10 VIII August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46376
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Global and Local Environmental Issues

Premlata Yadav
Assistant Professor, Mayfair degree college Moradabad

Abstract: The environmental issues have assumed states of global problems mobilizing to the civil society organization, media
sector and government around the world from the last two decade. Among global environmental changes, Climate change as
proceed to be structuring the debate in recent years, characteristic as one of the main charges of the global society. 'Global
Environmental Issues' is a phrase that refers to the effect on the climate of human actions, in particular the on fire of fossil fuels
(coal, oil and gas) and large-scale deforestation, which cause emissions to the atmosphere of large amounts of 'greenhouse
gases', of which the most important is carbon dioxide.
Such gases take up infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and act as blankets over the surface keeping it warmer than
it would otherwise be. Connected with this warming are changes of climate. The basic science of the 'greenhouse effect' that
leads to the warming is well implicit. More detailed understanding relies on numerical models of the climate that integrate the
basic dynamical and physical equations describing the complete climate system. Many of the likely characteristics of the
resulting changes in climate (such as more frequent heat waves, increases in rainfall, increase in frequency and intensity of
many extreme climate events) can be identified. Substantial uncertainties remain in knowledge of some of the feedbacks within
the climate system (that affect the overall magnitude of change) and in much of the detail of likely regional change. Because of
its negative impacts on human communities (including for instance substantial sea-level rise) and on ecosystems, global
warming is the most important environmental problem the world faces. Adaptation to the inevitable impacts and mitigation to
reduce their magnitude are both necessary. International action is being taken by the world's scientific and political
communities. Because of the need for urgent action, the greatest challenge is to move rapidly to much increased energy
efficiency and to non-fossil fuel energy sources. This paper presents the first broad based research on the impact of Climate
change on historic buildings, buried archaeology, parks and Gardens research coincided with the publication of the climate
change scenarios and other studies assessing regional climate change and the impact on nature conservation and gardens.
Keywords: Environmental issues; Greenhouse effect; Crisis

I. INTRODUCTION
An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues presents a comprehensive and stimulating introduction to the key environmental
issues presently threatening our global environment. Offering an authoritative introduction to the key topics, a source of latest
environmental information, and an innovative stimulus for debate, this is an article for all those studying or concerned with global
environmental issues. Major global environmental issues are brought into focus. Explanations of the evolution of the earth's natural
systems (hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, ecosphere) provide an essential understanding of the scientific concepts, processes and
historical background to environmental issues. Human impact and management of the natural environment, and concerns for
maintaining biodiversity are emphasized throughout. The rapid growing population and economic development is leading to a
number of environmental issues in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization, expansion and
massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests. Major environmental issues are forest and agricultural
degradation of land, resource depletion (water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.), environmental degradation, public health, loss of
biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood security for the poor. It is estimated that the country’s population will
increase to about 1.35 billion by the year 2018. The projected population indicates that India will be the first most populous country
in the world and China will be ranking second in the year 2050. India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of world's total
area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and
water pollution afflicts many areas. The condition of the environment is a worldwide issue. The environmental problems faced by
developed nations are largely the result of their economic strength and higher standards of living. Overconsumption is cited by
many observers as a cause of resource depletion in the First World. Americans, and to a lesser extent western Europeans, Japanese,
and other residents of developed nations, are more likely to own one or more cars, purchase more food and clothes than subsistence
levels require, and use considerable amounts of electricity. Americans consume a disproportionate amount of the planet’s resources.
The United States is home to 5% of the world’s population but uses 25% of its resources.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Overall, the developed world has 23% of Earth’s population but consumes two-thirds of the resources. Environmentalists contend
that this high level of consumption will ultimately lead to the depletion of the planet’s resources, resulting in adverse consequences
for human populations. Developed nations have reduced their rate of population growth, so overpopulation is not as great a problem
as it was previously considered to be; however, because of the high level of consumption, each new person in a developed nation
will use three times as much water and ten times as much energy as a child born in a developing country. the environmental crises
faced by developing nations are the result of poverty. For example, Third World countries often lack the resources and sanitation
facilities to provide the public with clean water. Tropical deforestation, caused by the slash-and-burn techniques of poor farmers, is
another dilemma. The global warming agreement reached in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 exempted developing nations such as
China, India, and Mexico from requirements to reduce their emissions. But according to the United Nations, countries exempted
from the agreement will create 76% of total greenhouse gas emissions over the next 50 years. If the environment truly is a
worldwide issue, then the solutions may also be universal. However, international agreement on environmental issues is often
difficult to achieve because countries are not at equivalent stages of social and economic development. As noted earlier, the Kyoto
global warming agreement reveals the difficulty of finding universal solutions to environmental problems. Developing nations
would not consider even voluntary participation in emission reduction, arguing that such measures would impede their efforts to
improve their economies and industries. Even within developed nations, the response to the treaty has varied. In June 1998, the
European Union reached an agreement that will reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 8%. However, many people in the United
States have more negative attitudes toward the agreement; they assert that achieving the reduced emission levels could hurt the
nation’s economy.

