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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

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Modules for Math 0
(Mathematics for Engineering Science and Technology)

Module 1 (Polynomials)

Module Description : In this module important type of algebraic expression called a polynomial will be discussed. Polynomials are extremely
useful because they are so simple: The variables are only added, subtracted, and multiplied. A variable is a letter used to
represent an arbitrary element of a set, while a constant is a letter used to represent a specific element of a set. In this
module, variables will represent real numbers almost all the time and complex numbers occasionally. Polynomials will be
used repeatedly throughout this module.

Lesson 1 : Fundamental operations on polynomials: Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of polynomials.

Introduction: : This lesson will include the discussion on the properties of real numbers, the laws of signs, and perform the four fundamental
operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) applying laws of exponents on multiplication and division and
simplifying algebraic expression using the correct way of inserting and removing symbols of grouping

Learning Objectives : To provide the students the ability to perform the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) of polynomials, applying laws of exponents on multiplication and division and simplifying algebraic expression
using the correct way of inserting and removing symbols of grouping.

Learning Outcomes : Upon completion of this lesson, the student should have:
1. Performed the four fundamental operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on polynomials.
2. Applied the laws of exponents for multiplication and division of polynomials.
3. Simplified algebraic expressions by removing symbols of grouping.
4. Appreciate the use and application of the four fundamental operations on polynomials.

Time Allotment : 4 hrs lecture / 5 hrs lab

Presentation of the Lesson

1.1 Concept of a Polynomial

The basic language of algebra is symbolic. It is important to understand the character of algebraic symbolisms such as numerals,
letters, symbols, parentheses and operation symbols. Let us consider this sentence: He wrote the novel, “Noli Me Tangere.” We can
replace “He” by the name of a person. The pronoun “He” is called the variable. We shall now give a more formal definition of this concept.
1.2 Definition of terms
Variable – is an object or symbol that changes its value in a particular problem or discussion.
Constant – is an object or symbol that does not change its value in a particular problem or discussion.
Algebraic expression – is a constant, a variable or a combination of constants and variables together with the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to powers or extraction of roots.
Terms – consist of a variable and constant separated by + or – sign.
Polynomial – is an expression which is composed of terms separated by the fundamental operations in Algebra.
Monomial – is an algebraic expression consisting of only one term.
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 Binomial – is an algebraic expression which consists of two unlike terms.
Trinomial – is an algebraic expression which consists of three unlike terms.
Multinomial – is an algebraic expression which consists of four or more unlike terms.
Literal coefficient – is the symbol or letter in a particular expression.
Numerical coefficient – is a numeral/number in a particular expression.
Degree of term – is the sum of the exponents of its variables.
Degree of a Polynomial – is the highest exponent found in any non–zero term of the polynomial.

1.3 Kinds of Polynomials

1. Monomial
Example 1 𝑥, 5, (𝑥 – 7)
2. Binomial
Example 𝟐 3𝑥 3 – 5𝑥 7 , 2𝑦 2 − 1, 5𝑎 + 2
3. Trinomial
Example 3 7𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 – 3, 2𝑥 2 𝑦 – 5𝑥𝑦 3 – 3𝑥𝑦, 3𝑎2 𝑏 – 5𝑎𝑏 2 + 7𝑎𝑏
4. Multinomial
Example 4 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 + 1, 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 + 27 𝑎3 𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 7𝑎𝑏 3 + 9
There are also some expressions, which cannot be considered as polynomials.
Example 5
1. 2𝑥 −2 , This is not a polynomial because of the negative exponent –2. An expression is a polynomial if the exponent is a positive
integer or zero.
3
2. , This is not a polynomial because the term does not follow the form 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 .
𝑥−5
Note: An algebraic expression is a polynomial if and only if all the terms are in the form 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 ; where 𝑛 is an element of the whole
numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

1.4 Degree of Polynomials

In determining the degree of a term of a polynomial, find the sum of the exponents of its variable.

