KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management

Elective 102- Consumer Behavior
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Defining Consumer Behavior

All of us are consumers: all of us behave in a particular way. This does not mean that all
of our behaviour can be defined as consumer behaviour, of course. Specific consumer behaviour
has been defined as follows:

Consumer behavior is the activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming and
disposing of products and services. (Blackwell et al., 2001)

Obtaining - presumably includes all the activities that lead up to making a purchase,
including searching for information about products and services, and evaluating the
alternatives.
- may not involve an actual purchase.
Disposal- divestment of a product when it is worn out or used up.
- become a ‘hot topic’ in recent years due to environmentalism.

The Nature of Consumer Behavior

Consumer behaviors dynamic as it involves the human process of thinking, feeling and
actions. The dynamic nature of consumer behavior makes the development of marketing strategy
an exciting yet difficult task. These marketing strategies may work in a particular market and fail
in another set of consumers. The present product life cycle becomes shorter and consumers are
looking for better and new products. These are the reasons why companies must constantly
innovate to create superior value for consumer satisfaction.

People constantly keep in touch with new information with use of internet. These develop
new consumer values. Marketers must keep a close look into this development. They need to
develop marketing innovation and research strategies as customer satisfaction is the name of the
game to maintain the level of profitability. This involves the creation of new products, new brand
strategies, and marketing approach to reach the consumers.

Consumer Behavior and Marketing Mix

Marketing management has previously been considered to consist of controlling
elements of themarketing mix.

Although the marketing mix has been widely criticized by academics because it tendsto
imply thingsbeing done to consumers rather than things being done for consumers,it is still widely
taught andaccepted because it offers a relatively simply way to understand what marketers
do.Putting eachelement of the mix into a separate ‘silo’ is one way of simplifying the real world,
but looked at fromtheconsumer’s viewpoint the distinctions between the elements may not be
valid at all. For example,price is regarded as a cost from the consumer’s viewpoint, but might also
be regarded as a promotion –a money-off special offer could be regarded as a major incentive to
buy now rather than postpone thepurchase. In other words, the 7P model may be fine for the
marketers to understand, but may not beappropriate from the consumer’s viewpoint.

Marketing Mix - The combination of activities which creates an overall approach to the market.

Marketing Mix Seven (7) Ps

Product
The bundle of benefits consumers acquire is the basis of their decision-making. Deciding
which benefitare essential, which are desirable, which do not matter and which are actually not
benefits at all butdrawbacks is the starting point for all rational decisions.

Price
The cost of a product goes beyond the price tag in most cases. If the product is Complex,
there will be alearning cost attached to figuring out how to use it: if The product is dangerous,
there may be a costattached to consequent injury. If the product is visible to others, there may be
an embarrassment cost.Some Products require more effort to use – an electric can opener is
easier to use than A hand-operatedone, but costs more money. In some cases, these extra costs
May exceed the price tag – consumers willtake account of them, and will Weigh them in the
decision, but producers will only be able to Obtain theprice on the tag.

Place
Convenient locations for making purchases are essential; in fact, it would not be too
much to say that theeasier marketers make it for consumers to find the product, the more product
will be sold – this is partlywhy some brands Pay a lot of money for their products to be displayed
prominently in numerous retailoutlets. Like price, the location can affect the decision in ways that
do not benefit the producer–equally, producers can sometimes charge a Premium for delivering
location benefits. Corner shops(convenience stores) used to be a good example: although they
are invariably more expensive thansupermarkets, being within easy reach of home offers a clear
advantage That is worth paying for.However, this level of advantage has not gone unnoticed by
the big retailers who have, over the pastfew years, utilized their price advantage and muscled in
KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
Elective 102- Consumer Behavior
on this turf by opening their smaller, localstores, for example ‘Sainsbury’s Local’, ‘Tesco
Express’, ‘Little Waitrose’.

