PHOTOGRAPHY (ASRIALSCAC)

It is an art or science, which deals with the reproduction of images through the action of light, upon
sensitized materials with the aid of a camera and accessories and the chemical process involved therein.
The word photography was derived from the two Greek terms PHOTO which means light and GRAPHY
(graphos) which means to write. Thus, literally, photography means to "draw with light writing with
light."

Essential Elements of Photography (CLICS)

From the definition above, we can derive the elements of photography. It states that before a
photograph can be produced, the following must come. together:

1. Camera (light tight box)

2. Light/

3. Image/subject

4. Chemical process or development

5. Sensitized materials (film and photographic paper)

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

  The science which deals with the study of the principles of photography and the preparation of
photographic evidence and its application to police work.

TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY (FIMP-SPUX)

1. Forensic Photography- the process of photographing crime scene or any other objects for court
presentation.

2. Infra-red Photography- the art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects by means of
infra-red light. This is usually used in photographing dirty documents, burnt documents,
obliterated/altered document, and in some cases blood spilled in dark surfaces.

3. Microphotography- producing a very small photograph as encountered in microfilming or with use of

micro film.

4. Photomacrography- photographing of objects directly enlarged on the negative and magnified from 1-
9 times.

5. Spectrograph- a process used in determining the kind of metals submitted for examination.
(i.e.poisoning)
6. Photomicrography- the art of photographing minute objects when maqnified by means of a
microscope and enlarged from 10 times and up.

7. Ultra-violet Photography- the art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects by means
of ultra-violet light. This is usually applied in consortium with the UV lamp to reveal unseen objects. (i.e.
fluorescence of paper)

8. X- ray Photography- the process of photographing or recording intemal structure of the body

OTHER TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY (FATUM)

1. Flash Photography- exposures are made with illumination (flash) from one or more photograph.

2. Aerial Photography- applied for photo mapping

3. Thermo Photography- use laser beam radiation using laser beam film.

4. Underwater Photography- photographing things under water.

5. Mug shot Photography- used for personal identification which is the first use of photography in police
work.

USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN POLICE WORK  (ICC- COPPER)

The following are the common uses of photograpny in police work, to wit:1. Identification- this is the
very first use of photography in police work. It is used to identify criminals, missing persons, lost
propety, licenses, anonymous letters, bank checks, laundry marks, and the civilian or personnel
fingerprint identification.

2. Communication and Micro film

files- investigative report files, accident files, transmission of photos (wire photos) photographic
supplements to reports with modern day electro photography machines.

3. Court exhibits- demonstration enlargements, individual photos, Projection slides, motion

pictures.

4. Crime and Fire Prevention Hazard- lectures, security clearance detection devices, photos of hazardous
fire conditions made when prevention inspections are made.

5. Offender detection- surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re-enactments of crime.

6. Personnel Training- photographs and films relating to police tactics, investigation techniques,

mob control, and catastrophe situation.

7. Public relations-

film pertaining to safety

programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic education, public cooperation and civil defense

8.Evidence - crime scenes, traffic

accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, objects of evidence, latent fingerprints, evidential traces can
frequently be improved by contrast control (lighting, film, and paper filters), by magnification
(photomicrography)or by invisible radiation (infra-red, ultraviolet, x-

rays)

9. Reproduction or copying- questionable checks and documents, evidential papers, photographs,

official records and notices.

IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS IN THE FIELD OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. NIÉPCE, Joseph Nicephore

He was universally credited for producing the first Successful photograph in June/July 1826/1827. He
called his product Heliographs (meaning "sunwriting'"). There is little merit in this picture other than
that fact it is the first photograph produced ever. It is difficult to decipher, the building is on the left, and
a barn immediately in front. The exposure lasted eight hours, so the sun had time to move from east to
west, appearing to shine on both sides of the building.

2. DAGUERRE, Louis Jacques Mande

In 1837, he was able to fix an image. He called his process "Daguerreotype". Exposure time is 30 minutes
(faster than that of Niepce)

- The daguerreotype was a positive process only, allowing no reproduction of the picture.

- Daguerre discarded the bitumen process and worked on his own procedure with the exposure of a
polished silver plate to the vapor of iodine forming a sensitive layer of silver iodide, after the plate had
been exposed in the camera, the image was developed with mercury vapor. The process is then called
Daguereotype.

3. TALBOT, William Henry Fox

- Talbot engaged in photographic experiments before Louis Daguerre exhibited in 1839 his pictures
taken by the sun.

- In 1841 he made known his discovery of the calotype or talbotype process,; a negative-positive process
using a paper negative. He claimed to have produced photograph ahead of Daguerre and Niepce but
works were not made known early.
- Father of modern photography -1835- William Henry Fox Talbot, an English archeologist and
philologist, experimented with various salts of silver and found that silver chloride was more sênsitive to
light than was silver nitrate.

- Talbot process or Talbotype process is a process wherein the paper was sensitized with Silver iodide
and after exposure was developed in Gallic acid.

- The modern photography is based on Talbot's Negative-to - Positive principle.

4. Samuel F. B. Morse

Spread the good news about photography in United States after visiting Daguerre in Paris in 1839.

5. John Herschel-

- Believed to have coined the term Photography

- Discovered the Hypo or sodium thiosulfate (used in fixing)

6. ALHAZEN - He was considered to be the one who invented the camera.

7. JEAN BAPTISTE FORTA- introduced the lens

8. DANIEL BARBARO- suggested the use of a diaphragm to sharpen the image.

9. SIR WILLIAM ABNEY - díscovered the use of HYDROQUINONE as a developing agent

10. JOHANN HEINRICH SCHULZE- a German physician was credited with the discovery of the light
sensitivity of silver salt.

11. FREDERICK SCOTT ARCHER- He pioneered the wet colodian process which took place of the callotype
known as colodian type process.

12. EDWIN H. LAND- introduced the Polaroid camera.

IMPORTANT DATES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1839- Generally known as the birth of photography. Wiliam Henry Fox Talbot explained a process he had
invented (Calotype) at the Royal Society of London.

- The "Calotype" used paper with its surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds.

- Its first landmark in police history is generally confined to its application to the problem of personal
identification. In those days the Bertillon system of the facial features of the criminal were measured, as
well as the bone structures of the various parts of the body. These measurements were worked into a
classification system and the photograph of the criminal was used to supplement the classification.
Later, the Bertillon system was superseded by the fingerprint system of personal identification. Under
the fingerprint system the photograph of the subject is still placed on his fingerprint chart, not to
supplement the identification system but to have available photograph if needed

for investigation purposes

1850- The year when photography was already well developed. 