Example 6
2𝑥 2 2nd degree
3𝑥 2 𝑦 3rd degree
19 0 degree because 19𝑥 0 = 19
In determining the degree of a polynomial, get the highest exponent found in any non–zero term of the polynomial

Example 7
3𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 + 7 5th degree
9𝑚3 – 4𝑚2 + 6 3rd degree
3𝑚4 – 4𝑚2 4th degree

1.5 Operations on Polynomials

1.5.1 Addition
A. Addition of Monomials
Procedure
1. To add similar or like terms, find the algebraic sum of the numerical coefficients and prefix it to their common literal factor.
Note: The Addition Laws of Signed Numbers

a. In adding numbers having the same signs, find their sum and bring down their common sign.

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 b. In adding numbers having different signs, find their difference and bring down the sign of the number with the greater
numerical value.
2. To add dissimilar or unlike terms, their sum cannot be written as a single term, instead they can only be indicated.
Example 8

Add the following:

a. 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 8𝑥

b. (−8𝑦) + (−2𝑦) = −10𝑦

c. 5𝑎𝑏 + (−2𝑎𝑏) = 3ab

d. (−8𝑏𝑐) + 8𝑏𝑐 = 0

e. 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 = 4ab

B. Addition of Polynomials
There are two ways of adding polynomials:
1. horizontal form

2. vertical form

In adding polynomials in horizontal form, simply combine similar terms

Example 9

Find the sum of 3x 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −2𝑥 3 + 7x 2 − 5

Solution
(3x 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7) + (−2𝑥 3 + 7x 2 − 5) = 3x 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7 −2𝑥 3 + 7x 2 − 5
= (3x 3 −2𝑥 3 ) + (− 5𝑥 2 + 7x 2 ) + (7 − 5)
= (x 3 ) + (2x 2 ) + (2)
= x 3 + 2x 2 + 2
In adding polynomials in vertical form, arrange the terms, so that similar terms or like terms are in the same vertical columns, then
add each column.

In some cases, it will be necessary to rewrite the polynomials in ascending or descending powers of one letter.

Using the same example

3x 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −2𝑥 3 + 7x 2 − 5

3x 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7
−2𝑥 3 + 7x 2 − 5
x 3 + 2x 2 + 2
1.5.2 Subtraction
A. Subtraction of Monomials
Procedure
1. To subtract similar or like terms, change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed as in algebraic addition.
2. The subtraction of dissimilar or unlike terms can only be indicated. However, change the sign of the subtrahend.
Example 10
a. Subtract – 5𝑥 from 3𝑥
b. Subtract 2𝑥 from 0
c. Subtract 0 from – 5𝑎𝑏

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 Solution
a. (3𝑥) − (−5𝑥) = 8𝑥

b. (0) − (2𝑥) = −2𝑥

c. (−5𝑎𝑏) − (0) = −5𝑎𝑏

B. Subtraction of Polynomials
Procedure
▪ To subtract polynomials in horizontal form, change the sign of each term of the second polynomial and proceed to addition.
Example 11
a. Find the difference of 5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 and − 8𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6
Solution
(5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3) − (− 8𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6) = (5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3) + ( 8𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 6)
= (5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 + 8𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 6)
= (5𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 2 ) + (−2𝑦 − 7𝑦) + (3 + 6)
= (5 + 8)𝑦 2 + (−2 − 7)𝑦 + (9)
= 13𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 9
b. Subtract 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 from −2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

Solution

(−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦) − (5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦) = (−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦) + (− 5𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)

= (−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)
= (−2𝑥𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦) + (−6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)
= −2𝑥𝑦 2 + (4 − 5)𝑥 2 𝑦 + (−6 − 6)𝑥𝑦
= −2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦

▪ To subtract polynomials in vertical form, arrange the terms so that similar or like terms are in the same vertical columns,
then change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed as in addition.

In some cases, it will be necessary to rewrite the polynomials in ascending or descending powers of one letter.