Promotion
Promotion is not something that is done to consumers, it is something they consume.
People surf theweb, buy magazines, watch TV shows, go to the cinema and ride on public
transport. Although they donot usually do these things in order to be exposed to advertisements,
when bombarded withadvertising, they usually pay at least some attention to them and frequently
they enjoy the experience.Furthermore, people often use media such as classified
advertisements and directories (offline andonline) in an active search for information about goods
they might like to buy.

People
Business is not about money, it is about people. The people who run businesses and
deal with the publicneed to understand how other people react in purchasing Situations. In some
cases, the product is theperson: people, consumers,Become loyal to the same hairdresser, the
same doctor, the same restaurantChef. Unsurprisingly, the people who work with the customers –
who are Customer-facing – tend to bethe most customer-orientated. Proximity to the Customer is
a more important factor in this than is theattitude and behaviour of senior management (Hui and
Subramony, 2008). In other words, seniorManagement may or may not be customer-orientated,
but the very nature of Working with customerswill in itself tend to focus people on customer need.

Process
The way in which services are delivered affects the context within which people buy as
well as theirpropensity to buy. For example, a meal out might be a 10-minute lunch stop at a fast-
food outlet, or itmight be a prolonged, eight-course dinner for two in a Michelin-starred restaurant.
The process iscompletely different in each case, and so is the price: in the first case, the
consumer may only gothrough a limited problem-solving process; in the second case, the process
may well be longer becausethe need to get it right is greater. This is called involvement

Physical evidence
Physical aspects of the service encounter often relate to the pleasure one feels from
receiving theservice rather than the practical aspects. The surroundings and ambience of a
restaurant, the food itselfand the quality of the menus all affect people’s perception of the ‘whole’
service.

Antecedents of Consumer Behavior

It is really important for the reader to understand that the study of consumer behaviour is,
like marketing itself, a combination of other disciplines. As a study, it draws its basic theories and
research approaches from sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics and
neuroscience. Academics aim to develop a body of specifically consumer-based research, but
the influence of the other disciplines will always be at the forefront of the theory that develops.

PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the study of mental processes. Psychologists study the ways people think,
which is of course basic to understanding how people think about the products they buy. This
includes learning about products, developing an overall perception of products and brands and
fitting it into one’s overall perception of the world, and the basic drives that encourage people to
seek solutions for their needs.

 Drive and Motivation

-Drives are the basic forces that make us want to do things (see Chapter 6). A drive is
created when the desired state of the individual is different from the actual state: the greater the
difference, the stronger the drive.
-A drive that has a definite target becomes a motivation. Part of the marketer’s job is to
encourage drives to develop by encouraging shifts in the desired state (it is pretty much
impossible to develop shifts in the actual state). The other part of the marketer’s job is to direct
drives towards a specific target.
For example, a marketer might encourage a shift in the desired state by saying ‘Isn’t it about
time you bought yourself a more luxurious and eco-friendlier car?’, and following this by asking
‘Why not treat yourself to a new Tesla Model S?

 Goals and Incentives

-A goal is the rational element of motivation (see Chapter 6). Motives are largely
emotional: goals are the rationalization of a motivation.

For example, someone might decide that they really want to learn to fly an unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV, also known as a ‘drone’) – a largely emotional motivation at the moment,
based on reading technology magazines or on an unspecified emotion. The goals that derive
from this might be concerned with finding an appropriate CAA-registered flying school, saving up
the money to pay for lessons, and/or freeing up the time to learn to fly it.
KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
Elective 102- Consumer Behavior
-The incentive for achieving these various goals is the satisfaction of the need.

 Personality and Self-Concept

-Personality is a combination of the various traits that determine who we are. The type of
person we are dictates what we like and what we dislike, our preferred ways of dealing with our
consumption problems, our preferred lifestyles, and so forth.
-Self-concept is about how we see ourselves – this includes how we see ourselves in
terms of consumption patterns, branding and other consumption-based aspects.

For example, we each have preferred brands, which we feel reflect and express our own
personalities. Some of us are Mercedes drivers, for some of us it’s Ford; some of us wear
Converse footwear while others prefer Nike; and of course, there is the perennial argument about
which football team should be in the Premier League. What we buy and wear (and who we
support) expresses who we are.

