv). timasin+ a si Sole!) i) lim~sinxe= lim" =1 from formula Gi) But lim+sinn #1, ao 1 Many times we have seen that students write lim-sin = 1 and give logic that they have sind used the formula lim=2= = 1. But, it must be noted that while applying the formula, the angle of ‘sine’ must be approaching zero, A finite no, between -1& +1 Hence, the actual solution of the limit fim =>" = reo Concepts of Functions & Calculus sio(*) Gi) limnsin= = tim 24 ee ( n is (4) andas ne «(4)-90 n n The required limit = 1. iv) Ans is 0. Itis in the accordance of (ii). In fact problems (i) & (iii) are identical and problems Here angle of *si (ii) & Gv) are identical, Students may check the truth by putting x =+ and giving log that ” x70 as noo. lim2~* sin(2") mg ot Sail) 2° = 5. We know that when x—> 9 ; 2" > 0 ©. The given limit = 0 * (A finite no. between —1 & +1)=0. d lime™ oy BEM neso(Z) Sol) When x>~; e' +0 d_ Finite wld) ot eo repens lim. (: But the angle of ‘sine’ = xd =1xd=d é lim sin(x—a) Ls. ara S010 Here, the angle of ‘sine’ is (x-a) and x—> a when the term.x—a—> 0. Now is there any doubt that the value of the limit is 1? if S0D= xtc Sol tim f(x) = tim 13.21 Limits and Continuity sana tn 3 FET tune tin EE Fvstute tig Sol. lim. = limsinaxx. sO tan Bx <0 tan Bx LESH Evaluate Sol lim"? = ina LT * 2(x/2) tim Si0(x=#/8) jim OD 8 (YB/2—cosx) gsmm tn, fH) vv (V3/2—cos x) 2sin( 22/6 | } cal af In an examination, a student solved it as below: Sol. im inert»), sine“ W) yy ee be i in(x + y) But he solved it ita wrong way as lim" +1 oxey sin(x +9) = im BOY) ary 13.22 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus 802) 1 =. | sin zy, 2y 2y sin” y - ob” a & (SOi Let sin'y = 0. Because y—> 0 therefore, @ =sin“'y > 0 and y= sin® tim—2— = tim gin’ ~ Oh sin ae z sin! The limit = lim tan“ Similarly ,we can prove lim . These results can be used frequently as formula, Zz fae! ey in 20 dtsin | x . xsina—asinx lim Zeman Te 7a ener 1, x8ina-asinx ._ xsina—asina+asina—asinx ee lima ce =a xa)sina~a(sinx~sina jim (X= Osina~at ) i =a sinx—-sina = limsina-ax. oe x-a xta = sina~axlim2cos| sina - a cosa. MME Letx-cth, whens > ah 0 xsin. then lim, en x-@ tim @rH)sina—asin(ath) _ a) Th — sina~sin(ath lim ax: a) sina h sn(-4) = lim ax2cos{ a+4|—S24 + sina hoe aa and Continuity | 13.23 = sina 2alimeos(a+ nse) sina + acosa*(-1 (a+hy sin(a+h)—a" sina Be, (@ +2ah+1?)sin(a +h) a? sina sina ~ a cosa. Sol. The given limit = lim. h : in(a+h)—sina} ae ~ = in| eer “a i h . Lime’ 2eos(a+) 4) «(2a Wsinta + 2 1 4) = Lina corfu, a(S Jet %) 2 1 2 = 2a cosax5+2asina = a? cosa+2asina, (2a+h)sin(a+h) Find lim 270 ind os 12 sinx fim Iain v6 1—V2 sin x a tn iz) 1 Pm cos) 5 A sinx Ge) = lin (2) 1 Meteo 2 (sin—sinx) 4 x x 1 = lim sincos.x—cos~sin x |-———. sorteosx\ 4 4 a sin —sin 4 S 2sin sin 7x f = lim a = lim, smh eos. = 9518 COS x z sin -sinx =tx sin(a—-a) ate 2° Student may also solve by putting a= + hora=7 ~h. lim sin (252) (2) 2a Sol tim sin 2 cee Sint Another Method: Let y — a=h. Hence, h > 0 because, y —> a Th limit = lim sin *beun aa ) ctan | = ti sin( 2 tan = (144) ti in( ptn( ZZ HN Pea) = et ND 2" 2a =H) = (2 i a an eos 2x 1+ 00s. x/e0s 2x 1-cos* xcos 2x = lim I+cosxVeos2x "7? x*(1+cos.xveos2x) a 1~cos? x(1=2sin’ x) om (1-cos? x)+2cos? xsin? x 8 8 (I+c0sxvoos2x) 7? 