A

Project Report
on

MODEL OF UTILIZATION OF HUMAN

POWER FOR GARDEN LIGHTING
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree
of

Bachalar of Engineering
in

Mechanical Engineering
to

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

Submitted by

Patil Vivek S.
Barse Santosh D.
Wani Bhagawat C.
Sharma Akanksha

Under the Guidance of

Asso. Prof. P. G. Damle

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
April 2015
 SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Model of Utilization of Human Power for
Garden Lighting, submitted by

Patil Vivek S.
Barse Santosh D.
Wani Bhagawat C.
Sharma Akanksha

in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachalar of Engineering in Mechanical Engi-

neering has been satisfactorily carried out under my guidance as per the requirement
of North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

Date: April 13, 2015

Place: Jalgaon

Prof. Dr. Dhiraj S. Deshmukh Asso. Prof. P. G. Damle

Head Guide

External Examinar Prof. Dr. K. S. Wani

Principal

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) i

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in this project entitled “Model
of Utilization of Human Power for Garden Lighting”, submitted to the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSBT’s College of Engineering and
Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon - 425 001 (MS), in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Bachalar of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon, is my original work.

Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this
clearly, with due acknowledgement and reference to the literature.

Date: April 13, 2015

Place: Jalgaon

(Patil Vivek S.
Barse Santosh D.
Wani Bhagawat C.
Sharma Akanksha )

In my capacity as guide of the candidate’s project, I certify that the above statements
are true to the best of my knowledge.

(Asso. Prof. P. G. Damle)

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) ii

Acknowledgements

We have taken efforts in this Seminar. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend
my sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to Asso. Prof. P. G. Damale
sir for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project and also for his support in completing the project. We would like to
express my gratitude towards my parents and member of Shram Sadhana Bombay Trust’s
College Of Engineering Technology, Bambhori,Jalgaon for their kind co-operation and en-
couragement which help us in completion of this project. We would like to express our my
special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving us such attention and time.Our
thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who
have willingly helped us with their abilities.

Patil Vivek S.
Barse Santosh D.
Wani Bhagawat C.
Sharma Akanksha

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iii

Contents

Acknowledgements iii

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 2
1.1 Basic Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Necessity of Human Power Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Present problem formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Aims of Human Power Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Literature Survey 7
2.1 Current Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Why human-powered products? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Human power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Design And Synthesis 15

3.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.1 Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.2 Drive belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.3 Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.4 Sprocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Material Properties and Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Synthesis of equipment’s in garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.1 Revolving door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.2 Merry-Go-Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iv

 3.3.3 See-Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.4 Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.5 Lever Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Fabrication And Testing 25

4.1 Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1 Fabrication of Revolving Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.2 merry-go-round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.3 See-Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.4 Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Testing and trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.1 Actual calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.2 Variations in lever arm distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5 Calculation And Result 42

5.1 Theoretical Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.1 Revolving Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.2 Merry-Go-Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.3 Sea-Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.4 Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2 Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.1 Cost Estimate of self lightning garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.2 Cost Estimate of Mechatronic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3 Advantages: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6 Conclusion 47
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Bibliography 49

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) v

List of Tables

2.1 Power Outputs of Common Human Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Energy Consumption For Human Activities[6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Energy production by the human body[6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 Readings of torque applied and power produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.1 Cost Estimate of Self Lightning Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.2 Cost Estimate of Mechatronic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) vi

List of Figures

1.1 General Playing Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 India’s Fuel Share of Energy Consumption 2014(BTU)[6] . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 World’s Energy Consumption, 1970-2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.1 Spur Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.2 Drive Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Sprocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 Types of Sprocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6 Revolving door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.7 Merry-Go-Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.8 See-Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.9 Effect of lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.10 Torque exerted on Wrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.1 Operations in Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.2 Metal Bushing for D.C. motor shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Images during manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Construction of Model of Revolving Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.5 Construction of Model of Merry-Go-Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6 Construction of Model of See-Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.7 Construction of Model of Swing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.8 Graph Between Torque And Power Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.9 Lever effect on prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.10 Readings for torque at various lever arm distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.11 Graph of Lever arm distance and torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.1 Gear Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5.2 Belt and Pulley Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) vii

 5.3 Sea-Saw Drive Arragement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.4 Swing Drive Arragement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) viii

Abstract

This project presents the human-powered garden lighting for energy crisis. The results of
a number of Design projects in the field of eco-design are presented; they focus on the use
of human power as a renewable Energy source for consumer products. Human-powered
energy systems are powered by muscular work from the Human body. Opportunities for
human-powered energy systems are reduction of life cycle costs and energy self sufficiency.
Challenges can be found in identifying scenarios where the concept of human power is adopted
by consumers. Eco-design proves helpful in providing a platform for radical innovations
driving the introduction of Human powered technology.In the present scenario of energy
conversion efficiency; energy storage and energy conservation issues are of special interest.
Human powered energy systems are offering these possibilities of achievement of energy
needs. Product design cases applying human-powered energy systems are concentrated for
study. One of the easiest ways to convert human power into work is with the bicycle crank.
One can build an electrical generator, pump water, propel a boat, and even grind wheat.
The concept of system as well as surrounding is balanced in this system of energy use;
fully satisfy human health and environmental friendly concerns. Future scope lies in further
research and development in this area of human-powered energy systems that is conversion
of human power into versatile form of electrical power should be more focused.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Basic Introduction

A GARDEN typically consists various children playing equipments like see-
saw,swing,merry-go-round etc and other mischallenious equipments like revolv-
ing door.generally in gardens the equipments are used only for playing pur-
pose.The some equipments in garden are revolving door,merry-go-round,see-
saw,swing.

A revolving door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a center
shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a round enclosure. Revolving
doors are energy efficient by eliminating drafts, thus reducing the heating or
cooling required for the building.[1] At the same time, revolving doors allow
large numbers of people to pass in and out.

A merry-go-round typically consist of large circular disk that hang on a center

shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a round enclosure. And that
merry-go-round revolves number of times within a day.

A see-saw and swing typically consist of wooden plat oscillate about simply
supported shaft. there are no.of oscillation done while children pyaing on it.