 Perception
-Perception is about the way we make sense of the world. Each of us has a particular
view of the world, a perceptual map, which enables us to make sense of what is happening
around us. We assemble this map by taking in information through our senses and using it to
develop an understanding of how the world works and where different things fit into it.
Psychologists study the ways in which people sometimes filter out unnecessary information, or
conversely group information together into usable ‘chunks’ and arrange the information to create
the perceptual map.
-The word perception is often used to mean ‘untrue’ but in fact this is not the case. The
only truth we have is what we hold in our minds, so a person’s perceptual map is the truth for that
person.

 Learning
-Learning is the behavioral changes that result from experience and you won’t be
surprised to learn that this is not a new concept.
-Earliest references to this can be found in the Nichomachean Ethics in around 350 BCE,
where it is reported that Aristotle wrote, ‘for the things we have to learn before we can do them,
we learn by doing them’.
 This has been referred to as ‘experiential learning’ and defined as ‘learning through
reflection on doing’ (Felicia, 2011; Stein, 2018).
-How we learn is critical to marketing communications, because marketers want people
to remember the messages and act upon them in ways that are favourable to the organization.

 Attitude Formation and Change

-Attitudes consist of knowledge, feelings and proposed behaviour. An attitude is a
tendency to behave in a consistent manner towards a given stimulus: in other words, people tend
to react the same way every time towards something about which they have an attitude. For
marketers, understanding how attitudes are formed and how they can be changed is useful in
creating appropriate attitudes towards brands products and services: sometimes attitudes need to
be demolished and rebuilt if the brand is to continue successfully.
-Change can triggera positive change in sales, considerations, image and above all
attitude.

SOCIOLOGY
Group behaviour is crucial to human beings, and therefore is crucial to understanding
what motivates people to buy specific brands. Buying the wrong brand can be embarrassing: we
are all aware of how, in our early teens, we have to have the right label on clothing, play the right
Xbox games, see the right films and stream the right music from Spotify to fit in with the desired
group. Even adolescent rebellion is actually just a drive to join a group.

 Reference Group
-People identify groups they would like to join, and also groups they would prefer not to
be associated with. Almost all such groups involve some type of consumption: clothing to
wear,things to use in the group activities, or shared consumption of group-owned items. Most of
us define ourselves at least in part by the groups we belong to, whether it is our work group, our
group of friends, our family group, our religious group, or our group hobbies.

 Family
-The family is probably the most important reference group because it exerts the most
influence on us. Families share consumption of many items (food, housing, energy, etc.) and our
early upbringing greatly influences our behaviour in later years.

 Class and Culture

-Culture is the set of beliefs and behaviours that distinguishes one large group of people
from another, and it includes such issues as religious beliefs, language, customs, class
distinctions and accepted norms of behaviour. For marketers, culture is one of the driving forces
of behaviour, including consumption behaviour, but perhaps more importantly it is a minefield in
which communications and brands can cause offence to people from other cultural backgrounds.
In particular, religious beliefs can create problems for marketers since people are often inflexible
about religious taboos or restrictions.
KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
Elective 102- Consumer Behavior

 Self-Image and Role

-The images we form of ourselves are almost entirely derived from feedback from other
people. This feedback is derived in turn from the images we project as part of our role in life, both
offline and online. In fact, we each perform many roles in our dealings with others: as friends,
work colleagues, children, fathers, mothers, professionals, and so forth. We judge ourselves as
being good at each of these roles by the feedback of the people we deal with every day. So, this
begs a question of the current, digitally savvy population - is the only way one can know if one
has good friends by the likes one gets on a recently posted selfie?
-People often define themselves, at least in part, by the products they consume
(Tangsupwattana and Liu, 2018). Possessions become an extension of the individual -an
extended self- and thus project who the person is to others

ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is a wide-ranging academic discipline, covering everything that makes us
human. Anthropology is all about the study of people (human beings) as a whole, from the past
and present; and from small, isolated homogenous cultures tolarge social networks.