A. Global Change Scenarios

A brief summary of the status of global climate change predictions provides a context for subsequent discussions. We rely primarily
on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (78), and on MacCracken et al. (106), who combine discussions of
model-based predictions and paleoclimate records. This is a rapidly developing field. Although the detailed predictions derived from
general circulation models are uncertain and subject to revision, there can be little doubt in a qualitative sense that the increased and
still-increasing concentrations of radiatively active gases in the atmosphere will result in significant climate change of some sort.

B. Global Environmental Major Issues

One of the primary causes of environmental degradation in a country could be attributed to rapid growth of population, which
adversely affects the natural resources and environment. The uprising population and the environmental deterioration face the
challenge of sustainable development. Environmental issues in India include various natural hazards, particularly cyclones and
annual monsoon floods, population growth, increasing individual consumption, industrialization, infrastructural development, poor
agricultural practices, and resource mal-distribution have led to substantial human transformation of India’s natural environment. An
estimated 60% of cultivated land suffers from soil erosion, water logging, and salinity. It is also estimated that between 4.7 and 12
billion tons of topsoil are lost annually from soil erosion. From 1947 to 2002, average annual per capita water availability declined
by almost 70% to 1,822 cubic meters, and overexploitation of groundwater is problematic in the states of Haryana, Punjab, and
Uttar Pradesh. Forest area covers 18.34% of India’s geographic area (637000 km²). Nearly half of the country’s forest cover is
found in the state of Madhya Pradesh (20.7%) and the seven states of the northeast (25.7%); the latter is experiencing net forest loss.
Forest cover is declining because of harvesting for fuel wood and the expansion of agricultural land. These trends, combined with
increasing industrial and motor vehicle pollution output, have led to atmospheric temperature increases, shifting precipitation
patterns, and declining intervals of drought recurrence in many areas. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute of Parvati has
estimated that a 3°C rise in temperature will result in a 15 to 20% loss in annual wheat yields.

C. Global Environmental Problems

At the dawn of the third millennium, a powerful and complex web of interactions is contributing to unprecedented global trends in
environmental degradation. These forces include rapid globalization and urbanization, pervasive poverty, unsustainable
consumption patterns and population growth. Often serving to compound the effects and intensity of the environmental problems
described in the previous section, global environmental challenges require concerted responses on the part of the international
community. Global climate change, the depletion of the ozone layer, desertification, deforestation, the loss of the planet’s biological
diversity and the trans boundary movements of hazardous wastes and chemicals are all environmental problems that touch every
nation and adversely affect the lives and health of their populations.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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As with other environment-related challenges, children are disproportionately vulnerable to and suffer most from the effects of these
global trends. Moreover, all of these global environmental trends have long-term effects on people and societies and are either
difficult or impossible to reverse over the period of one generation.

