Introduction of

Turbomachine and
Dynamic Action of Fluid
 Fluid Machine
Fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into
mechanical energy or vice versa.
The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the form of potential, kinetic
and intermolecular energy.
The mechanical energy, on the other hand, is usually transmitted by a
rotating shaft.

2
Classification of Fluid Machines
A. Classification based on Direction of Energy Conversion
1. Power producing Machine
The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by
the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member
is known as a Power producing machine. For example: turbine.

Fig: Turbine 3
(ii). Power absorbing Machine
The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical energy from
moving parts is transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by
increasing either its pressure or velocity are known as Power absorbing
machine. For example: Pumps, compressors, fans or blowers.

Fig: Pump
4
B. Classification Based on Principle of Operation
(i).Positive displacement machines:
The machines whose functioning depend essentially on the change of
volume of a certain amount of fluid within the machine are known as positive
displacement machines.
Positive displacement means liquid is displaced in the same direction of
movement of pumping element. The moving pumping element may be a
reciprocating type like piston or plunger, diaphragm etc or rotary type like
gears, vanes, screws etc. For Example: Piston type Reciprocating pump,
Gear pump etc.

Fig:Reciprocating pump

Fig:Gear pump 5
(ii). Rotodynamic machines(Turbomachine):
The machines,in which there is a continuous transfer of energy between the
rotor with vanes and a fluid flowing through the spaces between the vanes
of that rotor, due to dynamic action, resulting in change in the pressure
and/or the momentum of fluid , are known as rotodynamic machines. For
Example: Centrifugal pump, Water turbine etc.

Fig: Pelton turbine

Fig: Centrifugal Pump
6
TURBOMACHINES
The prefix ‘turbo’ is a latin word which means ‘spin’ or ‘whirl’.
In general, is a rotor consisting of a number of vanes or blades. There always
exists a relative motion between the rotor vanes and the fluid. The fluid has a
component of velocity and hence of momentum in a direction tangential to the
rotor. While flowing through the rotor, tangential velocity changes and hence
the momentum changes.
The rate at which this tangential momentum changes corresponds to a
tangential force on the rotor
In a turbine, the tangential momentum of the fluid is reduced and therefore
work is done by the fluid to the moving rotor.
But in case of pumps and compressors there is an increase in the tangential
momentum of the fluid and therefore work is absorbed by the fluid from the
moving rotor.

7
CLASSIFICATIONS OF TURBOMACHINES

8
SUMMARY OF CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MACHINES

9
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER WHEEL AND WATER TURBINE
ØWater wheel were used in ancient times in China , India, Eygpt and later
on Europe.
ØLeonardo da Vinci was the first to design and construct a waterwheel
(though the concept was used long before).

10
DEVELOPMENT OF WATERWHEEL AND WATER TURBINE

ØSome of the key developments in hydropower technology happened in the

first half of the nineteenth century.
ØIn 1827, French engineer Benoit Fourneyron developed a turbine capable
of producing around 6 horsepower – the earliest version of the Fourneyron
reaction turbine.
ØIn 1849, British–American engineer James Francis developed the first
modern water turbine – the Francis turbine – which remains the most
widely-used water turbine in the world today.
Ø In the 1870s, American inventor Lester Allan Pelton developed the Pelton
wheel, an impulse water turbine, which he patented in 1880.
ØInto the 20th century, Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan developed the
Kaplan turbine in 1913 – a propeller-type turbine with adjustable blades.

11
Revision
Momentum Equation

This equation is modified form of Newton's second law of motion

Newton's second law of motion states that the resultant external force acting
on any body in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum of
the body in that direction.
It is expressed as
𝑑(𝑀𝑥)
𝐹𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
In which Fx represents resultant force in x-direction and Mx represents the
change of momentum in x-direction
It can also be written as
𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑(𝑀𝑥)
𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 is impulse and the term 𝑑(𝑀𝑥) is the resultant change of
momentum.