Using the same example

c. Find the difference of 5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 and − 8𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6

Solution
5𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3
(+) (–) (+)
− 8𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 6
13𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 9
d. Subtract 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 from −2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦
Solution
−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦
(–) (–)
5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦
−2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦

1.5.3 Multiplication
Positive Integer Exponents
1
It can be shown that 𝑎0 = 1 and 𝑎−𝑛 = . These definitions will be consistent with the laws for exponents in this
𝑎𝑛
section, which are given here for positive integer exponents.

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 The Laws for Exponents / Index Laws
1. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎. … 𝑎 nth power of a
2. 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 add exponents
3. 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑛
multiply bases
4. 𝑛 𝑚
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑚𝑛
multiply exponents
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
5. = ( ) divide bases
𝑏𝑛 𝑏
𝑎𝑚
6. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 subtract exponents
𝑎𝑛

Example 12
a. 32 33 = 32+3 = 35 = 243
75
b. = 75−3 = 72 = 49
73

c. (23 )2 = 23 ∙2 = 26 = 64
2 4 24 16
d. (3) = =
34 81

e. (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )(4𝑥𝑦 5 ) = 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 2 ∙ 𝑦 5 = 12𝑥 3 𝑦 7

3
5𝑥 5 𝑦 8 53 (𝑥 5 )3 (𝑦 8 )3 125𝑥15 𝑦24
f. ( 3𝑧 4 𝑤2 ) = 3 3 =
33 (𝑧4 ) (𝑤2 ) 27𝑧12 𝑤6

A. Multiplication of a Monomial by Another Monomial

To multiply a monomial by another monomial, find the product of their numerical coefficients and add the exponents of the same
variable. Index laws are to be applied.
Example 13
a. (3𝑥 4 )(5𝑥 3 ) = 15𝑥 4+3 = 15𝑥 7
−27
b. (−3𝑥 2 )(9𝑥 −4 ) = −27𝑥 2−4 = −27𝑥 −2 =
𝑥2

c. (3𝑝2 𝑟 3 )(−2𝑝 −2 𝑟) = −6𝑝2−2 𝑟 3+1 = −6𝑝0 𝑟 3+1 = −6𝑟 4

16𝑠 12
d. (−2𝑠 3 𝑡 −2 )4 = (−2)4 (𝑠 3 )4 (𝑡 −2 )4 = 16𝑠12 𝑡 −8 =
𝑡8

B. Multiplication of a Polynomial by a Monomial

Procedure
1. To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial using the distributive law of
multiplication.
2. If possible, arrange the answer in ascending or descending powers of one of the letters.
Example 14
a. 2𝑥 2 𝑦(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 5𝑦 + 3) = 6𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 10𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦
b. 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 4 (−5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥 3 𝑧 − 𝑦 4 𝑧 5 ) = −20𝑥 4 𝑦 4 𝑧 6 + 12𝑥 6 𝑦 2 𝑧 5 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 6 𝑧 9
c. −3𝑎3 𝑏 2 𝑐 4 (2𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 5𝑎−2 𝑏 3 𝑐 −4 − 2𝑎3 ) = −6𝑎4 𝑏 3 𝑐 5 + 15𝑎𝑏 5 𝑐 0 + 6𝑎6 𝑏 2 𝑐 4
= −6𝑎4 𝑏 3 𝑐 5 + 15𝑎𝑏 5 + 6𝑎6 𝑏 2 𝑐 4
C. Multiplication of a Polynomial by Another Polynomial
Two methods may be used in this process: Distributive law of multiplication and the long method. In multiplying polynomials,
always arrange the given expressions in either descending or ascending order.
▪ Using the distributive law of multiplication
Distribute or multiply each term of the multiplier by the given multiplicand
d. Multiply (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) by (2𝑥 + 1)
= 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 1(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
= (2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥) + (2𝑥 ∙ 1) + (1 ∙ 2𝑥 2 ) + (1 ∙ 2𝑥) + (1 ∙ 1)
= 4𝑥 3 + (4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 + 2𝑥) + 1
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 = 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
e. Multiply (4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2) by (2𝑎2 − 𝑎 + 1)
= 2𝑎2 (4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2) + −𝑎(4𝑎2 + 2𝑞 − 2) + 1(4𝑎2 + 2𝑞 − 2)
= (2𝑎2 ∙ 4𝑎2 ) + (2𝑎2 ∙ 2𝑎) + (2𝑎2 ∙ −2) + (−𝑎 ∙ 4𝑎2 ) + (−𝑎 ∙ 2𝑎) + (−𝑎 ∙ −2) + (1 ∙ 4𝑎2 ) + (1 ∙ 2𝑎) + (1 ∙ −2)
= 8𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 − 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2
= 8𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 2