D. Progress in Global Environmental

Change Since 1990 global population has grown from roughly 5.3 to 6.8 billion and sustained global economic growth,
accompanied by total and per capita increases in consumption in many parts of the world, not least in Brazil, Russia, India and
China. However, our world remains riven by differences in access to resources and per capita consumption both between and within
countries. A review of the most highly cited papers in this journal shows significant contributions across five broad themes: the
drivers and impacts of systemic and cumulative change, cross-cutting concepts such as vulnerability and resilience, approaches to
management, control and policy, and different perspectives on climate change.

E. Environmental Issues at Global Level

1) Depletion of natural resources
2) Water pollution
3) Air pollution
4) Ground water pollution
5) Toxic chemicals & soil pollution
6) Ozone layer depletion
7) Global warming
8) Loss of bio-diversity
9) Extinction of wildlife and loss of natural habitat
10) Nuclear wastes and radiation issues
Global environmental issues list if asked what are the global environmental issues that the planet faces today, most people out there
wouldn't be able to go beyond global warming and energy crisis. These people are not aware of the fact that there are several other
issues of global concern, each of which is equally hazardous. More importantly, all these issues are related with each other by some
or the other way, and hence, tackling them one by one has just become difficult.

II. CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change has become more than obvious over the past decade, with nine years of the decade making it to the list of hottest
years the planet has ever witnessed. The rise in temperature has also ensured that the equations on the planet have gone for a toss.
Some of the most obvious signs of this include irregularities in weather, frequent storms, melting glaciers, rising levels of sea etc.
Going by the prevailing conditions, it is not difficult to anticipate that the planet is heading for a dramatic climate change, some
wherein, near, future.

III. LAND DEGRADATION

Land pollution, owing to human activities, and desertification, due to loss of vegetation has left the surface of the planet unsuitable
for human use. Land degradation can be attributed to the fact that we have become too laid-back in terms preservation of the nature.
Improper soil use, haphazard waste disposal, large-scale deforestation and other such human activities harmful for nature are on the
rise, something which is invariably taking a toll on our natural surroundings.
The analysis based on the land degradation data reported in the Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (ISRO, 2016)
reveals that 96.40 Mha. area of the country is undergoing a processof land degradation (29.32percent of the total geographicarea of
the country) during 2011-13, while during 2003-05 the area undergoing processof land degradation was 94.53 Mha (28.76percent of
the total geographic area of the country). Thus there is an increase of 1.87 Mha areas
15undergoing a processof land degradation (constituting 0.57percent of the total geographic area of the country) during the time
frame 2003-05 and 2011-13. Forest land recorded more degradation than any other land ecosystems in all regions of the country. On
the other hand, cropland has shownimprovement in north, south and northeastregions of the country over the two periods.In the
caseof high-leveldegradation forest, vegetation and cropland biomes 7,333,276 ha during the 2003-05time frame and 7,303,470
degraded in the 2011-13period out of 327,525,500 ha in India. During 2003-05 to 2011-13 time frames the total land degradation in
main three categories is 29,806 ha. ISRO (2016) reports land use change during 2003-2005 and 2011-2013 time periods.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Status of land is reported under the categories, forest, agriculture, grassland, Grassland / Grazing land, Land with scrub, Barren,
Rocky area, Dune / Sandy area, Glacial, Periglacial and other land use.The data also documents different processes, such as
vegetation degradation, salinity, water logging, mass movement, frost heaving, manmade and many other ways, leading to land
degradation. Vegetation and grasslanddegradation aredocumented across the country. Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, Telangana, Karnataka
and Maharashtra are affected more bywater erosion. The problem of wind erosion is widely affecting Rajasthan. The processof
Salinity/alkalinity problemisseen across the country mostly in agricultural dominated states. Water logging problem is mostly
affectingstates with major irrigation projects. During eight years period (i.e., 2003-05 to 2011-13) forest land has been
changed/degraded across the country except in Odisha. The bulk of forest land conversion into agricultural land is the main reason
for forest landdegradation. The agriculturalland cover is increased in many states from 2003-05 to 2011-2013 period. States like
Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Assam,and Meghalaya`s agricultural land has been improved the land fertility
due to land use change.
16As a country in India 797,576 ha of forest, 248,330 ha of grassland, and 64,431ha of cropland has been degraded over 8 years
period (see Table 1 for details). To calculate the annual degradation from 2003-05 to 2011-13 is divided by 8 years.