Energy is the driving force of modern societies, andgeneration and utilization

of energy are essential for socio economic development. Per-capita energy con-
sumption levels are often considered a good measure of economicdevelopment.
In recent years, energy scarcity has become aserious problem due to depletion of

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 2

 Figure 1.1: General Playing Instruments

non-renewable energysources, increasing population, globalization of energy in-

tensive economic development, environmental pollution,and global warming [1],
[2].In this context, the field of renewable energy represents anew frontier for the
academic and research community, dueto the following factors:

• Depletion or unreliability of non-renewable energysources, e.g., oil

• Environmental pollution, e.g., due to coal use

• Needs of increasing population, especially inresource-scarce developing countries

• Global Warming/Climate changes

New applications in modern, high-tech settings -e.g., wearable computing and portable con-
sumer electronics While in developed countries the energy problem is one of short-term
scarcity or optimum use, an estimated 40% of the world’s population or, 2 billion people
mainly in the less developed countries do not have even have access to electricity. Moreover,

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 3

this number is expected to double by the year 2050.[14]The reasons for this limited access to
electricity in developing countries are the lack of energy sources such as coal, oil, or nuclear
energy, and - even where such sources exist the lack of expensive capital to exploit exist-
ing resources. While the costs of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy
are falling gradually, these technologies are still far too expensive for developing countries,
where about half the population has incomes of less than two dollars a day.In recent years,
there have been many interesting developments in the field of human power conversion. In
the present paper, a method of harnessing the power of children’splay in playgrounds and
public places, on devices such as the seesaw, merry-go-round, and swing is proposed.When
large numbers of children play in a school playground,part of the power of their play can
usefully be harnessed resulting in significant energy storage. This stored energy can then be
converted to electricity for powering basic, low power appliances in the school such as lights,
fans,communications equipment, and so on. The method provides a low-cost, low-resource
means of generation of auxiliary electric power, especially for use in developing countries.In
the proposed method, compressed air devices are used for the conversion and storage of hu-
man power. Use of compressed air is explosion-proof and fire-proof and open tubing results
simply in air leakage. The lower efficiency of the resulting system is compensated by the
simplicity, safety,and low-cost of operation of the pneumatic system.The compressed air will
be stored in storage tanks close to the point of use, and used to power a pneumatic actua-
tor such as cylinder or air motor, which will in turn move an electric generator to produce
electricity. The electricity can be stored in batteries, and used to power dc-operated lights
and appliances or to power ac-operated appliances through the use of inverters and power
control circuitry.[13] The use of fossil fuels and other non-reusable sources of energy must
be reduced in order to keep emissions low and alleviate the use of diminishing resources.
The idea of human powered generation has been implemented in many different situations.
Some examples include hand-crank radios, shaking flashlights, and receiving power from gym
equipment.The DC House Project is a humanitarian effort that provides an enclosure with
lighting and a power sources. Through the use of wind, solar, hydro, and human generated
power, the system is provided with DC power. [11] Revolving door producing green power
operates by when person passes through it. As door rotates geared pairs convert this motion
of shaft into sufficient speed for producing electricity through generator. This is further
stored in D.C battery or used for L.E.D. This revolving door designed in this project would
help primarily to generate and conserve energy. A calculation was made for this particular
situation that indicated an energy saving of around 3.70 KW.hr/year.[15]

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 4

1.2 Necessity of Human Power Utilization

1.2.1 Present problem formulation

Figure 1.2: India’s Fuel Share of Energy Consumption 2014(BTU)[6]

Per capita Electricity consumption all over world has increased largely in past
few decades. So there is large load on generation of electricity through con-
ventional methods. This may lead extinction of conventional power resources
like coal, uranium etc. So there is need of alternative non-conventional energy
resources which would lower the power load on conventional resources. Also this
conventional sources increase pollution through greenhouse gas emissions. Due
to this global warming problem increases.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 5

 Figure 1.3: World’s Energy Consumption, 1970-2025

Electricity consumption in the world is rapidly growing. The Energy Informa-

tion Administration (EIA) predicts that electricity consumption will reach 24.7
trillion kilowatt-hours by 2025. Coal has long been the primary source of energy
generation, averaging 50% of total sources [3, 4]. However, it can be extremely
detrimental to the health of the environment and human population.

1.3 Aims of Human Power Utilization

• Minimize the steadily increasing global energy consumption causes growing numbers
of environmental problems.

• Aware a Human Power as an Alternate energy Source.

• Utilize Human Power.

• Facilitate to various requirements of energy.

• Introduce eco-friendly energy generation system.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 6

Chapter 2

Literature Survey

2.1 Current Renewable Energy Resources

2.1.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans
since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation,
along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power,
hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy
on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaic. Solar
energy’s uses are limited only by human ingenuity. To harvest the solar energy,
the most common way is to use solar panels.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active

solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal
collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a
building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Out of incoming solar radiation (isolation) received by earth at the upper atmo-
sphere, approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed
by clouds, oceans and land masses.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 7

 Electrical generation from Solar Energy
Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic (PV), concentrat-
ing solar power (CSP), and various experimental technologies. PV has mainly
been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator
powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic ar-
ray. For large-scale generation, CSP plants like SEGS have been the norm but
recently multi-megawatt PV plants are becoming common. Completed in 2007,
the 14 MW power station in Clark County, Nevada, United States and the
20 MW site in Beneixama, Spain are characteristic of the trend toward larger
photovoltaic power stations in the United States and Europe. As an intermit-
tent power source, solar power requires a backup supply, which can partially be
complemented with wind power. Local backup usually is done with batteries,
while utilities normally use pumped-hydro storage. The Institute for Solar En-
ergy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel in Germany pilot-tested a
combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydro storage to provide
load-following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources.[7]

2.1.2 Wind Energy

The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun, such that the poles receive less energy
from the sun than the equator; along with this, dry land heats up (and cools
down) more quickly than the seas do. The differential heating drives a global
atmospheric convection system reaching from the Earth’s surface to the strato-
sphere which acts as a virtual ceiling. Most of the energy stored in these wind
movements can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds of over
160 km/h (99 mph) occur. Eventually, the wind energy is converted through
friction into diffuse heat throughout the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.

The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is
considerably more than present human power use from all sources. An estimated
72 tera watt (TW) of wind power on the Earth potentially can be commercially
viable, compared to about 15 TW average global power consumption from all
sources in 2005.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 8

 Electricity generation from Wind Energy
Typical components of a wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake assembly)
being lifted into position. In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected
with a medium voltage (often 34.5 kV), power collection system and communi-
cations network. At a substation, this medium-voltage electrical current is in-
creased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric
power transmission system.