It can also be stated as “The impulse of a force F acting on a fluid

mass ‘m’ in a short interval of time dt is equal to the change of
momentum d(mv) in the direction of force”
Application of Momentum equation
The momentum equation, together with the energy equation and the
continuity equation provides the basic mathematical relationships for solving
various engineering problems in fluid mechanics.
ØTo determine the resultant force acting on the boundary of flow passage
ØPipe Bends/ elbows
ØReducers
ØStationary and moving vanes
ØJet Propulsion
ØTo determine the characteristic of flow when there is abrupt change of flow
section
ØSudden Enlargement in pipe
ØHydraulic Jump in channel
 MOMENTUM EQUATION ANDAPPLICATIONS
Impact of free jet:
ØThe liquid that comes from the outlet of the nozzle in the form of jet is called free liquid
jet.
ØThe impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on the plate which may be stationary
or moving.
Different cases:
1. Force on a stationary blade or vane 2. Force on a moving blade or vane
i. Force exerted by jet on stationary vertical plate i. Force exerted by jet on moving vertical plate
ii. Force exerted by jet on stationary inclined plate ii. Force exerted by jet on inclined vertical plate
iii. Force exerted by jet on stationary curved vane ii. Force exerted by jet on moving curved vane
Force on a stationary blade or vane

Force exerted by jet on stationary vertical plate

Mass of fluid striking per second = 𝜌𝑎𝑉
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

= 𝜌𝑎𝑉 ∗ (𝑉 − 0)
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉2
Force exerted by jet on stationary inclined plate

Mass of fluid striking per second = 𝜌𝑎𝑉

Force exerted by jet in normal direction = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity

Fn = 𝜌𝑎𝑉 𝑉𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0 = 𝜌𝑉2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

.Fx = 𝐹𝑛𝐶𝑜𝑠(90 − 𝜃)
= 𝐹𝑛𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉2𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃
Fy = 𝐹𝑛𝑆𝑖𝑛(90 − 𝜃)
= 𝐹𝑛𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Numerical:
A jet of water of diameter 75mm moving with a velocity of 25
m/s, strikes a fixed plate in such a way that the angle made the
jet and plate is 60o. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate
(i). in the direction normal to the plate and
(ii). in the direction of the jet.
Numerical: A jet of water of diameter 75mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s, strikes a
fixed plate in such a way that the angle made the jet and plate is 60o. Find the force exerted
by the jet on the plate (i). in the direction normal to the plate and (ii). in the direction of the
jet.

1
9
Force exerted by jet on stationary curved plate at the center

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be striking a stationary
curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

Fx = ρaV(V-(-Vcosθ))
= ρaV2 (1+cosθ)
Force exerted by jet from one end on stationary unsymmetrical curved plate

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be

striking a stationary curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity

Fx = m (V1x-V2x)
= ρaV (Vcosθ + Vcosθ)
= 2ρaV2 cosθ
Force exerted by jet from one end on stationary unsymmetrical curved
plate

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be striking a stationary
curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

Fx = m (V1x-V2x)
= ρaV (Vcosθ + VcosФ)
= ρaV2 (cosθ +cosФ)

Fy = ρaV(Vsinθ -VsinФ)
= ρaV2 (sinθ -sinФ)
Numerical:
A jet of water of diameter 75mm moving with a velocity
of 30 m/s, strikes a curved fixed plate tangentially at one
end at an angle of 30o to the horizontal. The jet leaves the
plate at an angle of 20o to the horizontal. Find the force
exerted by the jet on the plate in the horizontal and
vertical direction.
Numerical: A jet of water of diameter 75mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, strikes a
curved fixed plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30o to the horizontal. The jet leaves
the plate at an angle of 20o to the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in
the horizontal and vertical direction.

2
4
Force on a moving blade or vane

Force on flat vertical plate moving in direction of jet

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V be striking a
vertical plate moving in the same direction with u velocity.
Relative velocity of jet = V-u
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρa(V-u)
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity
Fx = ρa(V-u)*(V-u – 0)
= ρa(V-u)2
Work done by jet on plate,
= Fxu = ρau (V-u)2
Force exerted on a moving plate held inclined to the direction of jet

𝐹! = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 [ 𝑉 − 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0)
𝐹! = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 "𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Component of force on the direction of the jet