1) Overpopulation: Yet another major global environmental issue is overpopulation. As the population of world continues to soar
at an alarming rate, the pressure on the resources of the planet is increasing. These problems associated with overpopulation
range from food and water crisis to lack of space for natural burial. Overpopulation also results in various other demographic
hazards. Incessant population growth will not just result in depletion of natural resources, but will also put more pressure on the
economy. After all sustaining a huge population requires quite a mammoth effort for a nation, as far as finance is concerned.
2) Pollution: This is perhaps the most obvious, yet most ignored global environmental issue in this list of environmental problems.
The term 'population' in itself has several other aspects, prominent ones among which include air pollution, water pollution and
land pollution. On one hand air pollution can be attributed to the large amount of carbon dioxide pumped into the atmosphere
by industries and vehicles, water pollution and land pollution is caused as a result of waste disposal from factories, oil-carrying
vessels etc. Basically, mankind is to be blamed for this issue as our activities tend to hamper the environment at an alarming
rate. If this trend continues, we will be very soon left without any fresh air to breathe, and clean water to drink.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

3) Waste Management: As population increases, human activities increase, which eventually increases the amount of waste
produced. This waste doesn't just include those harmful gases let out in the atmosphere or toxic waste released in water bodies,
but also includes nuclear waste, e-waste, medical waste (Abhijit Naik) and even the waste from our homes. With limited area
available on the planet, and most of it being inhabited by us, we are left with no space to dispose this waste. The rate at which
this waste is produced is far more than the rate at which it is being treated, and these just results in piling up of waste, which
eventually pollutes the environment. The contribution of informal sector in recovering and recycling materials, and
subsequently saving GHG emissions from the waste sector is considerably high. A 2009 report on the Climate Impact of the
Informal Waste Sector in India by Chintan Environment Research and Action Group, a New Delhi based NGO, estimated that
scientific management of waste in Delhi alone saves around 962 kilotonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions each
year.19Their calculation was based on only paper, plastic, metal and glass recovery, using material specific emission factors
programmed in the US EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM20). However, thereport’sauthors note that the figures used in
calculation are quite conservative and the actual rate of recycling could be much higher, and WARM is therefore likely to
underestimate the contribution of the informal sector. In all the major cities of India, waste pickers and kabadiwalastogether
prevent at least 15 per cent of municipal solid waste from going into landfill sites, which would have otherwise cost the
Municipal Corporations a large sum in managing (Sharholy 2007).SWaCHCooperative’s waste pickers in Pune recycled over
50 kilotonne of waste in 2016, directly contributing towards GHG reduction by saving 130 kilotonne of carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions. This is equivalent to avoiding consumption of 55,000 kilolitre of fuel or carbon dioxide sequestered by
3.3 million plants grown for ten years. Further the paper-waste sent by SWaCH’swaste-pickers for recycling, saved around
350,000 35-feet tall trees from getting cut (SWaCHPune, 2016,based on WARM; accounting for various types of waste
generated in the city).Going forward, thecity communities and the municipal authorities and elected councilors must all come
together to revamp solid waste management with the objective of not only 19Cooling Agents, Chintan
200920https://www.epa.gov/warm
26improving public health conditions, but also recovering resources and making the cities more resilient by mitigating the risks
associated with human-induced global warming.