The surplus power produced by domestic micro generators can, in some juris-
dictions, be fed into the network and sold to the utility company, producing a
retail credit for the micro generators’ owners to offset their energy costs.[5]

2.2 Backgrounds
Using human powered generation gives a power source that is not directly de-
rived from natural sources. An example is that a human powered generator
can be operated if there is no sun for solar generation, no wind for wind gen-
eration, and no water for hydro generation. By using a seesaw specifically in a
playground, a simple activity such as play time turns into an energy producing
exercise. There have been many versions of human powered generation applied
towards electronics and electrical systems. An example of an early version of
a crank radio is the Gibson Girl survival radio. This device allowed stranded
sailors or pilots to power a radio that sent an SOS signal [1]. Other examples
found now include flashlights, radios, and other small electronics. Harnessing
human energy on a larger scale and applying it to our current power system
has been in development in recent years. One example that is very tempting
is using exercise equipment to power gyms. By taking the energy that people
pump into stationary bikes, rowing machines, and other equipment, a gym could
become self-sustaining or even provide power to a power system. A lot of ex-
ercise equipment currently runs off the power that the person working out puts
in, but if the extra power not used by the equipment could be input into the
building, a lot of extra power could become available. This idea was attempted
during the renovation of the Cal Poly Recreation Center as a thesis for a mas-
ter’s student [2].Another example of a seesaw being used as a generation source
was developed by Fly Solar Generation. With their Kinetics Teedle Gen - See
Saw Generator [3], the idea is possible. This design consisted of a metal frame

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 9

and a single direction generator with a ratcheting gear. In order to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the seesaw with limited resources, the design chosen for the
DC House is made of wood and has a simple bike gear ratio.

Human power was perhaps the earliest source of energy known to mankind [3].
Its first uses were in tool-making, plowing, rowing boat, and so on. Mechanized
uses of human power were achieved in the form of hand cranking by the Romans.
However, pedaling which is a simpler and less tiresome means of human power
conversion did not come about until the 19th century with the invention of
the bicycle. Human power was widely used in the developed countries in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries for purposes such as irrigation, operating
machinery, and as a source of electricity for watching/listening to television
and radio. In many developing countries, human power is still widely used in
agriculture, industry, and services. Interest in human power conversion declined
in the early 20th century due to several technological developments:

• Availability of cheap, abundant electrical energy

• Use of compact, powerful, and versatile electric motors and lights

• Availability of cheap, disposable batteries for portable use In recent years, human
power conversion is making a comeback due to a variety of economic, environmental,
and technological factors:

• Applications in less-developed countries and remote locations of developed countries

(e.g., camping)

• Use in portable computing, where progress in battery technology lags behind develop-
ments in laptop PCs

• Use in wearable computing and communication devices, where absence of batteries or

usable energy in remote locations such as battle fields hinders their continuous use

• Energy shortage and high cost of solar/wind power

• Use in emergency situations, e.g., earthquakes and hurricanes

• Energy conservation - e.g., to minimize energy requirements in power assist devices for
elderly and disabled

• Environment friendly - batteries are energy intensive to produce and are non-biodegradable

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 10

 • Advances in actuators, materials, and energy storage techniques

• Technological challenges - e.g., human-powered flight, with spin-off benefits Trevor

Activity M aximumHumanP ower(W )

Pushing button 0.64
Squeezing handle 12
Rotating crank 28
Riding bike > 100

Table 2.1: Power Outputs of Common Human Activities

Baylis’s (re)invention of the clock work radio contributed immensely to this trend
[4]. Various new products are based on the use of human power conversion
for operating flash lights, cell phone battery chargers, wrist watches, energy-
scavenging shoes for wearable electronics [5], power-harvesting shoes for soldiers
[6], laptop and wearable computers [7], children’s toys [8], and so on.

Major technological developments in human power conversion were brought

about by the research of Paul Macready - named as the Engineer of the Century,
by ASME - and his group in the area of human powered flight (e.g., [9]). This
research led to new developments in the use of light-weight composite materials,
aerodynamic vehicle design, high-power batteries, high-strength electric motors
and generators, and so on. Macready’s research also resulted in commercializa-
tion of new products such as light reconnaissance aircraft, solar powered flight,
electric and hybrid vehicles, and electric power-assist bicycles. Human power
conversion can be used to reduce the need for large portable energy storage
devices in orthosis and assistive technology systems (e.g., [10]). Researchers in
Japan are exploring the potential of human power for rescue situations such as
earthquakes [11]. The significant potential of human power as an energy source
can be realized from the fact that daily average human calorific consumption is
about 2500 kcal.

Since 1Cal = 4.184J => 2500kcal = 10.5M J ≈ 3kW hr

This is equivalent to the energy stored in 1050 AA alkaline batteries [7]. Eating
a hamburger gives us the energy of more than 100 AA batteries. Typical power

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 11

 Activity Energyconsumed(W )
Sleeping 81
Sitting 116
Swimming 582
Sprinting 1630

Table 2.2: Energy Consumption For Human Activities[6]

outputs of some common human activities are listed in Table I [12]. However,
day-to-day human activities also consume large amounts of energy, as shown in
Table II [7]. Therefore, the net energy available for conversion is quite limited
in practice. Table III lists the typical power requirements of common house-
hold electrical and electronic appliances. From these considerations of human
power, it is clear why most human power conversion systems proposed so far
are limited to powering consumer electronics devices, e.g., portable radios and
flashlights. From the discussions so far, we may conclude that (i) the human
power conversion-based systems developed so far are mostly based on harness-
ing individual human power, (ii) therefore they are mainly limited to powering
low-power consumer electronics devices, and (iii) the existing systems are based
on exertion of deliberate effort by individuals.

