International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426

Development of Concrete Hollow Blocks from

Pulverized Oyster Shell (Crassostrea iredalei) and
Non-Biodegradable Materials
Hene L. Hapinat1, Eva S. Montero2
1
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College - Batad Campus, Department of Agriculture, Batad Viejo, Batad, Iloilo 5016, Philippines
2
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College -Batad Campus, Department of Agriculture, Batad Viejo, Batad, Iloilo 5016, Philippines

Abstract: The study generally aimed to utilize the potential of pulverized oyster shell (Crassostrea iredalei) and non-biodegradable
materials such as plastics and discarded glass as composite materials in hollow block making. Experimental Research Design was
employed to determine the effectiveness of the different treatments in making hollow block. This was conducted through a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD), with the factors considered as the varying concentrations of powdered oyster shells, glasses and shredded
plastics. All treatments were replicated three times. The hollow block samples were subjected to water absorbency and compressive
strength tests. The data was scientifically collected, recorded and analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Least Square Difference (LSD)
at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance. Results revealed that materials obtained from discarded oyster shells, glasses and plastics are
highly resistant to water and are effective composite materials in making concrete hallow block in terms of durability and compressive
strength. This innovative technology is recommended to hollow block makers, cement industry and local government units with
abundant sources of shells and promote recycling of wastes from these discarded materials to lessen problems on solid wastes. The
product would save our ecology from excessive quarrying of sand and cement production and likewise to cut down and lower the
production cost from these materials.

Keywords: concrete hollow block, oyster shells, nonbiodegradable materials, eco-friendly, cost-efficient

1. Introduction an impression to energy and eco-friendly atmosphere

through this innovative technology.
Capiz, one of the provinces in Panay Island in the Visayas,
Philippines is dubbed as the “Seafood Capital of the Furthermore, it promotes the indigenous materials in making
Philippines” because of its abundance of marine life. It holds concrete blocks which is cheaper compared to synthetic and
one of the richest sources and largest contributors of tons of chemically manufactured materials. Using pulverized oyster
oyster shells in the entire Region VI [1].Varied shellfishes shells, shredded plastic bottles, and discarded glasses as
are attractions to visitors and forms an essential part of the composite materials in making hollow blocks is the main
food among Capizeños and those who live along coastal drive of the study. Cement is the main ingredients in making
areas. blocks because of its durability and hardness. But as the
demand of cement increases the price also increases, for this
Many fishing communities, households, shell-stall-owners in reason, the idea of using pulverized oyster, shredded plastic
the market, local seafood restaurants in the Province of bottles, and discarded glasses as composite material in
Capiz do not value empty seashells from oyster shells. After making hollow blocks came in placed.
eating and/or selling its meat, empty shells are thrown away
and are thought to be useless. Waste from empty shells of United Nations Development Plan (UNDP) with goals
this mollusks derive from these major sources together with numbers 7, 8, 9 and 13 are found to have greater relevance to
other solid waste like discarded glass and empty plastic anchor this present study: Ensure environmental
bottles generated by the major business establishments, sustainability; Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
households, fast food chains and local seafood restaurants economic growth, full and productive employment and
within the province have greatly contributed to the tons of decent work for all; Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure;
solid wastes generated each year. This becomes a serious and Climate action goal. The Sustainable Development
problem on Solid Waste Management by the Local Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a
Government Unit (LGU) and in the entire province. universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity [2]. To take
The researcher was motivated to conduct this study not only part for these universal goals, the researcher came up with