1859 - In the United States, one of the earliest applied Forensic Science was photography. It was used to
demonstrate evidence in a Califormia case. Enlarged photographs of signatures were presented in court
case

involving forgery

1861-James Clark Maxwell research on colors.

1864- Odelbercht first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the
documentation of evidence and crime scenes.

1902- Dr. R.A. Reis, a German Scientist contributed heavily to the use of photography in forensic science
and established the world's earliest crime laboratory that serviced the acadenic community and the
Swiss police.

1910- Victor Baltazard developed a method of photographic comparison of bullets and cartridge cases
which acts as a nearly foundation of the field of ballistics.

1935 - The year when colored films. Sensitized materials and different brands of cameras came in
different types and model sold in the market.

1947 Edwin H. Land introduced "Polaroid", the one-step photography

1988 Arrival of true digital cameras.

In Europe and United States they had "Rogues Gallery" (photographs of criminals) which became an
integral part of almost all police department.
THE ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

I.  LIGHT

- Electromagnetic radiation that make things visible. It travels in the form of waves

- The speed of light, measured in a vacuum is 299,792.5 km/sec (approximately 186,281 miles/sec).

Aloh Roemer (Denmark) - he measured the speed of light

in 1676.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) The light that we see is only a part of a tremendous

range of energy called the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

Kinds of Light in the Electromagnetic Spectrum (VI)

There are two general categories of light that can be

found in the E.M.S. They are the following:

Visible Light

Invisible Light

4 PHOTORAPHIC RAYS (X-UVI)

X-RAYS-01 to 30 nm

ULTRA VIOLET RAYS-30 to 400 nm

VISIBLE LIGHT-400 to 700 nm

INFRARED RAYS - 700 to 1000+ nm

Visible Light

-The range of the visible light produces different sensation when they stike the human eye.

-Colors of different objects are usually mixture of light of various wevelengths and not a special color.

-The wavelength of the visible light is from 400 to 700 millimicrons which will produce white light.
Invisible Light

-The light that cannot be detected by the naked eye.

- The left region of the visible light is called the ultra violet region.

-The right region of the visible light is called infrared region which are too long in wavelength to excite
the retina of the eye.

Ultraviolet Light (UItra-means beyond/above)

-The ultraviolet light is divided into the near and far ultraviolet and ranges from about 200-400
millimicrons wavelength.

- It is used to photograph fingerprints on multi-colored background, documents that are altered

chemically or over writings and detection of secret writings.

Infrared Light (Infra-means below))

-Infrared light are lights having wave length greater than 700 millimicrons.

-Infrared is not a color or any kind of red. It is an invisible ray and it is only detected by the human skin
as heat.

- Used in taking photographs of obliterated writing, burnt or dirty documents.

- Also known as "Blackout photography"

X-Rays:

-  X rays are electromagnetic energy having a wavelength that ranges between 10-30 millimicrons.

- Objects which are opaque as seen by the nakedeye can be penetrated by x-rays.

- To produce a shadow photograph of an internal structure of solid objects, x- rays is suitable.

Characteristics of Light (RAT)

The light upon hitting an object can undergo any of the three phenomena listed below. This however is
dependent on the type of medium where it strikes. Light can be: -Reflected,

-Absorbed,

-Transmitted
REFLECTION OF LIGHT

- The reflected light rays are the one that affect the eyes.

- The object is seen as white when all of the various wavelength of the visible light were reflected.

- When there is no reflection of the object and all of the various wavelengths were absorbed, it will
produce black or darkness.

- Selective reflection- when an object only reflects one color. (i.e. if a green colored object is hit by white
light, it will only reflect the green color so what is visible to the eye is only the green color.)

- Non-selective reflection- when an object is capable of reflecting all colors of light. For instance, when
light strikes a material and all the light is practicaly reflected, it will appear white. However when red
light strikes the same material, it will appear red, so as green and blue.

ABSORPTION OF LIGHT

- Depending on the color of the object being hit by the light, some colors are reflected and all other
colors are absorbed. Such as when white light strikes a red colored object, it appears as red under white
light because the red light of the material is reflected and all other wavelengths are absorbed.

TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT

When rays of light strikes a transparent or translucent material, the rays of the light is said to be
transmitted on the other side.

MEDIUM OR CHANNELS OF LIGHT (TOT)

- Objects that influence the intensity of light as they may reflect absorb or transmit such light passing
through them.

Mediums of light maybe classified as:

TRANSPARENT OBJECTS

mediums that merely slowdown the speed of light but allow to pass freely in other respects, transmit
90% or more of the incident light.

OPAQUE OBJECTS
- A medium that divert or absorb light, but does not allow lights to pass though, they absorb most of the
light while reflecting some of it.

TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS - mediums that allow light to pass through it in such a way that the outline of
the sourceof light is not clearly visible, transmit 50% or less of the incident light.

THE PRIMARY COLORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

  In 1666, ISAAC NEWTON proved that the light men see as white is a mixture of all colors of the
spectrum. When he passed a beam of sunlight through a glass prism, it produces the rainbow array of
hues of the visible spectrum. The colors from the bottom to the top are red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet. (ROYGBIV)

Hence, the Primary Colors of light in photography are the following: (RGB)

- Red - with 700 mm wavelength

- Green - with 550 mm wavelength

- Blue -with 450 mm wavelength

NOTE: The primary colors for coloring matters/art are RED, YELLOW and BLUE. As to WAVELENGTH from
the shortest to longest- the proper sequence is BLUE-GREEN-RED.

white light is the presence of all colors while black is the absence of all colors. The same thing, daytime
is the presence of light while dark is the absence of light.

While the Secondary Colors of light in photography are the following: (MCY)

- Magenta- a mixture of colors red and blue having a 400 mm wavelength

- Cyan - a mixture of colors blue and green having a 500 mm wavelength

- Yellow - a mixture of colors red and green having a 590 mm wavelength

COLOR MIXING
1. Color Addition - the production of a certain color by adding two or more different colors.

R+B+G W      M+Y W

R+B= M         M+C=W

R+G= Y          Y+C= W

B+G= C

2. Color Subtraction - the production of a certain color by the removal of one color from a previous
color.

W- R = C.       W-C=R.         C-G= B

W- B = Y.        W- C = B.      Y-G = R

W- G = M.       W- Y = G.     Y-R = G

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT (RAP-D-FFIRR)

1. REFLECTION

It is the deflection or bouncing back

of light when it hits a surface.

a. Regular reflection- happens when light hits a flat, smooth and shiny surface.

b. Irregular or diffused reflection occurs when light hits a rough or uneven but glossy object.