The relationship to consumer behaviour thus, accordingly, comes from a variety of

anthropological perspectives. First and foremost are the socio-cultural aspects of anthropology.
Meaning is derived from how people live and therefore what they consume. Closer
scrutiny of the similarities and differences in gender, race, nationality and class all provide further
clues as to the meaning of life; for various consumers. These data help organizations to provide
consumers with products and services related to a variety of sectors, including health, education,
environment, agriculture and social change. Second, it is the biological and cultural processes
which together shape growth, development and behaviour; behaviour that has led humans to
adapt to the diverse environments within which they live, work and consume. Cognitive
anthropology has been used to study the problem-solving behaviour of green consumers
(Wagner-Tsukamoto and Tadajewski, 2006).

ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of demand. Economists study demand in the individual
transaction, at the level of the firm and its customers (micro-economics), and also the overall level
of demand in the economy (macroeconomics). Although microeconomics appears at first sight to
explain consumer behaviour. In fact, it only really explains rational behaviour. Economists
consider such concepts as utility, value for money and economic choice, not such nebulous ideas
as whether one’s friends will admire one’s new outfit.

Economics has provided consumer behaviour theorists with a number of useful concepts
that help to explain the rational side of consumer behaviour, and it’s worth highlighting a couple of
them here in this introduction as their relationship to consumer behaviour is quite insightful.

 The Economic Choice

This simply means that someone cannot spend money on something if he or she has
already spent the money somewhere else. So, consumers have a choice; a choice of what to
spend their money on. This implies that all companies are competing with all other companies for
the consumers money: people have only a certain amount of money they can spend, or commit to
borrowing. Of course, economic choice is somewhat blurred by the wide availability of credit.
People can be persuaded to borrow the money to buy whatever they want, which means that
factors other than money may come into the equation. The theory of choice still holds true,
though, if we consider the economic choice of how we spend our time, or how we use other
resources such as our cars or our homes. The theory really talks about use of limited resources in
aiming to satisfy ones needs.

Marketers have certainly taken on board the concept of the economic choice, broadening
out the spectrum of competitors to include anyone who aims to satisfy similar needs in
consumers. Take, for example, cinema owners. They recognize a wide range of other
entertainment places as competitors (live theatre, casinos, online films/gaming and bowling
alleys, among others) and in recent years have developed entertainment complexes where a
variety of leisure activities can take place under one roof. This is not just an example of a deeper
understanding of who the competition is; it is also an example of how an organization can help
people make the best use of limited leisure time. With time as the constraining variable, such
complexes can make best use of economic choice theory.

 Elasticity of Demand
We have already established that demand is a model of consumer behaviour. It attempts
to identify the factors that influence the choices that are made by consumers. In neoclassical
micro-economics, the objective of the consumer is to maximize the utility that can be derived
given their preferences, income, the prices of related goods and the price of the good for which
the demand function is derived. So, the next natural step in this economic theory is to ask; how
far can an organization stretch its price point before the demand for that product or service snaps;
Although a rise in prices generally means a reduction in demand (there are some exceptions),
there is a question about the degree to which demand is affected by price. In some cases, a rise
in price appears to make very little difference to demand (inelastic demand) - salt is the
example usually given for this, because it is extremely cheap (and therefore a tiny percentage of
KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
Elective 102- Consumer Behavior
a person’s income), has no real substitutes and is purchased quite infrequently, so even a
doubling of the price would probably go unnoticed. Other products fall into this category: a rise in
the cost of water bills doesn’t mean that people will disconnect their water supply, and if a
commuter relies on a particular train route to get to work, a rise in the fare will usually only result
in a very small decrease in demand, as the alternative modes of transport may be very limited.
The opposite of these scenarios is where the price directly affects demands (elastic demand).
Some fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) seem to be dramatically affected by even small
changes in price: this usually happens if there is a close substitute available, for example if the
price of beef rose relative to the price of lamb. In these circumstances, price calculations need to
be carried out extremely carefully as a mistake could result in a dramatic loss of business.