2.3 Observation
The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74,
is an intergovernmental organization comprised of mainly European countries in
addition to the United States, Korea, and Japan. Their organization estimates
that as of 2005, approximately three quarters of the Earth’s population (4.8
billion of 6.4 billion people) have access to electricity:”Some 1.6 billion people,
about one quarter of the world’s population, have no access to electricity to-
day. Eighty percent of these people live in rural areas of the developing world,
mainly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where rapid urban migration and
population growth will occur over the next several decades.” Source: IEA, ”The
Developing World and the Electricity Challenge, ”Jan. 2005,[4]

Similarly, the Greenpeace organization estimates about 4.4 billion have access to
electricity Source: Greenpeace, ”Solar Generation: electricity for over 1 billion
people and 2 million jobs by 2020,”[4]

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 12

Sources of electricity are often physically located far from where it is consumed.
Electric power lines are able to transport power cross-continentally. This enables
a large degree when designing electrical systems. Since the adoption of the 60
Hz, 120 VAC standard after World War II, [ Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of
Power: Electrification in Western Society1880-1930, The Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Press, Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0-8018-2873-2 pgs.282-283] engineers can
simply specify and design electrical appliances with little or no regard for their
relation to the source of their power during operation. With the proper design,
an electric home clothes washing machine will work just as well plugged into an
outlet with power originating from 150 startled cats scrabbling on a treadmill as
it more commonly does attached to an international modular grid bearing energy
contributions from a variety of sources including renewable and non-renewable
energy.

There are two ways to generate power parasitically from the human body. One
is to collect energy that is already being wasted. The other is to harness human
motion in such a way that an inconspicuous amount of resistance is added to the
normal range of motion to generate power. Actions like the swinging of the arms,
movement of the legs, respiratory motion, etc. present interesting opportunities,
although unfortunately even the smallest added resistance is usually perceptible
and can cause annoyance for the user. Most of the waste energy generated by
the human body is dissipated as heat in the joints or the general metabolism and
is unusable as parasitic power due to its lack of density(it is spread out over the
whole surface of the body)[3]. Also, to get energy out of the body, heat would
have to be drawn away from the skin by some sort of converter which would cool
the skin and cause discomfort to the user.

2.3.1 Why human-powered products?

Nowadays we see a growing number of portable electric consumer products,
mainly batteries. Examples are; audiovisual, communication and information
products, in which the electronics provide the main functionality, but also an
increasing number of products that deliver mechanical work at their output.
Considering the clear advantages of rechargeable batteries (high energy density,
wide availability and international standardization), they will remain the main
source of power in the forthcoming period. Nevertheless, the use of batteries
can be cumbersome as well. Batteries run out of energy when you need them

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 13

most, they’re not always available, they have to be replaced or charged in a
troublesome way and in the long run batteries turn out to be a rather expen-
sive power source. Moreover, due to the increasing number of battery-powered
portable products, the environmental impact of battery use might increase as
well. Driven by consumer perception and environmental concern, the Personal
Energy System (PES) group at DUT aims at finding alternatives for the in-
creased use of batteries in portable energy products. In this scope the PES-group
focuses on the application of renewable energy sources in consumer products.
Special emphasis is given to low power2energy sources such as; human power
(i.e. the use of human work for energy generation),direct methanol fuel cells,
and photovoltaic solar cells. In this paper we will focus on human power .In our
research project we defined human power as; using the human body as an energy
source for electric products. The main advantages of human powered products
are; they operate independent of energy infrastructures, have a long ”shelf-life”
and can be environmentally beneficial in the long run.[8]

2.3.2 Human power

As shown in table 1, the human body acts as an energy producer in different ways:

Energy Forms of energy

Sources
M echanical Electric T hermal Chemical
√
Movement
(Pass.)
√
Skin Po-
tential
√
Perspiration
√
Body Heat
√
Muscles
(Active)

Table 2.3: Energy production by the human body[6]

In the human power project we concentrate on the active use of the muscles. The
amount of energy obtained from the human body depends body segments are
used, the physical and mental conditions the user and the design of the interface
between the user and the generator.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 14

Chapter 3

Design And Synthesis

3.1 Design
We have selected the different mechanical component which include the elec-
tronic circuit and generator motor the details are as follows.

3.1.1 Gears

Figure 3.1: Spur Gear

Spur Gears are selected for motion transfer because of following criteria,

1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 15

 2. It may be used to transmit large power.

3. It may be used for small center distances of shafts.

4. It has high efficiency.

5. It has reliable service.

6. It has compact layout.

Specification: - spur gear.

External diameter of bigger gear = 120mm, No. of teeth: -30, pitch:-4mm
External diameter of smaller gear = 40mm, pitch: - 4mm, No. of teeth:- 10.

3.1.2 Drive belt

Figure 3.2: Drive Belt

Drive belt is used to transfer the rotary motion of drive pulley to driven pulley.It
is generally of V-shape or trapezoidal in cross section. Specification: -
Belt type = v- shape
Grade = A, Size = 185, Circumference = 580 cm
Selection Criteria: -
Diameter of small Pulley =40mm
Diameter of large Pulley =100mm
Central distance = 150mm
Length of belt = 580mm, so dia. =185mm
From above calculations we have selected belt of 185mm dia.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 16

3.1.3 Pulley

Figure 3.3: Pulley

Paper pulleys are made from compressed paper fiber and are formed with a metal
in the Centre. These pulleys are usually used for belt transmission from electric
motors, when the Centre to Centre shaft distance is small. Specification: - Paper
pulley,
Diameter of small Pulley =40mm
Diameter of large Pulley =100mm.

3.1.4 Sprocket
Types of sprockets are selected for various application and requirement by using following
figure 4.4 and 4.5.

3.2 Material Properties and Specification

The prototype to be made consist of materials of different properties and spec-
ifications. As prototype has to be solid and robust in construction, material to
be used should possess strength and rigidity. The material should have following
properties -

• Minimum Bending- It is most important property that material should possess. It

should have minimum bending as prototype is subjected to continue application of

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 17

 Figure 3.4: Sprocket

human torque. The torque value ranges from 10 -15 Nm. At this torque any bending
of material may result in inefficiency.

• Good Weld ability - Many parts of prototype are exposed to welding heat. Therefore,
they should possess good welding properties. Decrease in accuracy of parts due to
welding should be minimum.

• Good Machining properties - machining is one of most important operation carried

out on prototype parts. Hence material selected must have good machining properties.
Material should be such that drilling, boring, threading, turning etc operation can be
carried with ease.