2. ABSORPTION - The nature of light to be absorbed in the process of dark surfaces.

3. POLARIZATION - The process by which the vibration of light are confined to definite plane, the speed
of light can be measured .

4. DIFFRACTION- The bending of light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque object. It may also mean
the bending of light when passing through a small opening.

5. FILTRATION - The character of light to be altered from its colorless into visible state.
6. FLOURESCENCE - This happens when molecules of the fluorescent material absorb energy at one
wavelength and radiate it at another wavelength.

7. INTERFERENCE - Color can be produced by interference of light waves in thin film like soap bubbles or
a film of oil floating in water.

8. RECTILINIAR

The nature of light that nomally

travels in straight line.

9. REFRACTION - The bending of light when passing from one medium to another

QUALITIES OF LIGHT (CID)

1. COLOR- light varies in color depending upon its source and the substance through which it passes.
Natural sunlight has a different color mixture from incandescent lighting or electronic flash, and the
color of sunlight itself varies depending upon the atmospheric conditions and time of the day. The
following are the characteristics of color: hue, saturation and brightness

2. INTENSITY- it refers to the strength of light. This varies according to the output of light source and the
distance from the source.

3. DIRECTION- where there is a single source, the direction is clearly defined. Where there are multiple
sources or the light is diffused as on a cloudy day, the direction is less evident or totally absent.

SOURCES OF LIGHT (NAF)

Source of light in photography can either be Natural or Artificial.

1. NATURAL LIGHT

-Those coming from nature like the sun, moon, stars, other heavenly bodies, lighting, fire, etc.

-The intensity of the sunlight falling on an open space varies depending on the weather condition, time
of the day, or even time of the year.
Types of Sunlight

Bright sunlight- objects in open space cast a deep and uniform or distinct shadow

Hazy sunlight- objects in open space cast a transparent shadow.

Dull sunlight

objects in open space cast no shadow.

    - Cloudy bright- objects in an open space cast no shadow but objects in far distances are clearly visible

     - Cloudy dull- objects in open space cast no shadow and visibility of distant objects are already
limited.

For some they use these terms in place of the above distinct Sun, hazy sun,  cloudy; overcast sky; heavy

Overcast**

Q: What is the most important condition that a photographer must consider before adjusting the
settings of the camera?

A: Lighting Condition, for a more accurate exposure setting at daylight, only one characteristic is
considered- the kind of shadow casted by an object in an open space.

2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

- Light sources of this category are man-made and are divided into two; continuous radiation and short
duration.

Continuous radiation - those that can give illumination continuously like photo flood.
Short Duration (flash)

it gives a brief flash of light produced by a burning metallic wire (flash bulb) or an electrical discharge
through a gas-filled tube (electronic flash)

3. FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCES

•Ultra violet lamp

•LASER- Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation

    -By illuminating certain items with LASER, they would fluoresce or could be made to stand out in sharp
contrast from their background.

     -This was especially significant in locating dried biological items.

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

- illumination is sharply reduced as

distance increases.

- As applied to light, the principle that the illumination of a surface by a point of light is proportional to
the square of the distance from the source to the surface.

II. CAMERA (LIGHT-TIGHT BOX)

- A mechanical device that is used to form and record the rays of light (as reflected from the object) on
the film inside the light tight box.

- It may be also defined as a light tight box with a means of forming the image, holding sensitized
material at one end and with a means of controlling the amount of light needed to affect the film at the
other end.

Major Components of a Camera (LAFS))

     From the definition above, it is safe to say that any type of camera, simple or complex, no matter how
they differ in their physical design, accessories or model has four things in commonly namely:

1. LIGHT TIGHT BOX - excludes unnecessary light entering the camera.

2. APERTURE /LENS- the device used to gather light in order to form an image
3. FILM HOLDER - holds the sensiized film in place.

4. SHUTTER - controls the amount of light penetrating the film.

BASIC PARTS OF A SINGLE- LENS-REFLEX (SLR)

CAMERA

1. The viewing system - lets you aim the camera accurately. It shows the scene through the lens.

2. The film advance lever- winds in to place a fresh section of a roll of film after a picture is taken.

3. The camera body - houses the various parts of the camera and protects the film from light except that
which enters through the lens when a picture is taken.

4 . The Diaphragm -  a circle of overlapping metal leaves, forms an adjustable holes, or aperture

5. The shutter- keeps light from the film until you are ready to take a picture. Pressing the shutter
release button opens and closes the shutter to let in a measured amount of light.

Types of shutter: (FB)

a. Focal Plane Shutter

-It consists of two metal

blinds that.open progressively or madeof a black cloth and generally located very near the focal plane.

-It can be set and synchronize at

all speed.

b. Blade or Between the lens

shutter

✓It is made up of overlapping blades

powered by a spring

✓Located between the aperture and the lens or in between the lens.

6. Shutter release button- a mechanism that, when

pushed, causes the FISHBALLL shutter to open and expose film.

7.Shutter speed dial- controls speed at which the shutter opens and closes.

8. Lens - focuses the light rays from a subject into a reversed, upside down image on the film at the back
of the camera.

9. Focusing ring- it moves the lens or parts of it forward or back to create a sharp image of objects at
various distances.

10. Flash shoe (hot shoe) - The device that holds the flash and sends a signal to the flash unit to fire
when the shutter button is pressed.

Major Types of Cameras

1. Pinhole Camera

- Simple design and construction, usually home-made consisting of a box having a small aperture
functioning as a lens at one end, the image being projected on the film at the other end. Image
projected is usually inverted

2. BOX CAMERA

- A simple camera but little more than a pinhole camera. It has a lens and shutter. The pinhole is
replaced by the lens to enable the photographer to gather more light to be recorded.

Eastman George- credited to have

invented and made available to the

market the first box type camera known as KODAK camera.

3. View Camera

- Built somewhat like an accordion, with a lens at the front, a ground-glass viewing screen at the back,
and a flexible bellows in between.

4. Folding Camera
- The camera's lens is incorporated into the bellows, which is slide back and forth along a rail to change
focus. The dark cloth covering the photographer and the box body of the camera blocks out undesirable
light, which might otherwise interfere with the picture

5. Polaroid Camera

- Restricted in its uses but is ideal in instant photograph where no requirement for enlargements

6. REFLEX CAMERAS - equipped with reflex mirrors enabling the photographer to look at the composure
of the image in the view finder.

a. Twin - Lens Reflex Carnera (TLR)

- With one lens to expose the film and another lens for viewing

- Principal problem is parallax.

b. Single-Lens Reflex Camera (SLR

- It has only one lens used for viewing and taking photograph. It uses mirror and pentaprism to let you
see the lens for composing and focusing

- It eliminates parallax.