𝐹# = 𝐹! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝐹# ∗ 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 " sin" 𝜃 ∗𝑢
Example
A jet of water of diameter 75 mm is striking on an inclined plate
with a velocity of 25 m/s. The angle between the jet and plate is 60
and the plate is moving in a velocity of 5 m/s horizontally. Find the
• Force exerted by the jet in the direction normal to the plate
• workdone/sec by the plate
Force exerted on a curved plate at center when the plate is moving in the
direction of jet
When the jet strikes the moving vane, the relative velocity is (V-u)
Exit velocity = -(V-u)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Force exerted by the jet on the vane
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 𝑉 − 𝑢 − − 𝑉 − 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 "(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Work done per second = 𝐹# ∗ 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 " 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ 𝑢
 $ $ $
Kinetic energy of issuing jet = 𝑚𝑣 "𝜌𝑎𝑉= = 𝑉" 𝜌𝑎𝑉 %
" " "
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝜌𝑎 𝑉 − 𝑢 " 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ 𝑢
=
1
𝜌𝑎𝑉 %
2
2 𝑉−𝑢 "
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑢
𝜂=
𝑉%
For a given jet velocity efficiency will be maximum when
𝑑𝜂
=0
𝑑𝑢
𝑉
𝑢=
3
For series of vanes
In this case the entire fluid is utilized
The mass of fluid striking the vanes per second equals 𝜌𝑎𝑉
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉[ 𝑉 − 𝑢 − − 𝑉 − 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ]
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉(𝑉 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Work done
= 𝐹# ∗ 𝑢
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑢 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑢
Force exerted on a series of flat vanes
Numerical

A nozzle of 50 mm diameter delivers a stream of water at 20

m/s perpendicular to a plate that moves away from the jet at 5
m/s, Find:
(i). The force on the plate
(ii). The work done per sec, and
(iii). The efficiency of jet.
Numerical: A nozzle of 50 mm diameter delivers a stream of water at 20 m/s perpendicular
to a plate that moves away from the jet at 5 m/s, Find:
(i). The force on the plate
(ii). The work done per sec, and
(iii). The efficiency of jet.

3
4
3
5
Numerical
A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strike at its centre with a velocity of
20 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the
direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of 165o.
Assuming the plate is smooth find
(i). The force on the plate in the direction of jet
(ii).Power of the jet, and
(iii). The efficiency of jet.
Numerical: A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strike at its centre with a velocity of 20 m/s.
The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is
deflected through an angle of 165o. Assuming the plate is smooth find
(i). The force on the plate in the direction of jet
(ii).Power of the jet, and
(iii). The efficiency of jet.

3
7
3
8
Jet striking a moving curved vane tangentially at one tip and leaving at
the other
𝑉! , 𝑉" = absolute velocities of jet at inlet
and outlet
𝑢! , 𝑢" = peripheral velocities of the vane
𝑉#! , 𝑉#" = Relative velocity
𝑉$! , 𝑉$" = Velocity of flow
𝑉%! , 𝑉%" = Velocities of whirl
𝜃, 𝜙 = Tips angle
𝛼, 𝛽 = Angles which the absolute
velocities make at the inlet and outlet
If there is no friction in the flow passage,
magnitude of outgoing relative velocity is
equal to that of incoming relative velocity,
i.e. 𝑉#" = 𝑉#!
 G Vw2 H
U2
F ϕ β
V2 Vf2
Outlet Vr2
Velocity
Triangle
E

u
Inlet Velocity
Triangle
B
V1 Vf1
Vr1
α θ
A U1 C D
Vw1 Fig: Velocity Triangle
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$ 𝑉&$𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − −𝑉&"𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$[ 𝑉'$ − 𝑢$ − − 𝑢" + 𝑉'" ]
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$(𝑉'$ + 𝑉'")
The equation is true only when 𝛽 is an acute angle, when 𝛽 = 90( , 𝑉'" = 0
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$𝑉'$
If 𝛽 is an obtuse angle
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$(𝑉'$ − 𝑉'")
In general it is written as
𝐹# = 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$(𝑉'$ ± 𝑉'")
Work done per second by the jet on the vane
𝐹# ×𝑢 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉&$ 𝑉'$ + 𝑉'" ×𝑢
Numerical
A jet of water having a velocity of 18 m/s strikes a curved vane which is
moving with a velocity of 6 m/s. the vane is symmetrical and so shaped
that the jet is deflected through 120o. Determine:
(i). The angle of jet at the inlet of the vane so that there is no shock,
(ii). The absolute velocity of the jet at the outlet in magnitude and
direction, and
(iii). The work done per N of water.
Numerical: A jet of water having a velocity of 18 m/s strikes a curved vane which is moving
with a velocity of 6 m/s. the vane is symmetrical and so shaped that the jet is deflected
through 120o. Determine:
(i). The angle of jet at the inlet of the vane so that there is no shock,
(ii). The absolute velocity of the jet at the outlet in magnitude and direction, and
(iii). The work done per N of water.