There are elasticities other than price. For example, income elasticity of demand tells us
that some products are affected by increases in the individuals’ spending money. In some cases,
this will produce an increase in demand -as people become richer, they are likely to buy more
clothes and more entertainment products for example; of as people become more
environmentally conscious, there may be an increase in the number of electric vehicles being
sold. In other cases, the demand for an individual product might reduce as people become
wealthier: a higher income might lead someone to buy a more luxurious brand of automobile, say
a Mercedes, rather than a Ford. In some cases, a general rise in income reduces demand fairly
dramatically, and the humble bread is an example. As people become richer, a tendency is there
to buy less bread and eat more meat and vegetables instead. In recent years, rising standards of
living in emerging economies such as China and India have led to steep rises in the cost of many
foods, globally, as people in those c able to countries are afford more meat and vegetables, and
thus do not rely as much on cheap, staple foods such as rice and bread.

One point that arises from the elasticity concept is that there is no product that has a
completely inelastic demand curve. In other words, there is no product that has a demand curve
that is entirely unaffected by price. This means that there is no product that is an absolute
necessity of life - if this were the case, the producer could charge anything at all for the product
and people would have no choice but to pay, since the alternative would be death. This is an
important issue for marketers, because it shows us that there is no theoretical basis for
considering some products as necessities and other products as luxuries. The difference exists
only in the minds of consumers. To some people, a car would be a luxury; to others it is a
necessity. Likewise, water might be considered as a necessity of life, yet some people rarely (if
ever) drink just plain water: they drink tea, beer, fruit juice, cola, or any one of many different
products containing water, all of which are substitutes for the plain and simple tap water.

NEUROSCIENCE
Neuroscience is the study of the ways in which the human brain works. A sub-branch of
the discipline, neuro-economics, is the fusion of neuroscience and economics. This field of study
analyses the relationship between the internal organization of the brain and an individual’s
behaviour (Chavaglia et al., 2015). In other words, it seeks to explain an individual’s economic
behaviour in terms of the part played by the physiological makeup of the brain in individual
decision-making, the social interaction that an individual has (online and offline), and then finally
on other external factors like the market within which the individual makes the resulting economic
decisions.

Neuroscientists, and especially evolutionary neuroscientists, see the brain as the result of
a long series of evolutionary adaptations leading to a set of domain-specific computational
systems. These systems have evolved to solve recurring problems -originally these problems
were characterized by survival problems (finding food, evading predators, cooperating with tribe
members, and so forth) and reproduction problems (finding a suitable mate, protection and
feeding of children, and so foreh). These problem-solving systems act to adapt behaviour in order
to improve the individuals’ chances of surviving, prospering and reproducing (Garcia and Saad, In
the modern world, the same systems are applied to apparently new problems career progression,
financial management, learning to operate a smartphone and many other tasks that did not exist
when our ancestors evolved on the African savannah.

Evolution is in general, a very slow process, and in the case of human beings it has been
further hindered by our dominance of the environment: people are less likely to make fatal
mistakes and thus remove themselves from the gene pool.

If neuro-economics can successfully map brain activity onto economic behaviour, then
neuroscientists hope to explain consumer behaviour in terms of evolutionary and survival factors.
As yet the discipline is in its infancy, but neuroscientists have already identified some of the
mechanisms by which people are affected by packaging (Stoll et al.,2008), and have also
identified a dedicated response to celebrity- based advertising (Gakhal and Senior, 2008). Work
on neuro-economics has also recently been extended to looking at the irrationality of the voter
during political elections (Chavaglia et al., 2015).

Lessons’ Book Reference

1. Pereda, P. R., et al. (2015) Consumer Behavior: A Practical Approach to Consumer
Understanding. Unlimited Books LibraryServices & Publishing INC.
KAPALONG COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
Elective 102- Consumer Behavior
2. Sethna, Z., et al. (2019) Consumer Behaviour. SAGE Publications Ltd.