What is parallax?

It is the difference between what is seen through the view finder and what is exactly recorded on the
film.

What is a camera obscura?

- Camera Obscura is a Latin word which means"dark room.

- This consisted of a box with a pinhole on one side and a glass screen on the other.

- Light coming through this pinhole projected an image onto the glass screen, where the artist could
easily trace it by hand.

- Artists soon discovered that they could obtain an even sharper image by using a small lens in place of
the pinhole. The camera obscura was used by Renaissance artists such as Michel Angelo and Leonardo
da Vinci

Types of Camera based on Format

1. Small format- ex. 35mm SLR Camera

2. Medium Format Camera - ex. Twin lens reflex (TLR).

- It has an advantage of producing larger negatives and transparencies.   This is intended for publication

3. Large Format ex. View camera. Use 4' X 5 or large film

- These cameras are most frequently used for commercial, architectural, or landscape photography.

MAJOR CAMERA CONTROLS (SAF)

Good photographs are results of good combinations of the controls of the camera. Carelessness in
manipulating these controls not only alters the sharpness or total quality of the image but more
importantly, it destroys the evidentiary value of the photograph. These controls are the following:

1. Shutter Speed Control

2. Aperture Control

3. Focusing Control

A. APERTURE

In simple words, it is the lens opening of the camera. It is a device, usually part of the lens assembly that
controls the quantity or amount of light that passes through the lens. It is an iris type mechanism, which
either shrinks or grows letting less or more light to enter. If we exaggerate, this is called as the most
important hole of the camera.

What regulates the Aperture Size of the camera?

  Aperture size is detemined by the f-numbers or f- stops.

F-stops are those little numbers engraved on the lens barrel like f/22, f/16, f/11, f/8.0, f/5.6, f/4.0, f/2.8,
f/2.0, f/1.4 etc. In manual cameras, this is adjusted by rotating the aperture ring. For Digital SLR, this is
adjusted by manipulating the command dial.

TAKE NOTE:

In detemining the size of the aperture, we must think in reverse The higher the f-number, the smaller
aperture: while the lower the f-number the bigger the aperture.

Full Stops
f1.4   f/2   f/12.8.  f/4.  f/5.6.  f/8   f11.  f16.  f/22

** Following the scale above, if we adjust the aperture 1 full stop from a high f-no. (smaller opening) to
a low f-no. (Larger opening), we INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT HALF of the previous setting and vice
versa, if we adjust the aperture 1 full stop from a low f-no. (larger opening) to a highf-no (small
opening), WE REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT HALF of the previous setting. For example, we adjust the
aperture from f-5.6 to f-4; the image at f-4 is half brighter than that of f-5.6.

Functions of the Aperture

Manipulating the size of the aperture enables the photographer to control the following:

- The amount of Light - The smaller the lens opening, meaning higher f-number, the lesser the light that
will enter the camera and viceversa

- The Depth of Field (DOF) the smaller the aperture (high f-number), the Longer or the deeper depth of
field and the larger the aperture (low f-number), the shorter or shallow depth of field.

What is Depth of Field?

Depth of field is the amount of distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear
sharp in the image. The DOF can either be shallow or deep.

- Short or Shallow DOF- it means that less objects  are in focus. It is either the foreground (front)
orbackground is in focus. This is used if emphasis is needed.

- Long or Deep DOF - it means that more objects are in focus. The foreground and the background

are acceptably sharp.

Tabular presentation of the effect of Aperture to the Photograph

F-number/ Aperture size/ Amount of light/ Depth of Field

High f-number / Small / less light / Deep DOF

Low f-no. / Large / More light ) shallow DOF

What are the ways of altering the DOF?

Depth of field can be altered by adjusting either of thefollowing: (CAF)

- Camera- subject distance

- Aperture size

- Focal length (of the lens)

*Altering the DOF by adjusting aperture:

- This is the most common and practically accepted way of altering DOF as it does not affect the angle of
view of the camera.

- The smaller the aperture opening, the deeper the DOF; the bigger the aperture opening, the shallow
the DOF

*Altering the DOF by Adjusting Focal Length:

- Focal length refers to the distance between the optical center of the lens and the focal plane or film
plane (where the light rays are

focused). It is measured in millimeters (mm).

- The shorter the lens focal length, the deeper the DOF. The Longer the Lens Focal Length, the shallow
the DOF.

*Altering the DOF by adjusting the camera- subject distance:

- The farther the shooting distance, the deeper DOF; the closer the shooting distance, the shallow DOF.

Summary of DOF

DOF / Aperture / Focal length / Distance

Long DOF / Small / Short Focal length / Far Distance

B. SHUTTER SPEED CONTROOL

- Shutter Speed - refers to how long in time the shutter is held open during the taking of photograph. It
is controlled by the shutter speed dial. (command dial in DSLR)
- It regulates the amount of time that light reaches the film and is measured in seconds.

- Shutter speed setting may range from "B" (Bulb),1, 1/2, 1/4 , 1/8", 1/15", 1/30", 1/60", 1/125",
1/250",1/500, 1/1000", 1/2000" to 1/4000 sec, (depends upon the camera used)

- B- for bulb setting, meaning the shutter remains open as long as the shutter release button is pressed.

- The above shutter speeds are the FULL STOPS. Intermediary numbers can be found.

- Like the aperture, if we adjust the shuter speed 1 full stop from a FAST SHUTTER SPEED (higher
denominator in fraction) to a SLOW SHUTTER SPEED (lower denominator in fraction) we INCREASE the
amount of light half of the previous setting and vice versa. (i.e. SS 1/500 sec to SS1/250 sec- the image at
1/250 sec is half brighter than that of 1/500 sec.)

Basic Principles of Shutter Speed

- Fast Shutter speed will allow less light to reach the film. It is usually recommended to use when
shooting an image under a bright sunlight and using a large aperture.

- Slow shutter speed will allow more light to reach the film. It is recommended to use when shooting
image under a lighting condition below normal (dim or night) while using a small aperture. A tripod is
needed whenever longer exposure is needed. A tripod is a three-legged accessory of the camera used as
stabilizer during longer exposure to avoid camera shake.

What are the effects of shutter speed on the

Photograph?