2°(1+c0s:xveos2x) 42x13 x A I+ixvi 2 sin = lim; ee eos 08x) nna 32 ea x xe FERED in =| 1-c0s— cos + cos cos ey 2 ges i = lim 22] 1c08( 2] -cos( 2 Solo) The given limit = lim “F| j1~c0s| 5 ]p—eos| ie rou xf 4 a} e so( | a«(F)/ = lim32x4x) — SE ke] = Bendel = = |x ¥ ys 4 8 lim cos" x LEED Evatuate £02) =lim © if cos’ x>1 (not possible) lim (cos? x)" =4 1 if cos*x = 0 if O cos(n 2x) ieiflnax=kakel icf x rational number irrational number ‘Now if x is irrational then [2 oo |aexea # kr = cos(|n-m-x) #41 2 0Sc0s" (|n zx) <1 => f(x)=0 Another way to understand when x is rational Let x = p/q where p, q are integers lim atx) = lim (1-2-3 -sodgunant) 2 = (Even Integer) mo me q Thus, cos” (| 2x) = (Beencise Ss , its: aan Evaluate the following li fe ee 2, lim(—z)tan 2 0 3sin | x—2x sl =si sin(x-74 3 tim itazsina y tim (2-74) bey HD. 2e0sx (=) sin{ © 5, limtan( 24 )tan 22 6 lim —2 ye 2 non b tan get a a tim L2—vie eos 64 x xx 9, lim cos + cos~-cos 0 sine) a rn, im 12028=2xtan.x : “x90 (I-08 2x)? 12, lima’ sin 2;(a>0) 13, tim 244) cosla+h)—a" cosa a a ne h Limits and Continuity | 1.3.27 17. 18. i: rt (1 tanx/2)(@ 2x) A i lent sn . where n is non-zero real number, then find the value of a. Luswers 2 s 13 2 = = 34 4,—e 2 Ptah: ee pea? z é 7. 8. _ e a2 9. 14 10. 3/4 We 12 12, bifa> 1; sind ifa=1 & 0if0 a;y > @ log{l+ 16(1+7} 1 4s discussed above. 0; when x 400 tim 080+) oh Hence, the given Find lim {tea syne 2 We have log +x)—x4 2 UE CO veto 0 =0 n n+l log +.x)—x+ => lim 3 “ ¥ — CD" + terms containing higher power of x = limx™ + aT Es} ¥ t — cp _ ey ~ onel ontl” tim lo8u(l +P) a ‘e’. Hence, before expansion first of all we have to change base, ee, the base of the “log” is not log, (1+) logyo(t+ A) = 8+) B+ 0 *. The given limit = lim 18 Nd tog ie. Why? nee ‘0 log.10. A Tog, 10 Boe. Why? log(l-+ kx) tig Sol.) The given li If we assume kx = h; h > O when x > 0 log(l + kx) i Jim 080+) 5 ra and hence lim = tm 280? = 1xk=k. ie lgies = loga : Tog(a+h)—I S61)" The limit = lim Pete O) toe 1.3.30 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus Find lim x{In(x+a)—Inx} (SOI The timit = tin ={in( = } a x (142) +4) aa x J xa = Ixa a eal () Is it clear? If not, see solved problem (6). xt E+ +x"=n a) nen. im a logx a Ii xt ert . a ee logx [Here, we have 1 terms of x so that each term can receive 1 from 71] tim D+ =1)+( 1) + +(x*=1) xl logx Dividing N‘ & D' by (x —1) we get 24) (pe (1) (=1) =I), meslim==t zal x=] ead eat dogx (5) 142434....4n _ n(ntl) “EXAMPLES (IV) Exponential Limi i) Based on Series Expansion 2 7 2 oe Based on series expansion €* =14x+27+57 -.t00, ae The simplest limit based on the above series is to evaluate lim —— ee ty x xe : {ue # wo) 2! 3! lim S$ = ___2 1 4 940404---to00=1 Limits and Continuity | 13.31 _ The general structure of this type of problem is tin tim You can also show that lim — thee y Sol. The given limit = lim . ey {1 stoga Clone s wox)-t = lim, =o = im: ese 4 T1084. terms of higher powers of ) ae ties 2 loa te] ome] or, = lim xloga any tl xloga 1x loga = loga (Remember this result) We can assume x loga=h and asx => 0;h > 0 [..See Example 1] [See Example (3)] lim: eg oe Sol. | Letx=a +h, sothatasx > ah > 0 e The given limit = lim——- 13.32 Concepts of Functions & Calculus wig OVO gl) tims(e"*-1) (Sot) tinx(e*-1) = (Where + and h — 0; because x 22 2) 3! able to frame a number of problems in the other category. As for example. ie