This is few basic properties that material should possess. Other than this few
other properties are minimum changes in properties due to heat, less rusting
etc. Material for various parts and its specifications are given below -

1. Central Shaft - It is most important part on which the performance of prototype

depends. It is continuously undergoing rotary motion. It has to withstand the load
of three doors of about 15-20 Kg. Due to wt and rotary motion it is subjected to
various stresses. The material used here should satisfy the given properties. Hence,
we use Mild steel for efficient performance. It has good weld ability, rigidity and can
be machined easily. Here a special type of M.S via Bright is used. It has superior
qualities as compared to normal M.S round bar. It is obtained by treating M.S bar
with chemicals and heating. It has minimum bends and less rusting properties.
KN
Specifications - Mild steel (bright) , round bar φ15mm, 12 Inch , E = 200 mm 2.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 18

 Figure 3.5: Types of Sprocket

2. Ring - This part is connected to the base and it supports the whole weight of person
passing through prototype. It should be capable withstanding load of 2-3 persons.
Hence the material should possess high strength and load bearing capacity. Hence we
have used hard quality of iron which suits at this position. This material provides ring
strength to withstand load of 2-3 persons easily.
KN
Specifications - Mild steel, diameter= 5inch,E = 210 mm 2.

3. Gears - They transmit motion from one shaft to another shaft. The gears are subjected
to torsion, bending moment etc. Hence normally M.S is used as gear material. It
provides gear tooth strength to withstand torque of around 30-45Nm. Also M.S is
has good corrosion resistance and wear properties, so the maintenance problems are
minimum.
KN
Specifications - Mild steel, E = 210 mm 2.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 19

 4. Pipe Section - This forms the part which carries whole load. We have used four pipe
sections for good load bearing capacity. So, material should be of high load bearing
capacity. Hence we have iron pipe section which is hollow. They also act as good base
and wt. carrying sections.
KN
Specifications - Mild steel, L= 14inch, diameter=0.75inch, E = 210 mm 2.

5. strips -They are connectivity between door and center shaft. Drilling and welding
operations are to be carried on it. Also strips at base support the shaft as well as
bearings and door. Hence they are under large strain. So we have used M.S for strips.
They are good in compression at the base.

6. Door - Door should be of limited weight to avoid more bending stress on central shaft
and weight should also be sufficient to withstand human torque of 10-12Nm. Hence we
have used combination of light as well as heavy material. We have used pair of mild
steel and G.I.

Specifications - G.I.pipe-14inch*0.75inch

By selection of materials according to material requirement we can get desired

results along with safety and surety of prototype.

3.3 Synthesis of equipment’s in garden

3.3.1 Revolving door

It mainly consists of rotating door around central shaft and planetary gear ar-
rangement. It comes under actual contact of people. All parts are made up
of specially designed materials with given specifications. Depending upon the
availability of space the no of wings can be three or four.

3.3.2 Merry-Go-Round
Merry go round consist of central shaft on which bigger pulley is mounted and
smaller pulley is mounted on generator shaft. Both pulleys are connected with
the belt.

All parts are made up of specially designed materials with given specifications.
Depending upon circumferential area of equipment’s.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 20

 Figure 3.6: Revolving door

3.3.3 See-Saw
See-saw consists of two shafts placed at a certain distance on which pulleys and
free wheel are mounted. It’s connected in specific manner with arrangement of
belt as shown in fig. below

All parts are made up of specially designed materials with given specifications.
Depending upon circumferential area of equipment’s.

3.3.4 Swing
Swing consists of two shafts placed at a certain distance on which pulleys and
free wheel are mounted. It’s connected in specific manner with arrangement
of belt as shown in fig. above.(same mechanism as see-saw.)All parts are made
up of specially designed materials with given specifications. Depending upon
circumferential area of equipment’s.

3.3.5 Lever Rule

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 21

 Figure 3.7: Merry-Go-Round

In physics, a lever (from French lever,“to raise”, c.f. a levant) is a rigid object
that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechan-
ical force (effort) that can be applied to another object (load). This leverage
is also termed mechanical advantage and is one example of the principle of mo-
ments. A lever is one of the six simple machines.

Levers can be used to exert a large force over a small distance at one end by
exerting only a small force over a greater distance at the other.

A torsion system consists of a force applied at some lever arm that is reacted
by another force at another lever arm. If you “unwrap” a torsion system, you
will have a lever. Exactly the same principle is acting there.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 22

 Figure 3.8: See-Saw

Consider an example given here and find amount of work done if I have a lever
with a 2:1 length ratio, and I push down with a force of 100 lb., I can lift 200
lb. on the other end. But look at the work done: I have to push the 100 lb. end
down twice as far as the 200 lb. end comes up. The work done on one end is
100 lb * 2 feet at one end, and 200 lb. * 1 foot on the other. The work done
on either side is equal at 200 foot-pounds. Work and energy are different terms
for one another, and can be equated, so I have not broken any of the laws of
thermodynamics by having more force coming out than went in. It is just that
something else must be less, such that the energy or work on each end is the
same (less losses, of course).

The figure below clarifies the above examples in which torque is exerted on
wrench and different distance at which effort is applied.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 23

 Figure 3.9: Effect of lever

Figure 3.10: Torque exerted on Wrench

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 24

Chapter 4

Fabrication And Testing

4.1 Manufacturing

Figure 4.1: Operations in Fabrication

After designing the prototype the next step is manufacturing. It is actual process
of building and giving desired shape to the designed prototype. Manufacturing
of prototype took place in workshop in nearby M.I.D.C. It consisted of two lathes
and facilities for carrying cutting, drilling, welding etc. operations. Also it had
a trained person in welding, machining job. The whole design when put to work
underwent series of changes and actual prototype came into phase in this stage.
The whole fabrication work can be summed into figure shown below.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 25

 The above fig indicates the operations carried out during fabrication process
which included cutting, machining, welding etc. Also parts on which processes
are performed are indicated in the fig.

The various operations carried out during manufacturing are -

1. Cutting - this is most primary method in manufacturing of prototype. The various

cutting processes are carried with help of electronic disc cutter. The cutting machine
consists of a disc of hard metal which is rotating at high speed. Arrangement for job
placing is made in the form of tool holding devices. The strips of exact dimensions and
accuracy are cut. Central shaft of 6mm diameter and 7inch length is cut from long
shaft. Also pipe sections of 14inch length are cut. It forms primary method as parts
size is obtained from raw materials with the help of this method. The electronic disc
cutter is shown below-

2. Machining - It is second and most critical manufacturing method. The accuracy of

prototype depends upon this process. The various machines used for these operations
are Lathe, drilling and surface finishing ones. The imp steps followed during these
operations are -

• Bushing - The motor shaft diameter is about 4mm. the inner diameter of gear is
16mm. so for press fit between motor shaft and smaller gear a bushing is required.
The bushing should be such that as gear rotates the motor shaft should rotate
with least play. For that material is filled in inner diameter of gear. After that
it is bored with help of boring tool to a size smaller than motor shaft diameter
and fitted with care taken on gear box of motor. The fitting is done with light
hammer strokes on gear to avoid breakage of small gear box. Thus two bushings
for two motors are prepared with same process.
• Drilling - it is carried on big ring to produce holes at specified intervals. Also
holes are drilled on pipe sections meant for motor stand. The holes are drilled for
insertion of bolt for motor fitting in pipe section.