FAST Shutter Speed - it is used to freeze motion

SLOW Shutter Speed it is used to emphasize (motion

Summary of Shutter Speed

Shutter speed/ Amount of light/ Movement of Subject

Fast / Less light / Frozen

Slow/ More light / Blurred

C. FOCUSING CONTROL

Focus- the means by which the object distance is estimated or calculated to form sharp or clear images.
Focusing- the adjusting or changing the distance between the focal plane and the length

TYPES OF FOCUS (GSM)

1. GROUND GLASS TYPE

A ground glass is a matt glass. The whole of the image on this screen will progressively become sharp.It
is found at the back of the camera or in the case of modern, also coupled with the view finder.The point
of focus is where the image is sharpest.

2. SCALE BED TYPE OR FOCUSING SCALE

These distances correspond to the distance from the camera to the subject. Use measuring device and
actually measure the distance from the lens of the camera to the subject. Whatever distance was
measured will be the setting of the marker or pointer of focus.

3. MICRO PRISM OR RANGE FINDER TYPE

- These are finely etched prisms which break up the image; they are brought together as you focus. It
may be a split image type or a coincident image type.

Split image- two prism which splits your image in half as you focus both halves rejoins to form a clear
image

Co-incident image- usually used on compact cameras with a fixed lens

III. LENS

- Lens is a disc of transparent glass generally bounded by two spherical surfaces capable of transforming
light into an image.

- The eye of the camera is also the heart of the camera.

- A piece of transparent material made of glass or plastic with 2 opposite symmetrical surfaces or atleast
one curved surface
Basic Function of Lens

The basic function of a camera lens is to "gather light rays from a subject, form and focus those rays into
an image, and project this image onto film inside the camera.

General Classification of lens (SC)

1. Simple Lenses (Meniscus)- composed of 1 lens

Convex Lens (converging lens/positive lens)

- A lens that is thicker at the middle than at the edge. It gathers light rays and refracts them to meet in 2
certain point producing real image on the opposite side.

- Plano-convex - one side is flat and one side is convex

b. Concave Lens (diverging/negative lens)

- It is thicker at the edges than at the center, light rays passing through a diverging lens are vent outward
producing a virtual image on the same side of the lens.

- Plano-concave - one side is flat and one side is concave

2. Compound Lenses

- Consist of two or more simple lenses fitted together.

- Simple lenses generally produce aberrated (imperfect) images which can be corrected using compound
lenses.

LENS SPEED

It may refer to the light gathering power of the lens. Lens speed is determined by the aperture size. This
is important in so far as lighting condition is concemed.

Types of lenses based on Lens Speed

1. Fast Lens -A lens with larger maximum aperture (a smaller f-number) is a fast lens because it admits
more light, allowing a faster shutter speed. (i.e. f/1.4, f/2)

2. Slow Lens -A smaller maximum aperture (larger maximum f-number) is slow lens because it admits
less light and requires a slower shutter speed.(e.i. f8, f11)
Classification of Lens Based on Focal Length (SWT)

Focal length controls the following:

- Magnification - the size of the image formed by the lens.

- Angle of view - the extent of the scene shown on a given size of film.

1. Standard or Normal Lens

- A lens with a focal length equal to the diagonal measure of the image area. By international standards,
its focal length is 50 mm.

- Lenses with focal lengths from 45 to 60 millimeters are nomal lenses because they produce an image
that is approximately the same with the view angle of the human eye which is 45 degrees.

Characteristics of Normal Lens (FN-45)

1. Most normal lenses are faster, that is, they open to a wider maximum aperture, and so can be used
with faster shutter speeds or in dimmer light.

2. Shows the subject in a way that is similar to the image seen by the naked eye.

3. Angle of view is 45 degrees to 60 degrees.

Wide Angle Lens

- It has a shorter focal length than the normal lens. Hence, it covers a picture angle of 60 to 90 degrees.
It enables photographing a widely extended scene from a close proximity or within a confined area.

- e.g. 10mm, 18mm, 24mm, 28mm, 35mm

Characteristics of wide angle lens (GIRAs-75+)

1. It has Greater depth of field.

2. Increases the angle of view and thus reduces the size of the image compared to the image formed by
a normal lens.

3. Captures all objects, both near and far in sharp focus

4. Angle of view exceeds 75 degrees

3. Telephoto or Long Lens

- Lens with longer focal length that constrict the field of view and decrease the depth of field while
greatly magnifying the image.

- e.g. 85mm, 100mm, 200mm, 300mm etc

Characteristics of Long Focal Length (ECS-L45)

1. Provides an enlarged image of an object.

2. Allows you to take close-up shots while keeping your distance (reach out like telescope) to provide
greatly enlarged of a distant object.

3. Provides shallow dept of field.

4. Angle of view is less than 45 degrees.

4. Macro Lens

- Allows the photographer to get close to the subject without the need of special close-up attachment

Fish Eye Lens- a lens with extreme wide angle view.

**Illustration read**

Focal length  / Picture angle / DOF

•Standard(Normal) / Same as the eye / Normal

• Short Focal Lenght / Wider / Deep

• Long Focal Lenght / Narrower / Shallow

FAMILIES OF LENS ACCORDING TO FOCAL LENGTH (ZP)

1. Zoom Lens

A special type of camera lens with variable focal length which can be adjusted continuously by the
movement of the variable focus lens.

- This lens allows quick adjustment to give a wider or narrower field of vision but keeping the image in
focus. e.g. 7Omm-200mm

Characteristics of Zoom Lens

1. Allows a quick adjustment to give a wider or narrower field of view.

2. Can make the subject appear closer without changing the camera po sition.

3. Practical because it allows you to carry just a single lens instead of 2 to 3 lenses.

2. Prime Lens

- These are lenses with a fix focal length.

- There is a need to replace manually the entire lens if there is a need to adjust focal length.

OPTICAL ABERRATIONS

- Aberration - It is the failure of light rays to focus properly after they pass through a lens or reflect from
a miror. Aberration occurs because of minute variations in lenses and mirrors, and because different
parts of the light spectrum are reflected or refracted by varying amounts.

KINDS OF OPTICAL ABERRATION (AChro-CoCuDS)

1. Astigmatism

- The inability of the lens to bring horizontal and vertical lines in the subject to the same plane of focus
in the image.

- Astigmatism occurs at the edge of the image; the image appears elliptical or cross-shaped because of
an irregularity in the curvature of the lens.

2. Chromatic aberration
- The failure of different colored light rays to focus after passing through a lens.

- The focusing of light of different colors at different points resulting in a blurred image.

3. Coma

- It occurs when light falling obliquely on the lens and passing through different circular zones is brought
to a focus at different distances from the film plane.

- A spot of light appears to have a tail, rather like a comet.

4. Curvature of Field

-The plane of sharpest focus becomes curved, not flat. It is caused by rays from the outer limits of the
subject plane coming to focus nearer to the lens than the axial rays.