lim a ‘Once again consider the expansion €* = 1 ++ -- 0.9 Using this expansion we (Discussed earlier) Limits and Continuity “| 1.3.33 Let us see another group of exponential series based problems. @ tim so tanx— x sot (i) lim= so tan. x— x een or omy = lim rol emia re ot tanx—x re “ew tanx—x - Explanation: One can imagine tanx — x=. ‘Asx > 0;tanx —> and hence h=tanx ~ x > Oie.x > 0 een i ('-1) © lim . -. lim is equivalent to lim tim 2 = Gi) anx—x @'(a™"-1) [enone =] tim: = li 7 x +—_———= x k =1x1lx loga= Ne tengca 7 SR * Gana=sloga “P87 = Llosa loge [We can imagine here (tanx~ x) = /. Use above explanation.) Since limit is finite, a — => b=a=2 (IV) Exponential Limits—(ii) Based on definition of ‘e’: 1Y The function ( + 4) approaches the limit ‘e” as x approaches 2. ie. lim (1-4) = a ta eT 13.34 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus ‘Students should note the following facts about this type of limit. Firstly, the second term within the approaches zero. Here, 2nd factor is (1/x), which tends to zero. Secondly, power on the bracket is the reciprocal of the second factor and hence tends to infinit lastly, the above category of limit is of 1 pattern. @ eal) logL= lim xiog,(1+4) eo x In the similar fashion, we can easily prove that im(1-5) -e=; e The same may also be written as below Jim (1+ 4)’ = @; lim (1- mo ho Also, lim (14h) % 0 ; | | and Now see the following limits — 0 a(t nim edJ ot) mete @ me bet bd ils) ee o Pnab “ye @) lim (1-4) = lim (ey = lim [e-3}] =e, ~e eo |e i ® Limits and Continuity | 13.35 @) Him (1+ sin x) = fim (1+ sin x)e Note: Problems of the form lim [f(x)]“ where lim f(x) = 1 and lim (x)= 00 may be solved by the use of the following transformation: lim [feo] = tim [1+{4@)-HT yeexif Fexd-t] lim gcxa[ FGx)-1 = lim [ot 10) = el ae ie lim [feof =e (Remember) ; x46 Sail Asx «; tim =*9 + 1 and & + 4) > 0, Hence, limit is of the form 1”. lim (=) = lim [os] roe x41 a x+l lim p+] = tm [+ ee jens wel xt] ee " “=. ; | ‘ o> te aE 1 % soe| | xed Alternatively: ae ae 1y Let <> = 1+ to convert the limit into the form | 1+— xt] on ” ee nxt xtl 1 5 Asx > ©; —=—— 3000. n x+l 15 Also since — = —— hence, x + 1 = Sn. ie.x=5Sn n x+l _ -tn('ed)=an{(ted)] ed eee 27 oan 13.36 Concepts of Functions & Calculus Tin(1+ tan? Vx)" (SBA tg(1+ an a)” tg( (ran ayre ve De) tim an +) 4 Now, lim (1+ tan x)"* = lim {(1+taas) Also, Jim (1-tan x)" «fem! Limit = e. ey = tim| (14 8i2xzsina ses = se sina . sinx-sing |, x+a But lim“ = lim 2cos| ——— Sed =a soe 2 siieer: The given limit =e ‘The limit = Using advanced formula en =e Limits and Continuity | 13.37 (ERCISE Evaluate the following limits: lim 2" log(1+2™) 1 lim 28 =I x"! (n+ Dxtn lim2 OOF er @—pinx "6! im l00(2 + bx) —log(a—bx) 0 FS 99 sin x-+sin 3x ae +32"—-b eee li =8 thena=__&b=_. co lim £4 tP cosx—cotx Tim(xy"? lim (1+ 2cot? x)" 10. 12, 14. 16. 22. 24, 26. lin tim load + ko} ro T=cos2x jim one +/)~3 h Jim 080+ 39+ log, (1=x) 1=cosx . 27*-9 lim. wt J5—Ja-+ cos. Hind +3sin? x) Men tim( 22) atka kel =F +1 tana 13.38 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus _ aloe} 27. lim(1+sin? 28. 29, lime’ +x)" 30. tin 2 ee 2) ali ta, tact 31. tin(2-2) 32, lim) ++ wala el ” Answers 1 Ld 2. 6 fl : ae a 1 5. 6&5 § 1. 8. ~2log,e < a . 9. 10, 2Wae’ 2nd 12, Joga 13. 1 14, (In'5)(In 3) 15. Ind 16, 2inaxinb bina ier 18, ab(Ingf) 19, a=2,b=5 20. 