3. Welding- the prototype has been joined mainly by fabrication process. To give
solidity to prototype joining process selected is welding. We have used arc welding in
all cases. It is done by welding expert in workshop. Care has been to prevent excess
current to flow through part to prevent over-heating. Also welding is used for cutting
hole in ring because of in availability of large size drill tool.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 26

 Figure 4.2: Metal Bushing for D.C. motor shaft

The actual manufacturing is carried in order which is given below -

• Firstly the base is prepared by welding 4 pipe sections to ring, which acts as support
to whole structure.

• Then bearing sheath is prepared at just below ring and at end. Bearing Sheath consists
of pipe sections with tightly fitted bearing inside it. The first sheath is welded to ring
while other is welded to pipe through strips.

• Simultaneously machining operations are carried out on shaft mentioned above.

• Central shaft after machining is inserted through ring and larger gear is welded to it
at specified point and then inserted into final bearing sheath.

• It is so done to permit motion of gear with shaft.

• The structure is now held upright due to support provided by two bearings and then
final finishing is carried.

• By measuring proper meshing distance between gears motor stand is welded to each
pipe section.

• The central shaft passes through bearings in such a way that there is least play while
it is rotating.

• Finally strips are welded in such a way that they form 120 deg. For three wing door.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 27

 • All operations are carried with full accuracy for good results and finishing operations as
well coloring with iron oxide is done.This phase is followed with carrying experiments
and testing on prototype for results. After fabrication process images of prototype are
shown in next page

Figure 4.3: Images during manufacturing

4.2 Fabrication
This phase is where the concept is given real picture. Various ways of formu-
lating model are thought here. They are also checked for dimensional stability,
factor of safety, maximum efficiency. Designing is most critical from point of

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 28

view of performance of prototype. It is creative thing and carried with help of
existing designs. As projects consist of modification in revolving door, therefore
it becomes inseparable part of design. Further the main power producing part
i.e. gear and motor can be kept at top of revolving door or bottom. These
difficulties are sought out in design phase.

4.2.1 Fabrication of Revolving Door

Procedure of formulation
• In this model construction is done and every part is constructed on sheets or auto cad
drawings.

• Modern revolving doors are fitted to each other with special nut-bolting arrangement.

• Project aims at capturing wasted human torque. Hence there should be a rotating
object connected to doors. Thus the first modification in door comes of including a
central shaft which could capture wasted torque.

• The shaft is designed for maximum torque of 6 Nm with minimum bending moment
and good in torsion.

• Further the shaft is extended below ring i.e. floor space in actual, where torque is
transmitted from central shaft to other shaft with the aid of gears.

• As enclosure cannot be made for prototype as well as due to in availability of top space
of power producing mechanism is constructed at bottom.

• Doors are attached to center shaft with help of nut-bolting through strips, for easy
dismantling of doors when required.

• Prototype dimensions are scaled down but yet they are so kept to make it look like
replica of revolving doors in malls, airports etc.

• Prototype is designed for three wing revolving door for simplicity in construction.

• The part drawings as well as assembly are shown below-

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 29

 Figure 4.4: Construction of Model of Revolving Door

4.2.2 merry-go-round

Procedure of formulation
• Modern merry-go-round is fitted to each other with special nut-bolting arrangement.

• Project aims at capturing wasted human torque. Hence there should be a rotating
object connected to pulleys. Thus the first modification in merry-go-round comes of
including a central shaft which could capture wasted torque.

• The shaft is designed for maximum torque of 12 Nm with minimum bending moment
and good in torsion.

• Further the shaft is extended below sheet i.e. floor space in actual, where torque is
transmitted from central shaft to other shaft with the aid of pulleys and belt.

• As enclosure cannot be made for prototype as well as due to in availability of top space
of power producing mechanism is constructed at bottom.

• Rotating disc is attached to center shaft with help of nut-bolting through strips, for
easy dismantling of merry-go-round when required.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 30

 • The assembly are shown below

Figure 4.5: Construction of Model of Merry-Go-Round

4.2.3 See-Saw

Procedure of formulation
• Modern see-saw is fitted to each other with special nut-bolting arrangement.

• Project aims at capturing wasted human torque. Hence there should be a sliding object
connected to combination of pulleys and free wheel. Thus the first modification in see-
saw comes of including a two shafts placed at certain distance which could capture
wasted torque and transmit with help of belt.

• The shaft is designed for maximum torque of 10 Nm with minimum bending moment
and good in torsion.

• Further the free wheel shaft is extended, where torque is transmitted from free wheel
shaft to generator shaft with the aid of pulley and belt.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 31

 • As enclosure cannot be made for prototype as well as due to in availability of top space
of power producing mechanism is constructed at bottom.

• assembly are shown below

Figure 4.6: Construction of Model of See-Saw

4.2.4 Swing

Procedure of formulation
• Modern swing is fitted to each other with special nut-bolting arrangement.

• Project aims at capturing wasted human torque. Hence there should be a sliding
object connected to combination of pulleys and free wheel. Thus the first modification
in swing comes of including two shafts placed at certain distance which could capture
wasted torque and transmit with help of belt.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 32

 • The shaft is designed for maximum torque of 13 Nm with minimum bending moment
and good in torsion.

• Further the free wheel shaft is extended, where torque is transmitted from free wheel
shaft to generator shaft with the aid of pulley and belt.

• As enclosure cannot be made for prototype as well as due to in availability of top space
of power producing mechanism is constructed at bottom.