5. Distortion

- Distortion causes the image of a straight line, at the edges of the field to bow in or out.

   - Pincushion Distortion - image appears stretched

   - Barrel Distortion - image appears bloated

6. Spherical aberration

- This aberration occurs because light hitting the outer parts of the lens is bent more sharply and comes
to a focus sooner than that passing through the middle.

CAMERA LENS FILTER

FILTERS

- A transparent colored medium employed to regulate either the color or the intensity of light used to
expose the film.

- They are used to change the composition of available light before allowing it to strike the film.

- These changes may be desired for artistic effect, to increase contrast, or for photographing certain
colors at the exclusion of other colors.

Applicable Filters for Police Photography

1. Blue Filters

Used effectively when photographing blood. When used outdoors, a blue fiters will make the sky, or any
blue object, appear white in the photograph.

2. Green Filters

Used in place of blue filters for photographing blood. Often, they work better than blue filters.

3.Yellow Filters

Used to photograph white cars; the details of the car will stand out.

4. Ultraviolet Filters

- A filter which screens out the violet end of the spectrum.

- It also serves as an anti-scratch protection

5. Neutral Density Filters

- Used to cut down light transmission. It does not

affect the tonal quality of the scene. Used to reduce the light intensity to prevent over exposure.

6. Polarizing Filters

Used primarily to control light reflected from highly

polished surfaces, metallic objects and others

- It is very useful in photographing many different vehicles in auto accidents.This is the only filter that
can increase the blue saturation in the sky in a color photograph without altering the remaining colors in
the scene.

IV. SENSITIZED MATERIAL

It refers to films and papers that are composed of emulsion containing SILVER HALIDE (silver
iodide,silver chloride, silver bromide) crystals suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or
reflective support. These are sensitive to light and capable of forming an image when exposed.
A. FILM

- It is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts with variable
crystal sizes that determine the

sensitivity and resolution of the film

-When the emulsion is subjected to sufficient exposure to light, it forms a latent (invisible)

image

- Chemical processes can then be applied to the film to create a visible image, in a process called film
developing

PARTS OF FILM (TEBA)

- Top Coating - gelatin coating that serves as anti- Scratch layer that protect the emulsion from damage.

- Emulsion - Light-sensitive material made of silver halide crystals and sensitivity specks

- Base - Transparent plastic to which the scratch -resistant coating and emulsion are glued.

- Anti-halation/Anti-Curl backing -Coating that protects film from light rays reflecting back (halo effect)
into the emulsion causing a second exposure.

Types of Film According to USE (CBC-X)

1. Color Film - Film that have names ending in COLOR

2. Black and White Film -Used for B and W Photography

3. Chrome Films- Films with names ending in CHROME. They are known as reversals. (white appears as
black, black appears as white)

4. X - Ray Films -Films that are sensitive to X-4 radiations

Types of Film According to Sensitivity to Colors (Spectral Sensitivity) (POMI)

Spectral Sensitivity refers to the sensitivity of film to the

colors of light.

1. Panchromatic Film-The most commonly used film for black and white photography and is sensitive to
all colors of the visible light spectrum.

2. Orthochromatic Film -It is sensitive to all colors except red, meaning that it records all colors except
red.

3. Monochromatic Film -Film that is sensitive to a single color of light.

4. Infrared film -It is sensitive to all colors of the visible spectrum- what the eyes see - and some
wavelengths that are not visible to the eyes.

Films according to Film Size

110- for cartridge loading pocket cameras

126- for older and larger cartridge loading type

120 variation of the 2.25 inch-wide roll flm that was first introduced for box cameras and now used in
professional medium format cameras (twin lens camera)

135- commonly known as the 35mm so named because the film is 35 mm wide.

220 - the same with 120 but twice as many exposure

Types of Film According to Speed Emulsion/film speed simply refers to the sensitivity of the film to light

1. Fast Films - Films that are very sensitive to light, hence it requires small aperture opening. Thus,used
in dim light scene.

2. Slow Films - films that are less sensitive to light, hence it requires large aperture opening. Thus,used in
daytime scene.

What regulates the speed of the film?

Emulsion or film speed is regulated by the following:

ASA Rating - American Standard Association

ISO Rating - International Standards Organization

DIN Rating - Deutsche Industrie Normen

ISO- 25- slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best color and sharpness.

ISO-100 to ISO - 200- for general purpose

ISO- 400- for dim light or with moving subject

ISO 1000 and up - for extremely low light conditions or for fast moving objects

**ASA 400 and above are classified as fast films while ASA

200 and below are slow films, **

What are the advantage and disadvantage of Slow

Films?

- Produces finer gain structure but requires more light because its sensitivity to light is low. This is used if
details of the photograph are to be emphasized or when enlargement is necessary. However, it has
limited use for action photography

especially in dimly lighted condition.

What are the advantage and disadvantage of Fast

Films?

Can be used in relatively low light situations because it has a higher sensitivity to light but a larger grain
structure. This is used for taking

moving subjects in a dimly lighted condition.

Film Grain (Noise/Granularity/Graininess

It is the gritty texture visible in enlargements made

from fast film negatives.

Silver halide crystals clump together when film is exposed and developed. This clumping creates film
grain. The faster the film, the larger the film grain.
Exposure Latitude

  It refers to the film's ability to produce a printable negative when over or under exposed.

Nota Bene:

   Faster films have a wider range of exposure latitude than do slower films. All films have wider range
when over exposed than when underexposed. The film's latitude for producing printable negatives
allows for minor mistakes when the photographer shoots and exposes the film.

Summary of ISO

Film speed / ASA/ISO/DIN rating / Aperture Needed / Shutter Speed / Graininess

Fast / ASA 400 and above / Small / Fast / Large Grain/More Noise /

Slow / ASA 200 and below / Large / Slow / Fine Grain/Less noise

Note: These settings are NOT PERMANENT; best setting is still affected by the LIGHTING CONDITION.

What is Exposure Triangle?

Exposure Triangle is a principle directly illustrating

the relationship of Aperture, Shutter Speed and ISO. This is used practically to get a good image by
controlling the aperture, shutter speed and ISO

Exposure Triangle

ISO - amt of light

        - Grain/Noise

Aperture - amt. Of light

                - Depth of field

Shutter - amt. Of light

              - Motion/Action

With this principle, the photographer can have an absolute control over the quality of the photograph
he will be producing. Looking at the illustration above, it is clear that ISO controls the brightness (amt. of
light) and the grain of the image, Shutter speed also controls the brightness (amt.of light) and can freeze
or blur the action of the subject; the aperture also controls the brightness (amt. of light) and the Depth
of Field of the image.