1 21, Ina 22, (4v5)(in9\(In3) 23. € m4, e 2 25. ef 26, en me 28, €" 1 30. = e BE Ody Ay woe Limits and Continuity EXANPLes Miscellaneous Solved Examples 1 PEx.1 | Evaluate lim {[x] +[2x]+ 13x] + .+[1x]} where [x] is integral part function. Sol. | We know thatx ~ 1< [x] $x 2x — 1< [2x] $ 2x 3x — I< Bx] S3x nx ~ 1< [nx] Sn On addition of above terms, we find XU4243 $4 nm) << [Jt Qe] tant fa] Sx(1 4243+. => lim => L= Evaluate lim + tan +4tan 2+. GEER evaluate lim Sans tang cosx _ sinx Sol. “2 cotx — tanx le sinx cosx — sinxcosx. 1 1 2“ seotx—stanx=cot2x 1.3.40 Concepts of Functions & Calculus 1 x il x x Led wba etsirh Adding these we get 1 1 Stan +4tan* 2°24 (Cos. Find the value of integer n for which lim > js a finite non zero number. Es HERR The limit = tim LOEZ=DUleowe— +e (cosx-1(l-e") x = lim 4sin‘~ 2sin?=(e" -1) = 7 =L,-L, x L, > wifn>4andL, > wifn>3 Hence, n<3 so that none of L, & L, can be infinite, Also, ifm <3, both become zero. Thus the gi limit is finite and non zero if n = 3. For n= 3; L,=0 but L,= finite. EEE Find the area ofa circle of radius *r” using limit. "Bol. A circle can be assumed as a regular polygon having infinite number of sides. See figure. The area of the polygon of n sides = nx Area of AABC = lim = m-F-AC-BC-sin 2p sin 2% 2 ” When n> 0, the polygon becomes circle . The Area of the circle i 2n = lim r sin me ” jo F sin(2n/n) = tim So a Yn Limits and Continuity | 13.41 = tim Sina/n) m2 Qajn = x Evaluate lim (1% pepe g gine Sol) The given limit alr er ery (timate =0 where 0 lim in(2 b+ me RAD? u L Equating the coefficients of 1 = and constant both side we get arbre 2 Solving the above equations we get a= 1, 6=2 and Aliter: Using L’ Hospital rule ae*—beosx+ce" _5 xsinx a-bt+e=0,a~c=Oand We have lim lim D’ O hence limN’=0 = a-b+e-0 I rule we get, Again, limD’=0 hence limN’=0 = a-e=0 Once again applying L’ Hospital rule we get ae’ +beosx+ce* atb+e lim APSA ig ro —xsin x +COs x +COSx O+1+1 => atb+e=4 Solving equations (1), (2) and (3) we get a= 1, b=2ande=1 Limits and Continuity “| 13.43 a-Na* a Let L= lim, a> 0. If Lis finite then find a and L. a es finite saan yy Lain eS Ee 1 brln(l +2)dt EMD) Evaluate ins] Aire) joe jdt ; 0 Sol. The given limit = L = lim*——5~— @ form) Applying L’ Hospital's rule we get xin(L +x) Eline leg OT oe IE mn 3x BHA) 2 (For L” Hospital’s rule see chapter 12) AAS 13.44 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus Evaluate lim in TS where IT represents the product of function. mer “NSS atin 12345, 5) 4) (n=3) (n=2)) re (56789° (nl) (m) (n+l) (n+2) 19.2839 So ant A) hea) Go nt) T1219 =6n-+12) (x? =4n+7) (1? =2n+4) im. 1:2:3-4 (+3) +2n+4) = [(n= Dnt n+ 2) “12 a tim 2 {QP +30? +2n+4)] 2 : 7 | (nln tI(n+2)J 7 Find a polynomial of smallest degree, such that tin(s (SBR van FO) = i.e., when ZL converts to 1” form P+ fe) aes Limit L exists only when lim Hence, the least degree of f(x) is 2. a 24a) gerne eS im= cafe =2 => f@)=2r-¥ | r= a Evaluate the following limi ee eb Limits and Continuity | 13.45 2 3, lim, = 0 whenx € oases alr 1(Zeon x] z nea . 4 im S28 C@SiN2) 008 a in ae, Ie +b 5. Ifa Bbe the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + =O then evaluate lim secon soe 6. For|x|0 and @€(-#, 2)then O=__. Answers ae ba Be; 2. a=1,b=-1 3, (eetlothe ina cos’ . [9-3 }4L5» 4, — 3sina costa be -4ac s. 6. ne 8 13.46 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus a et" 10. We -1 ' 12. (cosa)* log(cos a) —(sin@)* log(sin @) 1 13. 