4
3
(i). The angle of jet at the inlet of the vane

4
4
(ii). The absolute velocity of the jet at the outlet in magnitude and direction

4
5
(iii). The work done per N of water

4
6
Numerical
A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s strikes a curved
vane, which is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes
an angle of 30o with the direction of motion of vane at inlet and
leaves at an angle of 90o to the direction of motion of vane at
outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and
determine the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water
enters and leaves the vane without shock.
Numerical: A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is
moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes an angle of 30o with the direction of
motion of vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 90o to the direction of motion of vane at
outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and determine the vane angles at inlet
and outlet so that the water enters and leaves the vane without shock.

4
8
4
9
Homework
Numerical: A jet of water of diameter 50 mm impinges on a curved vane (at one tip end)
and is deflected through an angle of 175o. The vane moves in the same direction as that of
the jet with a velocity of 35 m/s. If the rate of flow is 170 liters per second, determine the
component of force on the vane in the direction of motion. How much power is developed
by the vane and what would be the water efficiency? Neglect friction.

5
0
Force exerted on a series of
curved vanes
The change in the magnitude of the
axial velocity component though the
rotor gives rise to axial force which
must be taken by a thrust bearing
Change in magnitude of radial
velocity component is carried as a
journal load. Neither has any effect
on the angular motion of the rotor
The change in magnitude and
radius of the tangential component
corresponds to a change in angular
momentum
𝜔 =angular speed of the wheel
𝑅$, 𝑅" =Radii of the wheel at the inlet and outlet of vane respectively
𝑢$ = 𝜔𝑅$ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢" = 𝜔𝑅"
Mass of water striking per sec = 𝜌𝑎𝑉$
Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at inlet
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'$
Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at outlet
= −𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'"
Angular momentum per sec at inlet = 𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'$ ∗ 𝑅$
Angular momentum per sec at outlet = −𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'" ∗ 𝑅"
Torque exerted by the water on the wheel = Rate of change of angular momentum
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'$ ∗ 𝑅$ − (−𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ∗ 𝑉'" ∗ 𝑅")
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$[𝑉'$𝑅$ + 𝑉'"𝑅"]
Work done per second on the wheel
= Torque x Angular velocity
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$ 𝑉'$𝑅$ + 𝑉'"𝑅" ∗ 𝜔
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$[𝑉'$𝑢$ + 𝑉'"𝑢"]
If the angle 𝛽 is obtuse then work done per second on the wheel
𝜌𝑎𝑉$[𝑉'$𝑢$ − 𝑉'"𝑢"]
Therefore the general expression for work done per sec on the wheel
= 𝜌𝑎𝑉$[𝑉'$𝑢$ ± 𝑉'"𝑢"]
Efficiency of radial curved vane
𝜌𝑎𝑉$ 𝑉'$𝑢$ ± 𝑉'"𝑢"
𝜂)*!+ =
1 "
2 𝜌𝑎𝑉$ ×𝑉$
2 ∗ 𝑉'$𝑢$ ± 𝑉'"𝑢"
=
𝑉$"
Numerical: A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved vanes
mounted on a wheel which is rotating at 200 rpm. The jet makes an angle of 20o with the
tangent to the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an angle of
130o to the wheel at outlet. Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction. The outer
and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5m and 0.25m respectively. Determine:
(i). vanes angles at inlet and outlet,
(ii). Work done per unit weight of water,
(iii).Efficiency of the wheel

5
4
5
5
(i). vanes angles at inlet and outlet,

5
6
(ii). Work done per unit weight of water,

(iii).Efficiency of the wheel

5
7
Jet propulsion
Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as
ships, aircrafts, rocket etc. with the help of jet
The reaction of the jet coming out of from the orifice provided in the bodies
is used for movement.
IF the body in which orifice or nozzle is fitted, is free to move, the body will
start moving in the direction opposite to the jet.
Jet Propulsion of a tank
Mass of water coming out of the tank from orifice, m = ρav
Force acting on water = rate of change of momentum,
F= ρav (v-0) = ρav²
When tank starts moving, v→vᵣ (vel. Of jet wrt tank)
vᵣ= v-(-u)=v+u
Mass of water coming out of the tank from orifice,
m = ρa(v+u)
Force exerted on tank = rate of change of momentum,
F= ρa (v+u) {(v+u)-u)} = ρav (v+u)
Work done on moving tank by jet per second,
P= Fu = ρavu (v+u)
Efficiency of movement= Work done per sec /KE of jet per sec