Their common denominator is that they can control the brightness (amt. of light) of the image. Meaning
to say, we can adjust either of them to make the image brighter or dimmer to the desired brightness
without sacrificing the DOF, GRAIN or the MOTION of the image whatever need not to be altered

To get the same result in this principle, 1 FULL STOP

OF F-NO. = 1 FULL STOP OF SHUTTER SPEED= 1 FULL STOP OF ISO

To do this, one must have memorized the FULL STOPS of shutter speed, aperture and ISO. The table
below provides a picture for comprehension.

f- number full stops / Shutter speed Full stops. / ISO/ASA/DIN Full stops

- F1 / 1 sec. / ASA 3200

- F1.4 / 1/2 Sec / ASA 1600

- F2. /. 1/4 Sec. ASA 800

- F2.8 /. 1/8 sec / ASA 400

- F4 / 1/15 sec / ASA 200

- F5.6 / 1/30 sec / ASA 100

- F8 / 1/60 sec / ASA 50

- F11 / 1/125 sec / ASA 50

- F16 / 1/ 250 /

- F22 / 1/500

- F32 / 1/ 1000

- F45 / 1/2000

- F90 / 1/ 4000

Every 1 full stop ( i.e f1.4 - f2) going downwards represents a decrease in the amount of light half of the
previous setting.

Every 1 Full stop (i.e, f2- f1.4) going upwards represents a decrease in the amount of light half of the
previous setting setting

For example, the image was taken at these settings: f-1.4/shutter speed 1/60 sec/ASA 400. On a bright
sunlight, this image may appear very bright. To make this image dimmer, we may adjust either the
aperture, shutter speed or the ISO rating

Thus, the amount of light is the same in these settings:

a. Without affecting the noise and DOF:

   - f-1.4/ss 1/125 sec./ASA 400

b. Without affecting the noise and Action:

- f/2/ss 1/60 sec./ ASA 400

c. Without affecting the DOF and Action:.

- f-1.4/ ss 1/60 sec./ ASA 200

B. PHOTO PAPER

The result of photography in its final form is the photograph. The material necessary to produce a
photograph (POSITIVE PRINT) is a sensitized paper. It has emulsion that is coated with opaque material
like paper.

Structure of the Photographic Paper (EBB)

Emulsion Layer- The layer containing minute silver halide suspended in gelatin.

Baryta Layer -A gelatin layer containing Baryta crystals(barium oxide particles) to increase the

reflectivity of the paper

Base -Made of hardened white paper, which must be chemically pure to ensure that it will not interfere
with the chemical processes to which the emulsion is subjected.

Types of Photographic Papers based on emulsion use d (S-CBC)

1. Silver Chloride Paper

- Contains silver chloride emulsion; used for contact printing. Its sensitivity to light is low.

2. Silver Bromide Paper

- Contains silver bromide emulsion.

Light sensitivity or this type is faster than the silver chloride paper Used for projection printing or
enlarging process

3. Silver Chlorobromide - -PaperContains a combination of silver chloride emulsion, its emulsion speed
lies between that of chloride and bromide papers

-  used both for contact and projection printing

GRADE OF PRINTING PAPERS

Because of the fact that all negative do not print best on one kind of paper, and in order to permit
printing for special effects, photographic papers is made in several different grades of contrast and
surface texture. Velox paper made by Kodak offers six degrees of contrast and glossy surface.
•VELOX No. 0 - used for printing from extremely contrast negatives, the low contrast in the paper
sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the

negative to give a new print.

•VELOX No. 1- used for high contrast negative

•VELOX No. 2- a paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives

•VELOX No. 3- used for negatives that have weak contrast

• VELOX No. 4- provides for sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is useful
in printing pictures which high contrast is.desired

•VELOX No. 5- for flat negative that is unprintable

V. CHEMICAL PROCESS (DEVELOPMENT)

A. Film Development

Stages of Film Development

1. Predevelopment Water Rinse (Optional)

- This is done by simply soaking the film in water for 2 to 3 minutes while agitating the water container
for every 20 seconds.

2. Developing

- The process of converting the exposed image on the film into actual image. Exposed film affects the
silver halides but the change is invisible. Developing enables the invisible image into form. This is done
by soaking the film in the Developer.

3. Stop Bat

- The removal of the traces of the developer as well as it helps in the removal of excess or undeveloped
silver halides

- This process stops development

by neutralizing the effects of the developer.

4. Fixing Bath/Fixer

- Even after developing, the image is still invisible because the silver halides are still present in the
emulsion.
- Fixing bath is required to loosen the silver halides from the unexposed halides so they can be washed
away.This stage also removes the unexposed and undeveloped halides by converting them to soluble
salts which may be washed from the emulsion.Fixing also makes the image permanent in white light.

5. Washing

- This is the final part of the processing cycle, which removes the residual chemicals and soluble silver
compounds from the emulsion and reveals the image.

Developing Chemicals (RAPR)

Reducing Agent

- The most important chemical in any developing agent.

- It is the one that reduces the exposed halides into visible metallic silver.

- The two chemicals mostly used are: (1)hydroquinone and  (2) Metol.

Accelerators

- The purposes of accelerators are to energize the reducing agents and they soften and swell the
emulsion to permit the developer to penetrate deeply and quickly.

- The three kinds of accelerators are: Sodium Carbonate

- Sodium Hydroxide

- Borax

Preservative

- The commonly used preservative is sodium Sulfite. It prevents stain and makes the developing solution
more stable and long lasting.

Restrainer

This chemical restrains the action of the exposed areas of the film and permits control of density and
contrast.

- Potassium bromide is the agent generally used for this purpose.

Types of Developers

1. Type A (D-72) - A developer for prints. It produces a very high contrast film
2. Type B (D-19) - It is suitable for developing film exposed under dull or hazy lighting conditions.

3. Type C (D-50) - The so called "Normal Developer. Used for developing films exposed under normal
lighting conditions

4. Type D (D-76) -used to reduce excessive lighting contrast

Fixing Chemicals

- Sodium Thiosulfate - Otherwise known as "hypo". It dissolves the unexposed silver halides.

- Acetic Acid -It neutralizes/stops the action of the developer.

- Sodium Sulfate -lt serves as a preservative.

- Potassium Alum -It is added to the fixing bath because it has the ability to harden the emulsion

- Boric Acid -It is added to the fixing bath to slow the action and prolong the usefulness of the fixing
bath.

What is DODGING?

The process use in printing by covering some light that strikes the printing paper in order to give the
same amount of light available.