▪ Using the Long Method

The process of multiplying polynomials using the long method, is similar to the process used in arithmetic; the only difference is,
we start at the left side of the expression, going to the right side.
Using the same examples
f. Multiply (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) by (2𝑥 + 1)
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1

g. Multiply (4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2) by (2𝑎2 − 𝑎 + 1)

4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2
2𝑎2 − 𝑎 + 1
8𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 − 4𝑎2
−4𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎
4𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2
8𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 2

1.5.4 Division
▪ Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
In dividing a polynomial by a monomial, find the quotient of their numerical coefficients and apply the exponential law of
division.
Example 15
a. Divide (25𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 15𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑦) by 5𝑥𝑦
25𝑥 3 𝑦 2 15𝑥 2 𝑦 2 5𝑥𝑦
= + +
5𝑥𝑦 5𝑥𝑦 5𝑥𝑦
= 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 1
b. Divide (42𝑎5 𝑏 3 + 36𝑎3 𝑏 + 12𝑎𝑏 3 ) by 3𝑎𝑏
42𝑎5 𝑏 3 36𝑎3 𝑏 12𝑎𝑏 3
= + +
3𝑎𝑏 3𝑎𝑏 3𝑎𝑏
= 14𝑎4 𝑏 2 + 12𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2
▪ Division of a Polynomial by Another Polynomial
In dividing a polynomial by another, follow the following procedures:
1. To divide polynomials, arrange the terms of both the dividend and divisor in either ascending or descending powers of some
common letter.
2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor and write the result as the first term of the quotient.
3. Multiply the first term of the quotient by the divisor and write this product under the dividend, keeping similar terms under each
other. Then subtract the product from the dividend. The difference will be the new dividend.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you obtain the final answer or the quotient.
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 (Note: The answer is final when the exponent of the dividend is less than the exponent of the divisor).
5. Check your answer by multiplying the quotient by the divisor plus the remainder.
Dividend = Quotient  Divisor + Re mainder

Example 16
a. Divide (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) by (𝑥 − 1)
x −1
x −1 x 2 − 2x + 1

𝑥2 − 𝑥
−𝑥 + 1
−𝑥 + 1
0

b. Divide (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) by ((𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)

4x + 1
x − x + 1 4 x − 3x + 2 x + 1
2 3 2

4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
−𝑥
Since the exponent of the new quotient is less than the exponent of the first term of the divisor, we stop. The expression
−𝑥 shall be treated as the remainder. Therefore,

4 x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 x + 1 x
= 4x +1 − 2
x − x +1
2
x − x +1
1.5.5 Symbols of Grouping (Signs of Aggregations)
Grouping symbols are often necessary to express clearly the meaning of certain expressions and also to indicate the order in
which the operations are to be performed.