• assembly are shown below

Figure 4.7: Construction of Model of Swing.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 33

4.3 Testing and trials
Manufacturing is followed by this phase. In this the prototype is tested for
optimum power generation in steps. After assembling of doors at strips and
respective motors in their stand trials are carried out. We have carried out trials
using geared motors of power capacity ranging from 20W to 360W. Therefore
trials are carried in following manner-

• D.C Motor Testing

D.C Motor1 (24V,15 amp) - the back e.m.f output of these motor depends upon load
applied. It is limited to motor rating, it means that amount of back power generated
with this motor is limited to 360W. without load voltage produced for normal 3-5 Nm
torque is 35-40V approximately. This motor when fitted is tested in two steps to obtain
maximum output from it -

• With series of L.E.D s - As motor output is more so we could charge a series of 30

L.E.D panel easily for less no of passings.

• CFL lights - after testing for L.E.D we have tested for CFL lights each of 15W. We
tested for 6 CFL worth 90W. the torque found with help of spring balance at door was
approximately equal to 3Nm and at motor shaft was 15 Nm. This reduction in torque
was due to leverage of door.
Hence this motor is capable of charging a small inverter with regulator and rectifier
circuit.
Motor 2 (30V, 3 amp) - the back output of this motor is limited to 90W according to
rating of motor. Similar to above motor this is also tested for two steps-

• With series of L.E.D s - with this motor we have tested for 10-15 L.E.D s with capacitor
which store the charge and discharge it when door is not rotating.

• CFL lights - We have tested it for rating of 85W with help of 6 CFL lights. Similar to
above motor torque is approximately 4 Nm at door.

Hence this motor is capable of charging a 6V 4.5 Ah and 12V 7.5 Ah battery easily for
calculated passing.

4.3.1 Actual calculation

Based on readings and results obtained from trials, calculations of prototype are
made to obtain maximum possible power from it. Also calculations for torque

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 34

at motor shaft are made in this section. In this calculations few aspects are
constant they mentioned below -

This prototype is tested for optimum power generation in steps. We have carried
out trials using geared motors of power capacity ranging from 20W to 360W.
Therefore trials are carried in following manner-

• Revolving door
Power measured = 34.6 watt.
RPM measured = 66.
Torque calculation:- By using formula power = (2*Π*N*T)/60
Where, N = RPM measured
T = Torque to be calculated
By putting the values in formula,
34.6= (2*Π*66*T)/60
Therefore Torque= 5Nm

• Merry-Go-Round:-
Power measured = 35.8 watt.
RPM measured = 68.
Torque calculation =
By using formula power = (2*Π*N*T)/60
Where, N = RPM measured
T = Torque to be calculated
By putting the values in formula,
35.8= (2*Π*68*T)/60
Therefore Torque= 5.02Nm

• See-Saw:-
Power measured = 22.9 watt.
RPM measured = 42.
Torque calculation =
By using formula power = (2*Π*N*T)/60
Where, N = RPM measured
T = Torque to be calculated
By putting the values in formula,

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 35

 22.9= (2*Π*42*T)/60
Therefore Torque= 5.20Nm

• Swing:-
Power measured = 22.8 watt.
RPM measured = 44.
Torque calculation =
By using formula power = (2*Π*N*T)/60
Where, N = RPM measured
T = Torque to be calculated
By putting the values in formula,
22.8= (2*Π*44*T)/60
Therefore Torque= 5.12Nm

Torque Power produced at motor terminal. (W)

applied
at motor
shaft (Nm)
M erry −
Revolvingdoor See − saw Swing
go − round
1.5 13.5 12.6 6.2 6.4
2.5 17.36 16.22 9.14 9.54
3 22.12 22.14 12.38 13.1
4.5 28.33 29.35 17.54 17.65
5.5 34.6 35.8 22.9 22.8
7.5 48 48 30 30

Table 4.1: Readings of torque applied and power produced

The readings of power produced to corresponding torque at door are given below
in table-

The above readings for indicate characteristics behavior of motor in terms of

torque and power produced. The torque in above table is torque at motor shaft
which is different from torque applied at doors because of lever effect explained
earlier. These readings for 90W motor capacity are plotted on graph given below.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 36

This chart indicates the effect of torque on amount of power produced from
revolving door. On x-axis torque is plotted while on y-axis power in watts is
plotted.

The curve obtained from plotting above point is found to be somewhat linear.
It shows that as the applied torque increases the power produced from motor
increase but up to motor rating. As soon as motor rating increases now power
is produced due to damage of motor winding. And hence load applied at motor
should be limited up to respective motor ratings. The motor windings get dam-
aged due to excess current produced and hence care should be 1taken to avoid
motor from becoming useless. D.C Motor 3 (15V 2Amp) - This is small capacity
motor. It is mainly employed for testing of L.E.D s. the back output of motor is limited
to 30W and any increase in load more than that may result in damage of motor. It is also
tested for steps given below-

• With L.E.D s - As mentioned earlier this motor is especially used for L.E.D s mounted
on bread board circuit with large number of capacitors. This motor is used to test the
effect of capacitors on glowing time. It is found that capacitor discharge time for series
of 10 L.E.D s is approximately 12 s. Here 4 capacitors of 1000f are used.

• CFL lights - Due to its low capacity it can glow CFL lights up to 25-30W capacity.
Hence this motor can also charge small battery but will perhaps require larger people
passing, than above two motors. This motor is primarily used for testing of LED’s as
they get damaged at higher capacity motors.

4.3.2 Variations in lever arm distance

The next part of testing is done by varying the width i.e. lever arm distance
and studying its effect on torque applied. This effect which is called lever effect
is explained in earlier topics. The fig indicates the effect of leverage on our
prototype.

The fig above indicates that lever ratio in our case is 1:5. In our case the fulcrum
is the central shaft. The smaller gear is at distance 15 cm from fulcrum which
is fixed during testing while the distance which keeps on varying is width. From
results and analysis width of door selected is 75mm. Hence the ratio obtained
is 1:5.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 37

Readings obtained for various varying distances of door are given in table below.
The readings are taken 30V 3amp motor at full load of 90 W powers.

From these readings a chart is plotted in which x- axis denotes lever arm distance
in cm while y-axis denotes torque in Nm. The chart is shown below in next page.