What is FOGGING?

It is the accidental exposure of film to light.

What is BRACKETTING?

Using three exposures with the use of the manual control if in doubt of the amount of light appropriate
for one shoot.

PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. A photograph is the mechanical result of photography.

2. To produce a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized materials.

3. Lights reflected or radiated by a subject must reach the sensitized materials while all other lights
mustbe excluded.

4.The exclusion of all unwanted and unnecessary lights is achieved by placing the sensitized material
inside the camera.
5. The amount of light on the sensitized material after exposure is not immediately visible to the eyes.

6. To make the formed image visible, it must undergo the development process.

7. The visual effect that results from the chemical processing is dependent on the quantity and quality of
the exposing light.

8. More light will yield an opaque or black shade on the sensitized material after development

9.Too little light will produce a transparent or white shade

10. The varying shade of grey will finally form the complete image.

CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

Aside from the notes of the investigator, he (the Forensic Photographer, in cases of crimes needing the
assistance of SOCO) needs a camera because there are things which require accurate descriptions of
subjects or objects being investigated, hence photographs will serve the purpose.

Objective of Crime Scene Photography (ROM)

- To produce a pictorial record of everything regarding the crime.

- To help in securing or obtaining confession, description and information to the case.

- To help in keeping the police officers memory accurately as possible as where he finds things.

IMPORTANCE OF CRIME SCENE

PHOTOGRAPHY (SOAP)

- It helps to show and tell the story to the jury and the courtroom participants

- Record the original scene and related areas

- Record the initial appearance of physical evidence

- Pictures will provide you with a permanent visual record of how the scene appeared initially, the
position of the body, and all evidentiary items

In order for the court to accept these pictures, you must be guided by the rules of evidence and the
proper submission of this evidence

Rules in the presentation of photographic evidence (CCS)

- Consistent- photographs must be consistent in the sense that numbers of photographs should point to
the elements of the crime or support one another.

- Clarity - photographs must be clear enough to show to the jury what items are involved and how the
crime is done.

- Scale- exact sizes of the items must be shown.

*In performing Crime scene photoggraphy, it is best to keep the camera at about eye level*

Basic Requirements of a photograph admitted asevidence in court (FAMU)

- Free of distortion

- Accurate representations

- Material and relevant

- Unbiased

In perfoming Crime scene photography, it is best to keep the camera at about eye level

PROCEDURES AT THE CRIME SCENE

-General view or long range view

- Medium view or mid-range view

- Close-up view

- Extreme close-up

Guidelines in Taking Photographs of a Crime Scene

• Establish shot- this is an over-all view from extreme to the other, it shows where we are, a busy
intersection, a far, a residential area, an airport, a factory, or even at the middle of a jungle.

•The Building- the next photograph should show the building in which the crime was committed. This
shows whether it is a private home, a factory, a small shop, a hotel, or a garage, usualy two photograph
will be needed of the front and back of the building.
•The Entrance- this is usually the door, but it maybe a window in a house breaking robbery. If there is a
gate and a door, take photograph one for each entrance.

•The Hallway- the camera now shows us what we would observe immediately after we enter the
building. It should show the location of the other doors or rooms through which we must pass to get to
the room in which the crime was committed

•The Room- this maybe a bedroom, an office or a bedroom. The most difficult problem is to include the
entire are sometimes like a building shots, two photographs from opposite corners will be enough. A
wide lens is used. However, the investigators note should also be carefully marked with the information

•Close-up- the number and types of close-up photograph will of course depend upon the kind of crime.
In general, close ups should be made on

To be taken close up..

-Object attacked- this maybe a person, safe cash box or a display counter. The purpose of these pictures
is to show the amount and kind of damage the method of attack.

-The weapon or tools used- the photographer must be careful here to show a reference point in every
picture, it shows which are right, left, up, down, north, south etc.

- Significant clues- these maybe fingerprint, bloodstain, footprints, skid marks, tool marks, broken glass,
or any other physical evidence, fingerprint in particular should be photographed after dusting but before
lifting.

Suggested Requirements by Crime Types

HOMICIDE inside a residence

- Use color film (if available)

Take pictures of the following:

- Close-up of body wounds

- Room in which the body was found

- Entrance into the scene

- Adjacent rooms, hallways, stairwells

- Trace evidence

- Exterior of the building

- Weapon

- Evidence outside the building

- View from positions witnesses had at time of the crime

- Evidence of a struggle

- Signs of activity prior to the homicide

SUICIDE PHOTOGRAPHY

- Photograph the scene as if it were a homicide

- Take close up shots of wounds, ligature marks,overdose and self-induced deaths

- Photograph weapon used

- Document from all angles

BURGLARY/ROBBERY PHOTOGRAPHY

- Exterior of building

- Point of entry

- Interior views

- Area from which valuables were removed

- Trace evidence

- Other physical evidence

- Damage to locks, safe, doors, tool marks

- Articles or tools left at the scene by the suspect

PHOTOGRAPHING INJURIES

- Face of victim in the photographs

- Bruises
- Bite marks

BITE MARK PHOTOGRAPHY

- Orientation shot

- Close-up at 90-degree angle to avoid distotion

- Ruler in same plane as bite mark

- Focus carefully

- Bracket exposures

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

- Photographs at the accident scene

- Where the vehicles came to rest and in what position

- Damage to vehicies

- Traffic Accident Photographs

- Take six photographs - Two from each side in line with the axles; Take one of each end of the vehicle,
straight on; If possible, take one more from overhead

- Debris or skid marks on the roadway

- View each driver had approaching the key point of the accident

- View from the point a witness observed the accident, at witness' eye level

- Evidence to identify hit and run vehicles

- Night Photography of Traffic Accidents, Use multiple flash, paint with light, or available light for extra-
long skid marks or to show two vehicles some distance apart

AUTOPSY

- Pictures are taken of wounds, scratches, marks ,tattoos and other identifying marks

- Pictures are not usually taken during the autopsy

- An overhead picture is taken of the body before the autopsy

- The deceased is placed in a room for removal of important evidence found on the body
Major Crime Scene Photography

- Good communication between you and other investigators is important

- Do not destroy evidence as you move about the Scene

Outdoor Pictures

- Take a photo of the building where the crime occurred. This may entail a large area

- Aerial shots would be useful in some cases

- The original series of photos should show all doors, windows and other means of entrance or exit

Indoor Pictures

- Take a photo of the entrance

- Take photographs of the scene, as it appears when you first enter a room

- Move around the room to get photographs of each entire wall, making sure to get items of evidence in
these photos

- Include photos of the other rooms connected with the actual crime scene.