to find solution on our solid wastes problem but more so to this technological study not only to promote transfer of this
discover an innovative technology in hollow block making technology to the community, but more importantly to lessen
which is more economical, a better composite material to the adverse effect of climate change because of these
meet higher work efficiency as well as building infrastructure discarded wastes.
of long-lasting value. The utilization of shells and non-
biodegradable wastes as composite materials in hollow block 2. Objectives of the Study
making entails lower cost and are found to be more
environmentally sustainable. The finished structure will give Generally, the study aimed to utilize the potential of
pulverized oyster shell (Crassostrea iredalei) and non-
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Paper ID: ART20196748 10.21275/ART20196748 294
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
biodegradable wastes such as plastics and discarded glasses The empty plastic bottles were gathered from the trash bins
as composite materials in hollow block making. Specifically, of the researcher and from the neighboring households.
this study sought to answer the following questions: These were washed thoroughly with soap and water to
remove the impurities and other residues and left-overs,
1) Find out the effect of adding pulverized oyster shells and drained and air dry for 2 hours. The plastics were carefully
varying amount discarded glasses and shredded plastics shred into fine texture using a sharp scissors. The shredded
in hallow block making in terms of plastics were properly weighed, labeled and placed in a safe
a) Water absorbency; and container.
b) Compressive strength
2) Determine the significant difference in the water 3.3 Experimental Treatment
absorbency of concrete hollow block using powdered
oyster shells, and varying amount of discarded glasses Using the standard weighing instrument the four treatments
and plastics. were prepared: Treatment A–1, 500g cement + 2, 500g sand
3) Determine the significant difference in the compressive + 1, 000g powdered oyster shells, + 700g discarded glasses
strength of concrete hollow block using powdered oyster + 700g shredded plastics + 250mL water; Treatment B – 1,
shells, and varying amount of discarded glasses and 500g cement + 2, 500g sand + 1000g powdered oyster
plastics. shells+ 650g discarded glasses + 750g shredded plastics +
250mL water; Treatment C –1, 500g cement + 2, 500g
3. Materials and Methods selected borrow + 1000g powdered oyster shells + 750g
discarded glasses + 650g shredded plastics + 250mL water;
The materials used in this study were commercial cement, and Treatment D –commercial concrete hollow blocks. Each
sand, hollow block molder, water, powdered oyster shells treatment was mixed thoroughly one at a time with the used
and discarded glass, shredded plastic, face mask, hand of spade until the required mixtures will be obtained. The
gloves, eye protector (google), furnace for calcination of mixture was transferred to the standard hallow block molder,
oyster shells, strainer, safe containers, hammer and sacks. sundried for 2-3 hours. The same procedure was employed
Experimental Research Design was employed in this study to for the rest of the treatments. Completely Randomized
determine the effectiveness of the different treatments in Design (CRD) was used in three treatments replicated three
hollow block making. This study was conducted through a times. After 28 days of curing period, the samples were
Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with the factors brought to the laboratory of the Department of Public Works
considered as the varying concentrations of powdered oyster and Highways (DPWH) for Water Absorbency and
shells, glasses and shredded plastics. All treatments were Compressive Strength Test.
replicated three times.
3.4 Data Gathering Procedure
3.1 Gathering and Preparing of Oyster Shells
The hollow block samples were brought to the Department
The empty oyster shells were collected form households, of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Field Office to
public market, seafood restaurant within Roxas City, Capiz, determine and obtain data for water absorbency and
Philippines. The empty shells were thoroughly washed with compressive strength tests of every sample in each of the
tap water to remove some impurities clinging on the shells, treatments. The data was collected, recorded and analyzed
drained and left for two hours or more to let the shells be scientifically.
dried by air. Mechanical crusher was used to reduce the size
of the shells for easy calcination. 2.4 Data Analysis Procedure