The common Symbols of Grouping are:

1. Parentheses ( )
2. Brackets [ ]
3. Braces { }
4. Bar, Vinculum
Rules in Removing or Inserting Symbols of Grouping

1. If a factor is outside the sign of grouping, expand by multiplying the factor by each of the terms inside the grouping symbol.
Example 17

2𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦) = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 2

2. In removing or inserting symbols of grouping preceded by a plus (+) sign, remove or insert the symbol and maintain the terms
inside as is.
Example 18

3𝑥 + (2𝑥 – 3𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 3𝑦

+ 𝑎 – 𝑏 = +(𝑎 – 𝑏)

3. In removing or inserting symbols of grouping preceded by a minus (–) sign, remove or insert the symbol and change all the signs
of the terms inside from (+) to (– ) or from (– ) to (+),

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 Example 19

3𝑥 – (2𝑥 – 3𝑦) = 3𝑥 – 2𝑥 + 3𝑦

= 𝑥 + 3𝑦

+𝑎 − 𝑏 = −(−𝑎 + 𝑏)

If there are more than one set of grouping symbols in an expression, to remove the symbols, start with the innermost symbol
applying the first three rules (1), (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3).

Example 20

𝑥{𝑥 – 3(𝑦 – 2𝑧) + 6} = 𝑥{𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 6}

= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑧 + 6𝑥

Exercise 1
I. Identify the numerical coefficient and the literal coefficient in each of the following expressions. Give the degree of each:
1. – 7𝑥
2. 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥
3. 3𝑚2 𝑛2 + 8
3
4. 4
(𝑎 + 𝑏)

5. 3(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 6𝑥 3 𝑦 5 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 7
1
6. (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) + 𝑡 4
2

7. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 5
8. 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 − 2𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 9
9. 3𝑥 5 𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑠 2 𝑡 4 𝑢3
10. 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
II. Combine the following expressions:
1. 8𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 7𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 6 − 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 5𝑦
2. 13𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 9𝑥𝑦 − 14𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦
3. 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 11𝑥 2 𝑦 + 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦
4. 5𝑎𝑏 + 12𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 − 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏 + 16𝑎2 𝑏
5. 3.5𝑠 3 𝑡 2 + 4.8𝑠𝑡 − 5.3𝑠 3 𝑡 2 − 15.5𝑠𝑡 − 6.9𝑠 3 𝑡 2
III. Add the following expressions:
1. 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 – 5𝑧 2. 3𝑎 + 4𝑏 – 6𝑐
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 5𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 3𝑟

3. 2𝑎 – 3𝑝 + 7𝑥 4. 8𝑝𝑞 + 4𝑝𝑟 – 2𝑞𝑟

3𝑎 + 5𝑝 – 8𝑥 8𝑝𝑞 − 𝑝𝑟 + 7𝑞𝑟
−4𝑎 + 4𝑝 + 3𝑥 −3𝑝𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟

5. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 – 4𝑧, – 3𝑥 – 8𝑦 – 3𝑧; 5𝑥 – 4𝑦 + 6𝑧
2 2 2 2
6. 3𝑝 𝑞 + 4𝑝𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 −7𝑝 𝑞 − 6𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞 5𝑝2 𝑞 − 7𝑝𝑞 2 + 4𝑝𝑞
7. 2𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 −3𝑎𝑏 2 − 3𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑏 4𝑎2 − 6𝑎𝑏 2
8. 7𝑟 2 𝑠 + 2𝑟 2 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 2 −12𝑟 2 𝑠 − 5𝑟 2 𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 2 8𝑟 2 𝑠 + 2𝑠 2 + 7𝑟 2 𝑠 2
9. 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2
10. 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 5 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦

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IV. Subtract the second expression from the first:
1. 5𝑎2 + 9𝑎𝑏 2𝑎2 − 8𝑏
2. 14𝑟 + 15𝑠 − 5𝑞 13𝑟 + 12𝑠 + 11𝑞
3. 2
31𝑠 + 19𝑦 −18𝑧 2 2
16𝑥 2 − 18𝑧 2
4. 4𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑧 2 −5𝑧 2 + 8𝑦 2
5. 4.8𝑚 − 5.3𝑛 + 4.1𝑝 8.9𝑚2 − 2.4𝑛 + 5.7𝑝
V. Subtract 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚 from the sum of – 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗𝒛 and 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
VI. Subtract the sum of – 𝟏𝟏𝒑 + 𝟖𝒒 + 𝟓𝒛 and – 𝟑𝒑 + 𝟐𝒒 – 𝟔𝒛 from 𝟒𝒑 + 𝟐𝒒 – 𝒛
VII. Remove grouping symbols and then combine like terms:
1. 12𝑎 − [6𝑎 − (12𝑎 − 𝑏)] + 3𝑏
2. 10𝑎 + (6𝑏 − 7𝑐) − [2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − (4𝑎 − 4𝑏 + 3𝑐) + 9𝑐] − 18
3. 8{−5𝑥 + 3[2𝑥 − 3(𝑥 − 9) + 3𝑥𝑦] − 3𝑦 − (8𝑦 + 2𝑧)}
4. 8𝑥𝑦 − 5(3𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 − {32𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑦})
5. 9𝑥 2 − 8{𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 9(𝑥 2 − 1) + 9(𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )}
6. 5𝑎{𝑎2 − 𝑎[2 − 5(𝐴 + 2) + 7] − 3𝑎2 }
7. 7𝑎3 − 5{[5𝑎2 + 2(𝑎 − 1) − 14] − 𝑎2 + 5(2𝑎 − 𝑎2 )}
8. 3𝑎 − {2𝑏 − 4[𝑐 + 2𝑏 − 3(𝑐 − 5𝑎) + 6𝑏] + 4𝑎}
9. 21𝑥 2 − 2(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7{3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1} + {3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥})
10. 𝑎2 𝑏 − 2{𝑎2 𝑏 − 3𝑏 2 − 2(𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑏 2 + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑏) − 3𝑎2 𝑏}
VIII. Applying the laws of exponents, simplify each of the following:
1. 𝑥5 ∙ 𝑥7
2. −𝑠11 ∙ 𝑠 5
3. (𝑧 2 )(𝑧 3 )(2𝑧 4 )
4. (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 4 𝑦 7 )
5. (−5𝑏 2 𝑐 5 )(6𝑏 4 𝑐 −2 )(𝑏 3 𝑐 4 )
6. (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
7. (𝑣 5 𝑤 4 𝑥 3 )(𝑣 2 𝑤 3 𝑥 4 )
8. 22 ∙ 24 ∙ 2
9. (𝑝2 + 1)(𝑝2 + 1)
10. (−2.5𝑐 3 𝑑 4 𝑒 2 )(−0.7𝑐 4 𝑑 3 𝑒 6 )
IX. Determine the product of the following:
1. (4𝑎2 )(8𝑎3 )
2. (125𝑥 6 )(3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 )
1
3. ( 𝑥 3 ) (4𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥)
2

4. (−8𝑥 3 𝑦 6 )(5𝑥 3 𝑦 2 )
5. (−2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )(−3𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 )
6. 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3𝑦 + 2𝑥) − 3𝑥 2 (4𝑥 − 𝑦)
7. (4𝑥 − 3𝑦)(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
8. (2𝑥 2 − 5)(2𝑥 + 3)
9. (3𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 3)
10. (3𝑥 2 − 3)(3𝑥 + 3)
11. (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)(−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)
12. (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4)
13. (5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4)(4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6)
14. (−4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7)

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 15. (2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
16. (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3)(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4)
17. (2𝑎 + 𝑏)(3𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑏 2 )
18. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5)(3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 4)
19. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2)(2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 1)
20. (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)
X. Determine the quotient of the following:
−50𝑥 9
1.
25𝑥 6
81𝑎12 𝑏 12 𝑐 24
2.
27𝑎10 𝑏 10 𝑐 24
76𝑥 6 𝑦 6
3.
4𝑥 3 𝑦 5