IV. CLIMATE CHANGE

It is now widely recognized that global warming over the past 50 years is largely due to human activities that have released green-
house gases into the atmosphere. The most recent assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
concludes that the global average surface temperature has increased by about 0.6°C during the 20th century. The seemingly small
rise of mean temperature is already showing adverse effects. One of the consequences has been a rise in the global average sea level
another effect has been more frequent and intensified droughts in recent decades in parts of Asia and Africa. Additionally, in most
mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere continents, precipitation has increased by 0.5 to 1.0 per cent per decade in the
20th century. The world’s emissions of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, continue to increase. The most recent estimates
are that atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) will double or triple pre-industrial levels by the end
of this century. As a result, global surface temperature is expected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius from 1990 to 2100 The
repercussions of climate change will disproportionately affect those who are least able to adapt - the poor and the most vulnerable
sections of society, including children. For example, scientists project that this level of warming could, among other things:• Greatly
exacerbate the range, frequency and intensity of natural disasters, from flooding, to droughts, to torrential rains, ice-storms,
tornadoes and hurricanes;• Cause sea levels to rise by between nine and 80 centimeters by 2100 due to the expansion of warming
waters and the melting of polar icecaps and other glaciers, which in turn may produce deadly flooding in many low-lying areas and
small island States, displacing millions from their homes;• Increase the number of environmental refugees resulting from weather-
related disasters; •Augment the risk of disease migration and disease out-breaks; and• Render large areas of the world “uninsurable”
due to the magnitude of property damage from disasters. It is widely recognized that climate change, by altering local weather
patterns and by disturbing life-supporting natural systems and processes, has significant implications for human health. While the
range of health effects is diverse, often unpredictable in magnitude, and sometimes slow to emerge, children remain among the most
vulnerable to these threats. Higher temperatures, heavier rainfall, and changes in climate variability would encourage vectors of
some infectious diseases (such as malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis) to multiply and expand into
new geographical regions, intensifying the already overwhelming threats to children from such diseases. There is also evidence that
El Niño - a vast natural climatic phenomenon that can bring intense floods and droughts in many parts of the globe - is becoming
more frequent as a result of global warming and could further aggravate health problems in many parts of the world.

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ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Excessive flooding is, for example, a prime cause of cholera and other water-borne and food-borne infections to which children are
particularly susceptible. While heavy rains will become more frequent, there will also be more periods of drought and increased
spreading of the deserts. Scientists predict that a lack of rain, warmer temperatures and increases in evaporation could have severe
implications in terms of water availability and food security, reducing crop yields in Africa, further compromising child nutrition.
There are also numerous health effects, both in terms of disease and injury, associated with extreme weather events, such as heat
waves, storms and floods. Extreme weather events can exacerbate health issues such as asthma and respiratory problems due to
worsening air pollution, precisely those diseases that most significantly burden children.

V. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Ozone in the atmosphere’s upper layer, the stratosphere, protects humans, animals and plants from the damaging effects of UV-B
radiation from the sun. Without it, all life on earth would cease to exist. However, the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other
Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) are slowly eating away at the stratospheric ozone layer, creating a major potential health
hazard. While the concentrations of ODS in the lower atmosphere peaked in about 1994 and is now slowly declining due to
worldwide efforts to phase out the use of CFCs and other damaging sub- stances, significant health threats relating to ozone
depletion persist. Formation of Ozone In the stratosphere ozone is produced as a result of the dissociation of oxygen molecule by the
intense UV component of the sunshine. The single oxygen atom (O) combines with other oxygen molecule (O2) to form ozone (O3)
as shown in figure 1.