3 “4 128° 15. ISE Worked out Examples on Existence of Limits and Continuity Draw the graph of function (x) = a Is f(x) defined at x = 0 ? Does the limit of f(x) exists wh x > 02 Explain, ‘Sol. Analytical Is = tim tL is DH Oy " RHL= lim lal Li = psitsny a Since LHL # RHL, lim f(x) does not exist. Moreover, f(x) is discontinuous. But £0) an indeterminate form, 0 ie. f(x) is not defined at x = 0. Graphical S(O) is not defined. Mark the blank dots at the points A & B in the graph. Why? Because at x= 0, f(x) does not have defined value. From the right hand side of x = 0, we approacl towards A, ic. y—> 1. But from the left side of zero, we approach towards B, ie. y—> —1, whic indicates that lim f() does not exist. x-1x<0 L Construct the graph of the function given below. f(x) = q 8 = 9. Rind Him £2) and Tim f(a). xX axed Discuss the continuity of f(x) atx = 0. Limits and Continuity | 13.47 Sol.” The portion 4B of the graph represents f(x)= x—1 for.x <0, Since y i the equality sign does not hold at x = 0, so, a blank dot is shown at B, The portion CD represents f(x) = x* for x0, Here too, the equality sign does not hold at x =0, and hence, a blank dot is shown at C. The point E represents the ordinate f(x) =1/4 for x =0. From the graph it is clear that lim S)=0, lim £@) = flO) =1/4 and f(x) is discontinuous. 2x43 ;-3Sx<-2 A Show that the function /@)=4 x+1;-20if O 0 ~ hy sine<0 ~. jsinxy sinx) Hence limit of the function does not exist. Note: At boundary point of an interval, limit from one side only is possible. So if domain of f(x) is say (a, b] lim £() exists if RHL exists (i.e. RHL is finite and definite) and LHL is outside the domain. And lim /(x) exists if LHL exists (Ie. LHL is finite and definite) and RHI is outside the domain, Does lim exist? Sol) Vx is defined on (0,0) Hence, only RHL is possible, LHL is outside the domain, RHL = lim Vx =0 finite and definite “lim Ve exists. Limits and Continuity | 13.51 xsin 0 jz=0 1840 eno, Test the continuity of /(*) -| Soll) RHL= lim f(s) lim, xsin 0 (A number between —1 and +1)=0 Ft seed LHL = lim xsin— Pa ey = 0 (A number between —1 and +1)=0 and f(0)=0 Hence, LHL = RHL = (0); Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. c ee #8 ed Examine the continuity of f(x) =) 526°" *" atx=0. -2; = lim —— sae 5 | RHL of the f(x) is. lim <7 LHL of the f(x) at x= 0. is lim Sao 3 Here, LHL # RHL # (0). Hence, limit of the function does not exist and also, the function is discontinuous at x = 0. Test the continuity of /()= | (ame =e" 5} 4c! 433 ( lim,e'" =e" =0) (0)= lim (+4)? =1 fO=e Here, LHL # RHL # /(0). Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0. sen a 13.52 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus Examine whether the following limits exist or not? If limits exist, find the value of the limit. @) in| =] () in|] © in| 2] mal x aed ool x ‘Where ‘[ ]’ denotes the greatest integer function. (Sok @) ra fin [2 =) -01- 0 tat= ti, ®4] = t-y-0 Mlustration: . sinx sine0 2. at x : sinx & sin>xforx<0 2. a ¥ Hence, although lim" approaches unity but from lower side ie. tim ~ in each case. — " sin“! x (b) RHL= in 2 =] <1 1-1 unt J mal pela! sin“ x Mlustration: Remember sin-'x>x forx>0 => . sin”! tim > I and a for x<0, sin-'x >I Sle elim x0 oy > (©) Once again we should remember that When x > 0, tanx > x and when x <0, tanx Lim each case. ta Thus both RHL & LHL are given by in: a2] =["}=1 % sim({ sit2@)],, [tana Find the value of lim} | 5 G |} where n € T except zero a «Sind (SO We know that Jim =e and fim 08 (ie. infinitesimally less than 1) (ie. infinitesimally more than 1) Limits and Continuity: | 1.3.53 Now when mis a positive integer then La tim 5108.5] [t2008 ~ 60] nb nO = [nl] + 0) == I + = 2n- 1 ‘Now when sr is a negative integer say (— k) then f- ACY] + [- KY] [FR] +[-m)=-k+ (kk) =ntn-l i — 1 Examine the continuity or discontinuity of the following. Also, mention the kind of discontinuity. en a ened @ fe)=[1 + (4 (>) 8(0)= lim © Sol) (a) First of all let us simplify the function When [x] = Land [—x . Ax) =1+ (-D When I-x>-I-1; Thus fix)=I-I-1, 1 When J 1, limx” 00», 8@)= lin a ~~ 1 — Whenx?=1; limx"=1 », g(x)=0 i ! x a ar Ht When 0<27< 1 ; limx g(x)=— = js} 4 +1 =I Hence in simplified form we can write 1 When x? >1ig.x<-lorx>1 g(x)=4 0 When x? ~1 When jex=dl lie -l sx=0 (xtc)? -1 +0 G+)? =1 is continuous at x =0 "Sol. The function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 if LHL = f(0) = RHL = finite and definite ice, Him (0-H) = b= lim f(0+h) Now, LHL = lim (0-H) = lim (-ahy" = tin( aan = (+o) RHL = lim SO+4)= lin yey 5 finite The D'= (h+1)!"—1 > 0ash > O and if Lim (he)! 14 0 then RHL = “= 90 Hence, for RHL to be finite N'> 0 ie. lim (h+c)"-1=0 => c=1 +p tim Now, RHL = tin 2 Zand =b => a= los(2/3) Ie foe + y) = fl)-f() for all x, y ER and f(x) = 1+ g(x)-GQa) where lim g(x)=0 and lim G(x) exists, prove that /(x) is continuous at all xeR. Sol. Limits.and Continuity | 13.55 Given that lim g(x) = 0 9 lim g(@0+h) = lim g(0—h)=0 => limg(h)=lime(-A)=0 1 a) and lim G(x) exists => lim G(0-+h) - lim GO—h) = finite and definite = k (let) = limGh)= lim G(-h) =k Now, fim flax +h) = lim flax 0) = f(x)xlim {1+ g(%)*GC)} (using the given relation) = fis) {1 + 0K) =f) Similarly we can show that lim f(x) = fla) fx) is continuous at all xR. Remarks: We can prove the continuity by directly showing lim /(x+€)= f(x) where € can approach zero from both sides. [A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = {0 Shere #8 rational | shov that itis discontinuous at all xR. *AUTHOR’S OBSERVATION ‘Theorem: /fa function y = f(x) is discontinuous at I where x is irrational Before solving this problem, it should be known that in the neighbourhood of any rational number there are irrational numbers and in the vicinity of any irrational number there are rational numbers. Hence, if ‘a’ is rational, lim(a*A) js irrational and if *b"is irrational, lim(+h) js rational. Now, let us examine the continuity at any rational number, x =x, (say) RHL = lim f(% +4) =1 why? and _f(x,)=0 RHL #f(«,) > fla) is discontinuous at all rational x. Similarly it can be shown that f(x) is discontinuous at all irrational x. ‘Now consider an arbitrary irrational number x = x, (say) RHL = lim f(x, +4) =0 why? and f(x,) = | ‘Again, f(x) is discontinuous at any irrational number. Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at all real x. ca but LHL, RHL and f(a) are finite then f(x).