The crushed shells were calcinated using furnace 2 to 3 Mean and Standard Deviation were used to describe the
hours. Calcinated shells were set aside to let them cool effects of the varying amounts of composite materials
down. These were pulverized using a mortar and pestle and incorporated in three different treatments that were
then screened using strainer to prepare a powdered-like- replicated three times. One-Way ANOVA was used to test
cement samples. The finished products were properly the differences on the compressive strength and water
weighed and labeled using a safe storage container. absorbency of the hollow blocks made using varying amount
of composite material incorporated in different treatments at
3.2 Collecting of Discarded Glass and Plastics Bottles 0.05 alpha level of significance.

The discarded glass was gathered from trash bins of the Least Square Difference (LSD) was used to test the
researcher and from the neighboring households. These were significance between the effect of varying amounts of
washed thoroughly with soap and water to remove the additive incorporated in each trial to the compressive
residue of chemicals and other impurities, drained and air strength and water absorbency of the sample hollow blocks
dry for 2 hours. Hammer was used to carefully reduce the using 0.05 levels of significance.
size of the glass into fine texture. This was carefully
prepared, weighed and labeled properly. Set aside the
finished products in safe-sealed container.

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ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
4. Results and Discussion Table 1.1: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among the
treatments in terms of water absorbency test
4.1 Wet and Dry Mass of the CHB and the Average Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.
Mean of Different Samples in Terms of Water Square
Between Groups 534.840 3 178.280 14.952 .001*
Absorbency Test
Within Groups 95.390 8 11.924
Total 630.230 11
Data on table 1 disclosed the dry mass of the CHB, the wet
*. significant at 0.05 alpha level.
mass of the CHB, the absorption rate of each treatment and
their average mean differences in terms of water absorbency.
The preceding data was confirmed in the results of the Post
The results revealed that among the four treatments,
Hoc Test showing multiple comparisons in concrete hollow
commercially made hollow block (the positive control) has
blocks incorporated with different treatments from discarded
the highest absorption rate equivalent to 59.05 kg, followed
oyster shells, glasses and plastics. Results from Least
by Treatment C with 14.29 kg, Treatment B with 12.00 kg,
Significant Difference (LSD), a Post Hoc Test indicated in
and Treatment A with 8.89 kg absorption rate. In terms of
table 1.2 showed that Treatment A had the remarkably least
average mean, the commercially made CHB had the highest
capacity to absorb water among other treatments, followed
average mean of 19.670 while Treatment A had the lowest
by Treatment, B and C respectively. The highest capacity to
average mean of 3.296.
absorb water is found in Treatment D, the commercially
made hollow blocks.
Results implied that among the three treatments, Treatment
A with the lowest absorption rate 8.89 kg with the average
Viewing the results as a whole, Treatment A, B and C show
mean of 3.296, containing, 1, 500g cement + 2, 500g sand +
potential capacity to release water and to maintain the
1, 000g powdered oyster shells, + 700g discarded glass +
durability of the concrete hollow blocks. This was confirmed
700g shredded plastics + 250mL water showed the least
by the results of ANOVA and LSD tests at 0.05 alpha levels
absorbent, while Treatment D, the commercially made
revealing that there is a significant difference in the water
hollow blocks, used as a positive control having the highest
absorbency of concrete hollow blocks using these composite
absorption rate of 59.05kg (with an average mean of 19.670)
materials. According to Ref. [4] Concrete durability is
had greater water absorbency.
generally defined as ability to resist weathering action,
chemical attack, abrasion, or any process of concrete
The water absorbency of the concrete material is dependent
deterioration which are highly influenced by water
on the permeability and porosity of the concrete and the
absorbency. To increase the sustainability and to decrease
strength of capillary forces. Concrete durability can be
the repair costs of concrete structures during their service
evaluated in terms of water absorbency [3]. The lesser the
life, it is mandatory to use durable materials in construction.
amount of water absorbed, the longer the strength and
The results of this present study conformed the findings of
durability of concrete hollow blocks (CHB), while the
Ref. [6] stating that the fine aggregate from oyster shells as
greater the water absorbed, the shorter the strength and
substitute for cement in terms of absorption rate almost
durability of the concrete material. separately. Durability of
satisfies the standards.
concrete plays a critical role in controlling its serviceability.
Furthermore, durability of concrete is mainly dependent on
Table 1.2: Post Hoc Test showing multiple comparisons in
the capacity of a fluid to penetrate the concrete’s
the water absorbency of the CHB by different treatments
microstructure, which was called permeability. High
permeability led to the introduction of molecules that react
and destroy its chemical stability [3]; [4]; [5].

Table 1: Average Mean of the different treatments in terms

of water absorbency
Treatments Wet Mass of CHB Dry Mass of Average Mean
(kg) CHB (kg)
A 20.85 20.25 2.962
B 19.50 18.75 4.000
C 17.60 16.80 4.760
D 21.35 25.55 19.670
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
The result of the ANOVA in Table 1.1 further showed
4.2 The Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow
significant differences in the results of the water absorbency
Blocks (CHB) Incorporated with Nonbiodegradable
test on different treatments incorporated with composite
Materials
materials from discarded oyster shells, glasses and plastics.
The results indicate that there is a significant difference
Data on Table 2 showed the compressive strength of
among treatments incorporated with different additives.
concrete hollow blocks (CHB) incorporated with powdered
oyster shells, glasses and shredded plastics as composite
materials calibrated at the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH), Field Office VI in Western Visayas.

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The data revealed that Treatment A had the compressive concrete the strength of concrete increases. Glass with finest
strength of 10.442 Mpa, Treatment B, 10.170 Mpa, particle size gives higher strength [9]. The production of this
Treatment C, 9.783 Mpa, and Treatment D, 3.770 Mpa. new technology will give impact and provide alternative
livelihood for the improvement of the community [10].
Result indicated that among the four treatments, Treatment A
Table 2.1: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among the
with 1, 500g cement + 2, 500g selected borrow + 1, 000g
treatments in terms of compressive test
powdered oyster shells, + 700g discarded glass + 700g
shredded plastics + 250mL water showed the highest mean
difference in the compressive strength of the concrete hollow
blocks. While the lowest mean which is 3.770 Mpa is
obtained by the commercially made hollow blocks. This
means that the powdered oyster shells, discarded glasses and
shredded plastics as composite material in making concrete
hollow blocks would increase the compressive strength of
the material. The results of the study positively showed that the use of
plastic bottles in the construction of concrete deemed
Table 2: Compressive Strength of concrete hollow blocks reasonable [7]. Using plastic as reinforcement to concrete
(CHB) incorporated with nonbiodegradable materials materials, were able to get more than 90% saving on CO2
emission and fossil fuel usage [11].

The present study also conformed with the findings of Ref.