Past (and current) emissions of ODS result in increases of ultra-violet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface which can pose sever-
al health effects• Increase of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers;• Cause or acceleration of eye cataracts development; •
Reduce effectiveness of the immune system;• Impact on nutrition (e.g. reduced plant yield);• Damage to ocean ecosystems and
reduced fish yield (by killing microbial organisms in the ocean).Skin cancer is the most worrisome health impact of ozone depletion.
Overexposure to the sun’s harmful Ultra-Violet (UV) light may damage children’s skin. Recent studies indicate that excessive
sunburns experienced by children 10 to 15 years of age increase by threefold the chance of developing malignant melanoma, the
most deadly kind of skin cancer, later in life In Europe, evaluations of ultraviolet-related skin cancers suggest that, despite the
decline in ODS concentrations, skin cancer incidences will not begin to fall until about 2060.The international response to this issue
is embodied in the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, which was concluded in Vienna in 1985. The Vienna
Convention set an important precedent because nations for the first time agreed in principle to tackle a global environmental
problem before its effects were felt. The Convention’s 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has
been remarkably successful. Production of the most damaging ozone-depleting substances was eliminated, except for a few critical
uses, by 1996 in developed countries and should be phased out by 2010 in developing countries. Thanks to these measures, it is
currently estimated the CFC concentration in the ozone layer is expected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the year 2050.

VI. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

In addition, the loss of biodiversity obstructs the discovery of new medicines to treat various diseases. Another emerging modern
health concern is bio safety and the effects of advances in and increased use of biotechnology to genetically modify foods. Public
concern about the health and ecological risks of foods made with biotechnology has intensified in Europe and has spread rapidly to
other parts of the world, including the United States. Proponents contend that biotechnology could help feed the developing world,
cut costs, and reduce the need for pesticides.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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VII. GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the
greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. Archaeological sites and some buildings have survived at least two periods
of global warming and intervening cold periods with international scientific evidence mounting and the reliability of future climate
predictions increasing. Heritage commissioned research to gather evidence on climate change as a possible cause of environmental
instability of cultural heritage and to inform present and future planning.

A. Roles of WWF to Protect from Global Warming WWF-

India is one of the largest conservation organizations engaged in wildlife and nature conservation in the country. A part of WWF
International, the organization has made its presence felt through a sustained effort not only towards nature and wildlife
conservation, but sensitizing people by creating awareness through capacity building and environ-legal activism. A challenging,
constructive, science-based organization WWF addresses issues like the survival of species and habitats, climate change and
environmental education.

B. Some Facts and Figures about Global Warming

According to the report of WTO International Organization 2007 the following things are take place in the world and affecting the
natural disaster. The biggest ice cap in the arctic region, the ward hunt ice shelf broke into Fragments as a result of global warming,
reported NASA. More average shoreline in Fiji receding by half a foot every year. Adelie penguin populations in Antarctica reduce
in size by 33%. 20- 30% of the world’s reefs wiped out. The above mentioned facts are the tip of the iceberg as far as disastrous
effects of global warming.

C. Effects of Global Warming in India

Elevated carbon dioxide emissions from industries, factories,

Vehicles etc. have contributed to the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of
dust and aerosols had cleared [7]. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the Laurasian
landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms. The formation of the Himalayas resulted in
blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical
in character than it would otherwise have been [9].

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Several effects of global warming, including steady sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature
and precipitation patterns, have affected or are projected to affect India. Ongoing sea level rises have submerged several low-lying
islands in the Sundarbans, displacing thousands of people. Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau, which are causing Himalayan
glaciers to retreat [4]. The present rate of global warming could mean that many plants and animals currently living at lower
elevations or at lower latitudes will progressively migrate to higher elevations and latitudes. Hence, in the long term, it may be
expected that some of our currently important agricultural species will no longer be able to grow at their present lower latitudinal
and lower elevation limits if the global temperate warms.

VIII. TEMPERATURE
Evert year rapidly increase the temperature from the global warming and climate change. As the result natural calamities like
Tsunami, Soil erosion, Ice glaciers melting in Himalayas and other things.