¢(x) is continuous at x = a, provided (x) is continuous at x = a and (a) = 0. Proot Let F(x) = f).6(0) Itis Known that lim fla+h), lim f(a—h), f(@) are not all equal but finite And fim gah) = lim p(a—h) = oa) =0 Thus lim F(a+h)=lim f(a+hola+h) = finite x 0=0 and lim F(a~h) = lim fa~ h)g{a-h) = finite x 0=0 13.56 | Concepts of Functions & Calculus Also, F(a) = flay0 : poyaf 2833381 - a ven FO)= 5 et y > HSA) is continuous, fora x find ‘a Examine the continuity of f(x) where, xi-3x42 doy . ; 1 @ fo=yGa tl i) roy [fEiSS “1/20 3x51 abe Examine the continuity of f(x) where, a2 4 vit2x w ro={eins jy) sone} 4° i 2;x=0 infl+e) - 59 x Examine the continuity of f(x) where, /(x)=)e;*=0 (tay ;x<0 Test the continuity of f(x) in [—1, 1] where f(x) =x ~ [x ~ x"]; -1SxS1. (4x—In(1+4x))/2° when x <0 a when x=0 vals 16+ dx -4) when x>0 If possible find the value of ‘a’ so that f(x) may be continuous at x= 0. xtay2sinx;0Sx0 x 3 when x is rational 2x; when x is irrational Gil) A@)= Fa] log |x| Find a, b & c such that f(x) = is continuous at x=0, @ ir f0{ then prove that f(x) continuous at x = 1. 2°; when x is rational we! When x is dnratignal en Prove that) continuous at exactly two rational points (i) If @)= { 13.58 Concepts of Functions & Calculus a 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41, 42. (100s px)" =) Po e08 PD 540 Given feo =} (Wire =I)sinx a yx=0 2 Find ‘p’ such that f(x) becomes continuous at x = 0. pn ener ea iy Tex” (ray +2x) (42x43) Find the number of points where f(x) = [n + p sinx] ; 0 0 boos x—1 for x <0 & m—> co Test whether f(x) is continuous at x = 0 Test the continuity of the following. ; _ x @ J0- Ri Gea” log(2+x) =x" sinx S(x)= lim: +x" wv: A 1 ab, If (x)= lim sfostest is continuous atx=1 and g(1) = lim (in(e*))®* then find g(1), (1), and f(1). then f(0) 1 Let ‘f” be a continuous function on R. If | (=) =cos(e")-4" + sinkx+beoskx;0SxsL LO=19 ‘otherwise has just two roots in (0, L). Let fix + y)=f(x) + f) for all x & y. If the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then show that f(x) is continuous for all x. If flxy) = f0).£0) V (x,y) and f(x) is continuous at x = a then prove that f(x) is continuous for all x i except x=0. then find b & & such that f(x) is continuous for all x and f(x) Limits and Continuity |. 13.59 Saswers 1. LHL=~1 & RHL=0; Limit does not exist 2. Limit exists; Limit = 0 3. Limit exists; Limi 4. LHL =sin1 and RHL is outside domain; Limit exists 5. Limit exists; Limit = 0 6. Limit exists; Limit = sin1 7. Limit exists; Limit = 1 8. Limit exists; Limit = 1 9. LHL = sin] and RHL =1; Limit dogs not exist 10. Not defined; limsec.x =I" 11. Limit exists; Limit = 1/2 12. Not defined 13. Limit exists; Limit = 1 14, Limit exists; Limit = 1 15. LHL =0 and RHL = ~1; Limit does not exist 16. Limit exists; Limit = 0 17, LHL=1 and RHL = 1/e; Limit does not exist 18, LHL=~V2 and RHL= V2 ; Limit does notexist 19. discontinuous at x-0 20. a=1 21. (i) continuous at x=1 (ji) continuous at x=+1 30. 32. 35. 37. 38. 39. 4. (continuous at x= +1 (ii) discontinuous at x = 0 }. continuous atx = 0 24, a=8 26. (i) x =a (ii) x= -1, 0, | (iii) x= any integer 28, 1 at: wi: pee ina 2p-1 34, a= - 2/3, bao 36. discontinuous at x = 0 (i) discontinuous at x= kn + 1/6 (ii) discontinuous at x = +1 (1) =e, A(1) = 6e — 1, f(l)=2e 40. 3a b=Oand k= continuous in.x€[~1, 1] a=n/6, a= ~3/2, b = any constant, c= 1/2 discontinuous:

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