The above curve shows lever effect on torque applied. It indicates that as
distance from fulcrum point increases the effort applied decreases. With the
prototype we have chosen width as 21/2 feet and gears are placed at distance
of 15cm from fulcrum i.e. center shaft. Hence the lever ratio obtained in this
case is 1:5. The curve depicts that if we keep maximum width of door, we could
obtain maximum torque at motor shaft for minimum effort for pushing the doors.
Hence the torque at gears is through 15 Nm but due longer lever arm it becomes
3Nm at doors.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 38

 Figure 4.8: Graph Between Torque And Power Produced

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 39

 Figure 4.9: Lever effect on prototype

Figure 4.10: Readings for torque at various lever arm distances

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 40

 Figure 4.11: Graph of Lever arm distance and torque

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Chapter 5

Calculation And Result

5.1 Theoretical Calculations

Based on section of components of mechanisms and according to their dimention and working
ratio calculations are made. There are some assumption are stated by actual observation.
The calculation are carried by following manner-

5.1.1 Revolving Door

For three wing door the minimum opening is 1/3 i.e. 120 degree due enclosure
construction. For that rotation, we have designed a torque of 5Nm. The opening
or passing time for is found out to be approximately 2s.Hence door rotates 1/3
for 2s,

Figure 5.1: Gear Ratio

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 42

Therefore speed of door is - Door revolution/min = 1/3 30s = 10 rpm Door
revolution/min. = 1/330s=10rpm
Motor shaft revolution= (104) 3=120rpm
Full rated capacity of motor = 24v and 1.5amp at100rpm Power = VI = 241.5 = 36 watt.

5.1.2 Merry-Go-Round

Figure 5.2: Belt and Pulley Drive

Assume one complete revolution of merry-go-round takes 3sec. Revolution/min

= 60/3 = 20rpm.
Motor shaft revolution = 206 =120rpm.
Full rated capacity of motor = 24v and 1.5amp at 100rpm
Power = VI = 241.5 = 36 watt.

5.1.3 Sea-Saw
See-saw with combination of belt drive and sprocket arrangement.
Cross belt and open belt drive used.
Oscillatory motion converts in rotary motion.
Pulley ratio - 1:4
1 oscillation =1/2 rotation of 1st =2 rotation of 2nd pulley.
= 2 rotation of 3rd = 8 rotation of 4th pulley.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 43

 Figure 5.3: Sea-Saw Drive Arragement

Revolution/min. = 10 oscillation/min. = 80rpm.

Power = VI = 24v1amp = 24 watt.

5.1.4 Swing
1 oscillation =1/2 rotation of 1st =2 rotation of 2nd pulley.
= 2 rotation of 3rd = 8 rotation of 4th pulley.
Revolution/min. = 10 oscillation/min. = 80rpm.
Power = VI = 24v1amp = 24 watt.

5.2 Cost Estimates

5.2.1 Cost Estimate of self lightning garden

The cost estimate of self-lightning garden producing power is shown in above
table. But normally the all equipment’s is already present then only mechanisms
and suitable generator is the only additional components required. The cost of
these equipments considering our prototype is given in table below -

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 44

 Figure 5.4: Swing Drive Arragement

5.2.2 Cost Estimate of Mechatronic System

5.3 Advantages:
• CO2 emissions are reduced which would prevent greenhouse gas effect. So called Green
power.

• Efficient as compare to other renewable energy sources.

• Energy obtains totally from wastage.

• Energy efficient by eliminating drafts thus reducing heating or working.

• Amount of coal would be saved.

• Cost effective with minimum payback period.

5.4 Limitations
• It is intermittent power source i.e. instantaneous power source which depend upon
human playing.

• It has low energy density as compare to conventional power generation resources.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 45

 Parts Approx. Cost (Rs)
Shaft(φ15, 12”) 250
1”
Iron Strips( 2” ) 100
Plywood 550
Wooden Blocks 210
Gears and Bearings(φ120mmand40mm) 700
Motors 720
Pulleys, Belt and Free Wheel(φ100mmand40mm) 500
Electrical Components 150
Labor Cost and fixing material (nut and bolt) 700
Total Cost Rs. 3880

Table 5.1: Cost Estimate of Self Lightning Garden

Parts Approx. Cost (Rs)

Gears and Bearings 400
Motors 720
Electrical Components 150
Total Cost Rs. 1270

Table 5.2: Cost Estimate of Mechatronic System

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 46

Chapter 6

Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion
With the help of this project work we have found a possible source of renewable
energy source in the form of “self-lightning garden Producing Green Power”. If
it is employed in every garden with proper designing we could acquire sufficient
power from it. In order to save world from global warming this may be a
important step in next few decades.

Taking eco-design as a starting point for the design of human-powered products

proves to be ’seedlings in fertile ground’. Nevertheless, this differs from the
consumers’ viewpoint. From various studies, we know that environment as such
plays no dominant

Role in the buying behavior of consumers. Only small consumer groups (approx.
5%) can be labeled as ’green buyers’. The majority of consumers is interested
in human power due to its other attributes as; long shelf life (in toys/emergency
equipment), independent from (energy) infrastructure, low life cycle costs, con-
venience (not having to think of batteries) and fun! Eco-design only really works
in commercial practice if it brings benefits to both users, the environment, the
company involved and society as a whole. Customer benefits should be a mix of
material, immaterial and emotional benefits. Embracing human-powered energy
systems early in the design process can be quite radical; it forces the design
engineer to take a different approach towards

All energy related issues of a certain functionality. It also offers the design
engineer a new starting point for the redesign of products that existed for a

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 47

long time in a more general way. A new method for human power conversion
based on children’s play on playground equipment has been proposed. The power
harnessed can be used as an auxiliary or back-up source for electricity, especially
in developing countries. Pneumatic components are used as power conversion
devices along with equipment such as seesaw, swing, etc. A laboratory prototype
based on a seesaw will be developed, and experimental results obtained illustrate
the practical effectiveness of the proposed method

6.2 Future Scope

• Electricity generation through renewable resources is the order of the day.

• This mechanism though not a huge source of power but a step forward in this direction.

• If about all garden in India apply the same concept then green house gas emission
(CO2) reduction would be 15000 tones.

• Currently we have designed equipment a torque capacity of 15Nm. In future, this may
be increase to 20Nm for producing large power.

• Modifications in gear box and efficient use of lever ratio can increase a power produced.

• Also instead of using a D.C. motor we can design a D.C. generator of same capacity
which would increase the performance of revolving door producing power.

• Advancement in Electronics likes Super-Capacitors could enhance performance.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 48

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