IX. CONCLUSION
Global climate change is causing these areas to experience an increasingly sparse and erratic rainfall pattern and a lengthened dry
season, affecting the livelihoods of thousands of villagers; some areas are also facing water shortages. People are becoming aware of
sick of global warming, so they cultivate more and more trees, planting mangrove forest by the sites of the coastal areas and reduce
the usage of plastic. They have sowed more than 12 million seeds & half a million of plants. Planting trees balances carbon
emissions and pollution. There are organizations that will help you offset your carbon footprint. The deforestation comes in a close
second in causes for global warming. There is still much that is unknown about the potential health effects of global climate change.
The various phenomena that can be said to contribute to the rubric include stratospheric ozone depletion, global warming, acid
aerosol formation, desertification, and deforestation. At the current time, these phenomena are being investigated separately, yet the
case can and should be made that these things are happening concurrently and there are many instances where interactions are
possible as well as likely. Thus, a more global view is required, particularly with regard to the science, but also with regard to
policy. These phenomena are not occurring independently, and to analyze them and try to develop responses to them as though they
were seems an exercise designed to fall short of the optimum solution. Although it is sometimes helpful to divide a problem into
components in order to analyze what contributions are made by the various pieces, at some point the analyst has to reassemble the
parts and look for the sum of the effects. This has not yet been done in the public health arena regarding global climate change, and
there is very little evidence that it is being done in other important areas such as agriculture and natural resources. At last, global
warming can be dealt with only through international agreement. The context is one of game theory, and the stressing need is to
design incentive systems for global cooperation. The Montreal protocol on ozone may be an ineffective guide to the prospects for a
greenhouse agreement. The most urgent need is to develop appropriate policy instruments and compensatory mechanisms for the
best results. The growing recognition that greenhouse gas reductions are not the only option we have to slow and ultimately reverse
global warming. Restoring and expanding global forests can also cool the planet.

X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers were: Professor May Cassar and Dr Robyn Pender (conservators); Professor Bill Bordass, Professor Tadj Oreszczyn
and Professor Philip Steadman (building physicists); Jane Corcoran and Taryn Nixon (archaeologists); and Professor Lord Julian
Hunt (climate modeller).Southeast England sites: Audley End House and gardens, Dunwich medieval town, Flag Fen Bronze Age
wetlands site, Languard Fort 19th century fortification and Sutton Hoo barrow site. Northwest England sites: Beeston Castle ruins
and grounds, Birdoss Wald (Hadrian’s Wall), Birkenhead Park, Brough Castle ruin, Broughton Castle ruin, Chester Castle medieval
tower, Chester Roman Amphitheatre, Furness Abbey ruins, Lanercost Priory ruin, Poltross Burn (Hadrian’s Wall), Stott Park
Bobbin Mill industrial complex and Walton Old Rectory 13th century complex.

REFERENCES
[1] Bisgrove R, Hadley P (2002) Gardening in the global greenhouse: the impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK. UKCIP, Oxford, UK.
[2] Cassar M (2005) Climate Change and the Historic Environment. Centre for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, London, UK.
[3] Cranfield S (2001) UK: United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme, Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and United Kingdom Water
Industries Research.
[4] Harrabin R (2007) How climate change hits India's poor. BBC News.
[5] Holman I, Loveland PJ, Nicholls RJ, Shackley S, Berry PM, et al. (2001) REGIS - Regional climate change impact and response studies in East Anglia and in
North West England (RegIS). DEFRA, UK Climate Impacts Programme, UK.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

[6] Hulme M, Jenkins GJ, Lu X, Turnpenny JR, Mitchell TD, et al. (2002) Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom: the UKCIP02 Scientific Report.
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[7] Karanth KP (2006) Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota. Current Science WWF International Organization 6: 1-4.
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[10] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (2005) Air Pollution as Climate Forcing. Goddard Space Flight Center.
[11] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png

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