26𝑥 5 𝑦 6 𝑧 3
4.
2𝑥 2 𝑦 6 𝑧 2

75𝑥 3 𝑦 5
5.
25𝑥 2 𝑦 4

8𝑥 3 −27
6.
2𝑥−3
2𝑎6 +15𝑎5 −18𝑎2
7.
3𝑎2
27𝑥 7 𝑦 6 −6𝑥 6 𝑦 7 −21𝑥 5 𝑦 6
8.
3𝑥 3 𝑦 8

4𝑎2 𝑏 2 −8𝑎3 𝑏 3 +2𝑎4 𝑏 4

9.
2𝑎2 𝑏 2
18𝑥 5 𝑦 4 −30𝑥 4 𝑦 3 −36𝑥𝑦 2
10.
3𝑥 3 𝑦 2

8𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1
11.
𝑥+2
(3𝑥+5𝑦)0
12. (𝑥+𝑦)0

3𝑥 2 −11𝑥+8
13.
𝑥−2
6𝑥 3 −11𝑥 2 +6𝑥+2
14.
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
(3𝑥 4 −10𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2)(𝑥 5 +32)
15. (𝑥+2)

𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1
16.
𝑥+1
3𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3
17.
𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
18𝑥 4 −12𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3
18.
2𝑥−3
3𝑥 6 −11𝑥 4 +7𝑥 2 −3
19.
𝑥 2 −3
12𝑥 5 −6𝑥 4 +6𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +2
20.
12𝑥 2 +13

XI. Applications:

1. If the length of a rectangle is (x 2

)
+ 3x − 5 units and its width is (3x − 1) , what expression represents its area?
2. If (3x − 1) represents the length of a side of a square, what expression represents its area? What represents its perimeter?

3. If (2x + 1) donuts are sold for (6 x + 5) pesos each, what is the cost of the desks?

4. If an apple costs 5x – 3 pesos, how much would a dozen cost?

5. If a jeep can carry 18 passengers, how many can x + 5 jeeps carry?

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 XII. Key Concept
Be certain that you understand and can use each of the following words, ideas, and indicated procedures:
Algebraic expression Degree of term Polynomial
Bar, vinculum Dissimilar terms Similar terms
Binomial Literal coefficient Symbols of grouping
Braces Monomial Terms
Brackets Multinomial Trinomial
Constant Numerical coefficient Variable
Degree of polynomial Parentheses

References and Learning Materials

Alexander, Daniel C. and Geralyn M. Koeberlain. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students. 6th ed. Australia:
Cenkage Learning.
Carpio,Joy N, and Jaymie M. Guillermo (2015) College Algebra. Mandaluyong City.
Karr, Rosemary M, Marilyn B. Massey and R. David Gustafson. (2015). B–eginning Algebra: A Guided Approach. 10th Ed.
Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Poole, David. (2015). Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. 4th Ed. Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Sato, Matsuo, et al. (2016). Matrix and Linear Algebra. New York: Magnum Publishing.
Sirug, Winston S. (2015). Analytical Geometry. Manila: Mindshapers.
Young, (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Quezon City: Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.

Course Outline No. of Hours

Part I: Algebra
1. Polynomials: Four Fundamental Operations 9 hours
2. Special Products 3 hours
3. Factoring 6 hours
4. Fractions 6 hours
5. Exponents and Radicals 6 hours
6. Linear Equations 4 hours
7. Systems of Linear Equations 3 hours
8. Quadratic Equations 3 hours
9. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 3 hours (Midterm Examination)
Part II: Trigonometry
1. Circular & Trigonometric Functions 4 hours
2. Solution of Right Triangles & Applications 3 hours
3. Solution of Oblique Triangles 3 hours
4. Trigonometric Identities 3 hours
Part III: Analytic Geometry
1. The Rectangular Coordinate System 7 hours
2. The Straight Line 7 hours
Part IV: Solid Mensuration
1. Plane Figures 3 hours
2. Solids for Which Volume = Bh 3 hours
3. Solids for Which Volume = 1/3 Bh 3 hours (Pre – Final Examination)
4. The Sphere and Hemisphere 5 hours (Final Examination)

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