η= {ρavu (v+u)}/{1/2ρa.(v+u).(v+u)²}

η= 2vu/(v+u)²
Jet Propulsion of a Ship
CASE(1):When inlet orifice are at right angle to the direction of motion of ship

61
62
CASE(2):When the inlet orifices face the direction of motion of the
ship
In this case the expression of the propelling force and the work done per
second will be same as in the pervious case.
On this case, KE supplied by jet is different
KE= 1/2ρa.(V+u).{(V+u)²-u²}

So, the efficiency is calculated as,

Efficiency= Work doneper sec /KE of jet per sec
η= {ρavu (v+u)}/{1/2ρa.(V+u).{(V+u)²-u²}

η= 2u/(V+2u)
For a given velocity V, condition
for maximum efficiency ??

63
Numerical:
The water in a jet propelled boat is drawn amid-ship and discharged at
the back with an absolute velocity of 20 m/s. The cross-sectional area of
the jet at the back is 0.02 m2 and the boat is moving in sea water with 30
km/hr. Determine:
(i). Propelling force on the boat,
(ii). Power required to drive the pump, and
(iii). Efficiency of the jet propulsion
Numerical: The water in a jet propelled boat is drawn amid-ship and discharged at the back
with an absolute velocity of 20 m/s. The cross-sectional area of the jet at the back is 0.02 m2
and the boat is moving in sea water with 30 km/hr. Determine:
(i). Propelling force on the boat,
(ii). Power required to drive the pump, and
(iii). Efficiency of the jet propulsion

6
5
(i). Propelling force on the boat,

(ii). Power required to drive the pump

(iii). Efficiency of the jet propulsion

66
Self Study
• Force Exerted on a Hinged plate
• Forced Exerted on a series of flat Vanes
Force exerted by a jet on a Hinged Plate
i) Force due to jet of water, normal to plate
𝐹! = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 " sin 𝛼 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 " sin(90 − 𝜃)
= 𝜌𝐴𝑉 "𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ii) Weight W of plate acting vertically downwards
at centre of gravity G of the plate
Under equilibrium conditions, the moment of
these forces about the hinge point must be zero.
𝐹! ∗ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑊 ∗ 𝐵𝐺
"
𝐴𝐶
𝜌𝐴𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ = 𝑊 ∗ 𝐴𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜌𝐴𝑉 "
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑊
Extra Problems
A square plate weighing 115N and of regular thickness and 30 cm edge is
hung so that a horizontal jet 2 cm diameter and having a velocity of 15 m/s
impinges on the plate. The centre line of the jet is 15 cm below the upper
edge of the plate, and when the plate is vertical the jet strikes the plate
normally and at its centre. Find what force must be applied at the lower edge
of the plate in order to keep the plate vertical.
If the plate is allowed to swing freely, find the inclination to the vertical which
the plate will assume under the action of jet.
(35.325 N, 37.9o)
A jet of water moving at 12 m/s impinges on a concave-shaped vane to
deflect the jet through 120O when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 m/s,
find the angle of the jet so that there is no shock at inlet. Also compute the
absolute velocity of the jet at exit both in magnitude and direction, and the
work done per second per kg of water. Assume that the vane is smooth and
symmetrical.
𝜃 + 𝜙 + 120 = 180 ; 𝜃 = 𝜙 = 30
Use sine law for inlet triangle and find 𝛼 = 18°
For smooth vane, there is no friction and the
relative velocity remains constant 𝑉&" = 𝑉&$
𝛽 = 69.06°
𝑉" = 3.97 𝑚/𝑠
Workdone =64.16 Nm
A wheel consists of radial blades with inner and outer radii of 30 cm and 60
cm respectively. Water enters the blade at the outer periphery with a velocity
of 50 m/s and the supply jet makes an angle of 25o with tangent to wheel at
inlet tip. Water leaving the blade has a flow velocity of 10 m/s. If the blade
angles at entrance and exit are 40o and 30o respectively, make calculations
for the,
(i) Work done per kg of water
(ii) Speed of the wheel
(iii) Efficiency of blading
= 985.22 𝑁𝑚/𝑠
= 320.38 𝑟𝑝𝑚
= 78.8%
For the cart in fig, compute the force on the wheels caused by deflecting the
jet and the compression of the spring, if its stiffness is 1.6 kN/m.

Fy = 355 N
Fx = 147 N
x = 92 mm
Thank You