[12] reported that plastic bottles provide an advantage of
uniform quality as well as speeding in construction and the
largest durability. Accordingly, the present study supports
the findings of Ref.[13] stating that recycling of waste glass
can be used as cementitious material for enhancing the
The result of the ANOVA further revealed highly significant chemical stability, moisture resistance and durability of
differences in the results of the compressive strength of the concrete. Supplementary material possesses major problems
concrete hollow blocks incorporated with different for municipalities, and this problem can be greatly
composite materials from powdered oyster shells and eliminated by re-using waste glass as sand/cement
discarded glasses and plastics. replacement in concrete. Glass powder in concrete increases
the compressive strength effectively, as compared with
commercial concrete. The findings of the researcher in this
The result indicates there is a highly significant difference present study was highlighted by the study of Ref. [14]
among treatments. Likewise, data on Table 1.1 showing the affirming that, Oyster shells and plastics have comparably
results of the water absorbency and data on Table 2.1 lower price compared to sand when used as cement
showing the compressive strength tests of the concrete replacement. Thus, making it more economically and
hollow blocks proved the effectiveness of the composite environmentally efficient in making concretes.
materials. The results were substantiated by the Post Hoc
Test in Table 1.2 proving the effectiveness of the composite Results from LSD, a Post Hoc test showing the compressive
materials incorporated in concrete hollow bocks in terms of strength and the significance between the effects of different
water absorbency. Viewing the results as a whole, Treatment composite materials incorporated in each trial showed that
A, B and C showed potential capacity to maintain its Treatment A had the highest compressive strength, followed
durability because of the highest compressive strength. This by Treatment B and C respectively. The commercial hollow
was confirmed by the results of ANOVA and LSD tests at blocks (Treatment D), that act as the positive control showed
0.05 alpha levels revealing that there is a significant the least compressive strength among all other treatments
difference in the compressive strength of concrete hollow at.05 alpha level of significance. Data revealed further that
blocks using these composite materials. Thus, Treatments A, the concrete hollow blocks incorporated with the different
B and C significantly improved both in the water absorbency composite materials from powdered oyster shells, and non-
and the compressive strength of the CHB. biodegradable materials obtained from discarded glasses and
According to the result of the study conducted by Ref. [9], plastics could positively increase the compressive strength of
concrete blocks with plastic bottles shown higher the concretes. The data obtained were proven statistically
compressive strength. Plastic bottles provide an advantage of through the results of the ANOVA and LSD tests
uniform quality as well as speeding in construction and the respectively showed that highly significant effects were
largest durability. The concrete reinforced with recycled observed on concrete hollow blocks treated with
polypropylene plastic could be used to build footpaths and nonbiodegradable materials.
precast elements such as drainage pits and concrete sleepers.
On the other hand, from the results obtained, it is found that The use of powdered oyster shells from bivalve mollusks as
glass powder can be used as cement replacement material up cementation substitute in Portland cement has been
to particle size less than 75μm to prevent alkali silica investigated around the globe due to the variety of shell
reaction [8]. As the size of glass powder particle decreases in waste that can be utilized around coastal areas; oyster shell

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production in the Philippines has been estimated up to 3M recommended the use of finest powder from glass and
tons annually [12]. The study further revealed that the shredded plastics to obtain best results in terms of water
chemical composition of burnt oyster shell contains similar absorbency and compressive strength of the concrete
calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide phases as materials. Likewise, local government units with abundant
compared to lime. In addition to that, waste from Oyster source of shells to adopt through laws the innovative
shells, plastics bottles and discarded glasses has potential technology to recycle wastes from these discarded materials
application that can enhance the sustainability of society in to lessen problems on solid wastes, conserve our ecology
reducing environmental pollution by converting hazardous from excessive quarrying of sand and cement production and
waste into useful construction material. to lower the production cost from these materials. Utilization
of these discarded materials could provide alternative
Table 2.2: Post Hoc test showing multiple comparisons in livelihood to our local folks. This cost-efficient and eco-
the compressive test of the CHB by different treatments. friendly technology must be conserved and maintained.

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Author Profile
Hene Libiano Hapinat received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in General Science from Capiz State
University (CapSU), Pontevedra, Capiz in 1997 and
2014, respectively. He finished his doctorate degree in
Educational Management in 2017 at CapSU. He
became a public secondary school teacher of the Department of
Education (DepEd, Region VI) from 1998-2014. In 2015 he
became an Assistant Professor and an Assistant Researcher at the
Office of the Associate Research Director of the Research and
Development Services of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College, Batad Campus, Batad, Iloilo. Presently he is now working
as member of the Research Team on Sustainable Corn Production
Amidst Climate Change, a research project funded by the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Central Office.

Eva Sintin Montero is an Assistant Professor in the

School of Agriculture of the Northern Iloilo
Polytechnic State College, Batad Campus for 30 years.
In 2005 she became an Associate Researcher Director
and a manager of Farmers Information and
Technology Services (FITS) Center. By her exemplary performance
in the field of Research and Extension services she received several
awards and recognitions both in the national and international
arenas. At present she is now managing the 7.5Million worth of
research project at the techno-demo site of the College funded by
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED Central Office.

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